Kinds Of Policies Research Articles

The Distributive Impact of Unconventional Monetary Policies: Old and New

ABSTRACT In this paper we analyze the impact of less conventional monetary policy tools on the personal and functional distribution of income. We focus on the issuance of central bank digital currency (CBDC) in a comparative perspective, using a stock-flow consistent model of the eurozone economy. We consider two kinds of policies: helicopter money policies such as Quantitative Easing and the issuance of a CBDC; and scenarios not based on balance sheet expansions, such as an interest rate policy following the Pasinetti Rule, or a sterilized issuance of CBDC. Monetary policies using CBDCs tend to increase the wage share at the expense of financial rents. The targeted issuance of CBDCs to firms might produce an increase in GDP, corporate profits, and the wage share. The Pasinetti Rule reduces personal income inequality the most, but if applied mechanically, its impact on growth is also the least desirable.

“Absolutely it was not safe”: Indigenous LGBTIQSB+ experiences of education in Australia

Indigenous LGBTIQSB+ individuals occupy a unique intersection of identities that inform their lived experiences and the ways in which they navigate colonial settler educational institutions. Despite a considerable body of evidence demonstrating the importance of inclusion, educational policies in Australia remain outdated. These policies are frequently informed by a deficit approach that justifies the absence of Indigenous and gender/sexuality diverse content within school curricula. This further acts to shore up discriminatory practices and policies. Using interviews and workshops held with young Indigenous LGTBIQSB+ people, this article reports on the ways participants experienced educational institutional settings. First, participants reported on the kinds of policies and curriculum content that discriminated against and marginalised them, as well as highlighting some positive aspects of school and university. Participants also revealed the potentialities for Indigenous and LGBTIQSB+ inclusivity that could be facilitated within educational spaces. The article demonstrates the need for safer and more inclusive educational environments, which could be achieved through the decentring of settler knowledges and heteronormativity, transforming educational spaces at an institutional level to facilitate safety at interpersonal and collective levels.

Cumulative effects of energy and water economic policies: Framework development and a case study in China

Due to the existence of an energy–water nexus, energy–related economic policies (such as carbon taxes) can influence the consumption of water resources, and water–related policies (such as fees for water use) can influence the consumption of energy. Previous research focused on the direct effects of energy and water policies (i.e., an energy policy's effects on energy conservation, and a water policy's effects on water resource conservation) and on the indirect effects (i.e., an energy policy's effects on water resource conservation, and a water policy's effects on energy conservation). However, they neglected the cumulative effects (i.e., the effects under simultaneous implementation of the two policies, which differs from the sum of the effects under separate implementation of the two policies). This is an important omission given that both economic policies are implemented simultaneously, and exhibit interactions that produce cumulative effects. In the present study, we developed a framework to analyze the cumulative effects of water and energy policies. In this framework, we developed a computable general equilibrium model and a model to assess their cumulative effect. The cumulative effects were analyzed from both the environment and macroeconomy perspectives. China was adopted as a case study. We found that the cumulative effects on energy conservation, water conservation, and carbon emission reduction were greater than the effects of only one kind of policy, but that antagonistic effects also occurred, with their strength increasing with increasing intensity of the policy.

Naturalizing culture—time for an ecological understanding of “culture” in international culture and sustainability policies

The current hegemonic understanding of culture and sustainability leans strongly on the conceptualization of ‘culture’ as profoundly anthropocentric. ‘Sustainability’ in cultural policies again means often the potential of creative industries in contributing to economic growth. This approach can be seen as very problematic in the era of extending the environmental crisis, which urgently calls for not only new kinds of policies on sustainability but also new thinking on the relationship between culture and nature. The main purpose of this article is to analyze how recent theories and concepts concerning the rethinking of nature–culture relationship and ecological citizen-subjectivity could challenge the hegemonic economist sustainability discourse of cultural policies. The article presents the results of discourse analysis on how the economic side of sustainability has recently become the mainstream signification in international cultural policies and what are the major documents and institutions maintaining and strengthening this approach. The discourse analysis focuses on the questions: how is cultural sustainability systematically signified, and what are the arguments and justifications for the main significations the documents make? The data consist of the conventions, declarations, and program papers of the G20, OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, and WTO from “Brundtland report” (1987) until now. Theoretically, I go through the recent ideas of social theories on the ecologization of economy, society, culture, and citizenship/subjectivity as proposed by Tim Jackson, Bruno Latour, Andreas Malm, and the Planetary Wellbeing Research Group. I consider how the hegemony of economism and anthropocentrism in cultural policies could be changed with their help.

Through the Justice and the Sovereignty Over Natural Resources: An Analysis of 100 % Foreign Direct Investor Ownership over Geothermal Sector Project

The enactment of the Job Creation Law and the Presidential Decree Number 10 of 2021 concerning the Investment Business Sector has make it possible for foreign investors to gain 100% ownership over geothermal sector projects. This policy then raises an important question, which is whether such policy violates the Sovereignty over Natural Resources doctrine, and if so, what kind of policy should be made. This study aims to analyze Indonesia’s geothermal foreign direct investment policy through the Sovereignty over Natural Resources doctrine and implementation of the fair efficiency principle, which also includes aspects of efficiency and justice. This study is normative legal research using statute approach and conceptual approach. The result of this study indicates that, although 100% foreign investor ownership over geothermal exploitation projects could be seen as an efficient policy to attract investors. However, it is still lacking the proper regulation to ensure said policy will not cause harm to the people.

PENDIDIKAN POLITIK DAN SOSIALISASI PEMILU 2024

In 2024, Indonesia will hold general election, which is a routine agenda of every five years. But the 2024 election has an important signification as it would determine Indonesia's future. Apart from electing new members of parliament and a new president, after President Joko Widodo was unable to run for office due to the provisions of the 1945 Constitution, the 2024 election will be a touchstone for assessing the quality of democracy in Indonesia. At the end of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's administration, Indonesia's democracy was said to have stagnated, because President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono’s policies were more accommodative to various parties within the parliament in order to maintain political stability and economic growth. With such kind of policy, reform of the bureaucracy and the military must have proceeded slowly, and eradicating corruption is still a big homework, and the protection of minorities and freedom of the press had to be fought for. But under the Jokowi’s administration, Indonesia's democracy is said to have suffered a setback due to political polarization, revision of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) law, rampant corruption, and restrictions on civil liberties. To overcome this situation, it is important to provide political education to the public so that they are able to choose qualified leaders, such as through conducting lectures and discussions. The paper is a report of discussion held at Sunga Rukam village, Enok Subdistrict, Indragiri Hilir District. It showed that thatparticipants have a good understanding of political developments, especially those related to election, but they are still vulnerable to hoax and hate speeches, and in consequence, being trapped in political polarization

Women economic empowerment at the labor market through ESG means in Taiwan

With a growing acknowledgment of gender equality being one of human rights, and adoption of SDGs, CSR and ESG policies among corporations around the world, Taiwan, deemed pioneer in the race of gender equality in Asia, has also implemented the same for the purpose of economic empowerment in women. The study reviews the status of female labors’ rights in workplace and analyses how regulations and the implementation of ESG measures could help achieve a true gender equality in workplace on the island. The study has organized and reviewed the transition of governmental administration responsible for gender equality, all kinds of policies regarding gender equality, including encouragement of gender ratio of the management in corporations, the legal framework of labor regulations with respect of gender issues and the SDG or ESG implementations among corporations regarding the same. With the findings presented through article, the study concludes that traditional view of hard laws may not be appropriate or effective enough to reach a true gender equality in the workplace due to the lack of flexibility while soft laws, e.g., ESG guideline and other associative measures, may be more effective from a bottom-up approach. Moreover, the study also concludes that Taiwan is on the path to better working conditions through the nature of sustainability report disclosed by corporations regardless of the scale of them. Thus, it is likely to achieve economic empowerment in women in Taiwan with the promotion of related soft laws policies.

Harnessing welfare state theories to explain the emergence of eco-social policies

As complex challenges such as climate change and social inequality become more and more politically salient, eco-social policies are emerging as suitable public policy tools to pursue integrated environmental and social objectives. In spite of this, the sustainable welfare literature has been, at least until now, dominated by prescriptive studies, paying little attention to the politico-institutional conditions required for these policies to emerge. Against this background, this article aims to help filling this gap, by proposing a set of four theoretical expectations pointing to possible causal drivers and mechanisms behind the adoption of this particular kind of policies. It does so by harnessing the most established welfare state theories and reflecting on their potential and limitations when applied to the study of eco-social policies. Selected theoretical strands – functionalism, historical institutionalism, interest-based and ideas-based theories – are first reviewed and then applied to the specific object of the study, with a view to deriving the four expectations by deduction. The ultimate aim is to generate a politico-institutional theory of eco-social policies, which can guide future empirical research. The article argues that eco-social policies can be expected to emerge in strong environmental states and/or in weak welfare states, in which equally powerful labour and green interests engage in political exchanges, or where advocacy coalitions form around ambiguous ideas, such as ‘just transition’. The article concludes by arguing that only an actor-centred approach based on empirically observable policy preferences can help us to craft minimally sufficient causal inferences about the emergence of eco-social policies.

Algorithmic bias: Looking beyond data bias to ensure algorithmic accountability and equity

As algorithms increasingly aid public sector decision making in the United States, it becomes important to understand how to effectively tackle algorithmic bias in systems that local, state, and federal government entities use and procure, including what kinds of policies are currently in place or proposed. There is a prevalent belief that algorithmic bias arises primarily from statistical biases present in the data used to train or develop the algorithm, but bias may also arise during data collection, problem specification, how and where algorithms are deployed, and within the broader societal contextualization of algorithms. So far, enacted policies in in the US center on temporary bans of particular types of algorithms, transparency, and post-hoc bias audits, as well as more wide-ranging (but non-binding) policy frameworks; all largely focus on quantitative notions of fairness when they assess bias, leaving room for more comprehensive legislation to meaningfully address this issue going forward.

Evaluating diffusion in policy designs: A study of net metering policies in the United States

AbstractIn the United States, some of the most important environmental policy innovations of the past decades have occurred at the state level. Net metering policy is one kind of policy that states have widely adopted in support of decarbonization goals. The widespread adoption of net metering policies varying in policy design, defined here as policy content, offers an opportunity to investigate to what extent policies that diffuse widely bear comparable designs, and furthermore, what factors influence diffusion in policy designs. Availing these opportunities, in this paper, we investigate (1) how (dis‐)similar the designs of American states' original net metering policies were; and (2) what factors explain the diffusion of policies that share similar design elements. To support our investigation, we model using event history analysis in a directed dyad setting, the factors that explain differential duration to adoption of net metering legislation containing specific elements of design by policy receiver states. We find that bipartisan legislatures are more likely to adopt the majority of design elements. This suggests that net metering appeals to policy makers across the political spectrum and that the latter compromise in integrating elements of policy design that benefit or burden different constituents. We also find that over time, states become less likely to emulate policy designs from jurisdictions whose citizenry embraces dissimilar values, suggesting that policy makers learn to tailor incentives to their local policy targets.

MALAYSIAN GOVERNMENT POLICY TO ERADICATE THE ISLAMIC HERETICAL SECTS

This article aims to examined policy of Malaysian Government to eradicate the Islamic heretical sects. The research method used in this research is qualitative research with normative legal study and oral history approach. The main data sources is fatwas issued by the Ulama Council in Malaysia. This research concluded 3 results, namely: first, the criteria for Islamic deviant sects used in Malaysia are sects that adhere to contradictory beliefs about the true teachings of Islam as outlined in Quran and Hadith. Second, the pattern of ijtihad fatwas issued by the Ulama Council in Malaysia based on the concepts of theology, sharia and morality in the school of ahl al-sunnah wa al-jamā'ah. Third, there are two kinds of policies by the Malaysian Government to tackle the spread of misleading religious teachings. Fisrt, preventive policies, such as designing educational curricula against heretical teachings and preparing a Friday sermon on the need for Malaysian Muslims to avoid heresy. Second, curative policies, namely building faith restoration centers in order to guide followers of heretical teachings who have repented so that they can live according to true Islamic tenets.

The Influence of Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy on Economic Growth in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to investigate how changes in fiscal policy and monetary policy have impacted economic expansion in Indonesia. Spending by the government, tax rates, the rate at which banks open new accounts, and the total amount of money in circulation are the variables that were investigated in this study. This study takes a quantitative approach, and the analytical method that is employed is multiple linear regression using secondary data on economic growth from 2013-2022. The data for this study was collected from the United States Department of Commerce. The study's conclusions indicate that taxes and the amount of money in circulation impact Indonesia's economic growth, but neither government spending nor interest rates on BI deposits do. Additionally, how government expenditure, taxes, interest rates, and the amount of money in circulation affect economic growth. It is 99.66%. As a result, while making future decisions about the economy, the government will need to take into account both kinds of policies in a comprehensive manner.

Introduction to special section: Workplace sexual harassment

SummaryMotivationPaid work is key for women's empowerment, but many women work in precarious employment where they experience workplace sexual harassment. Articles in this special section explore how social norms and job informality influence women's perceptions about—and their voice and agency to counter—workplace sexual harassment.PurposeThis introductory article highlights the academic and policy contribution of the special section by establishing how the articles collectively explore the relationship between social norms, job informality, and women's agency with respect to workplace sexual harassment, and the kinds of policies that may strengthen women's agency.Methods and approachResearch in two countries explored how gender norms and informality in work arrangements influence young women's voice and agency in response to sexual harassment at work. This article introduces four articles based on the research findings and presents the themes that are explored in case studies with domestic workers and workers in agro‐processing factories in Bangladesh and Uganda.FindingsThe findings show that gender norms regarding sexuality and notions of family honour and shame constrain young women's ability to voice incidents of sexual harassment and their agency in seeking support from family and other actors; normalize male aggression; and sustain the perpetrators' impunity. These norms, alongside class and power hierarchies, affect the responses of the actors and institutions both within and outside their workplace. Given the precarious nature of their work, most workers avoid lodging formal complaints and rely on informal mechanisms for self‐protection.Policy implicationsThe policy implications of the research include the importance of developing common language that will allow women to speak openly about their experiences; increasing access to and confidence in formal complaints mechanisms; developing young women's political capacities to challenge harassment; and address social and gender norms that constrain women and normalize harassment.

Robotization, employment, and income: regional asymmetries and long-run policies in the Euro area.

This work correlates the impact of robotization on employment and households' income at the regional scale with the level of investment in R&D and education policies. This kind of policy, by raising the qualitative and quantitative levels of human capital, contributes to improving the complementarity effect between humans and robots, thus mitigating the substitution effect. To this end, we compute the Adjusted Penetration of Robots (APR) (a metric used to measure the extent to which robots are being used in a particular industry or sector) at the sectoral level, combining the International Federation of Robotics database for the stock of robots, EUROSTAT Regional database, and the STructural ANalysis database on 150 NUTS-2 regions of the Euro area. We then perform a spatial stacked-panel analysis on the investment in R&D and education level. Results supports the idea that regions that invest more in R&D and have higher levels of human capital can turn the risk of robotization into an increase in both income and "quantity of work," by enhancing complementarity between robots and the labor force. On the contrary, regions investing less in R&D and having lower levels of human capital may suffer a reduction in households' disposable income.

The role of endomarketing in human capital management: a study applied to the Minho Urban Quadrilateral

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to understand the importance of endomarketing in organizations and whether internal strategies are essential in the management of human capital. Especially, it is intended to understand what kind of policies is adopted in the organizations the authors are dealing with, and also the perception that employees have about them.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology adopted combines a quantitative and qualitative approach, based on documents analysis, and the survey and semi-structured interviews with questions alluding to endomarketing. The study was carried out in the (Portuguese) cities belonging to the Minho Quadrilateral, being Braga, Barcelos, Guimarães and Vila Nova de Famalicão, in which a total of five organizations are held.FindingsThe results seem to show that endomarketing has an essential role in human capital management, in particular, to obtain both individual and organizational results, where there is a mutual relationship. Of the 158 respondents that make up the sample, it was concluded that 78.5% considered the intrinsic factors related to well-being and happiness as important as the extrinsic factors related to monetary rewards.Research limitations/implicationsThe manuscript presents insights for internal marketing and human resource management (i.e. motivation and human capital). Based on the rapid and profound technological changes of the early 21st century, the concept of endomarketing emerged stimulated by globalization and by the greater concern to adopt strategies that were able to differentiate organizations in the markets.Originality/valueThis is an interdisciplinary theme, with contributions to both internal marketing and human resource management, bearing in mind to enhancing the value and well-being of organizational human capital. This study aims to contribute to the development of scientific knowledge in this area that is so relevant for growth and differentiation.

The stances of the parties and social movements towards Putin’s war: a new line of division?

ABSTRACT The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine is having an impact all over the world. Italy has often sought to balance EU responses with its national interests towards Russia but in contrast with the past, Mario Draghi’s government took an unequivocally firm stance towards the Kremlin. This article describes the historical origins of the so-called ‘privileged relation’ between Italy and Russia in order to understand better the emergence and development of pro-Russian parties in the Italian political system. How did they react to the war in Ukraine? What kinds of policies have the parties implemented since the start of the conflict? Is there any continuity with the Draghi government? What about the pacifist movement and its political representation? Engaging with these questions enables us to offer a general overview of Italian parties’ attitudes towards this international event in Europe.

Keep plastics on a tight leash: Swedish public opinion on plastic policies

The environmental effects of the widespread use and production of plastic have gained attention in recent years. Plastic pollution in marine environments, and limitations to systems of circularity and recycling, are increasingly recognised as serious global problems. Policies and governance around plastic are thus expected to expand in scope. This article examines the Swedish public’s opinions on plastic policies using panel survey data (N = 1069) to answer what kinds of policies and regulations hold public support in Sweden. We find that there is relatively high support among Swedes for a wide range of policies to address the issues of plastics. The greatest approval is found around soft policies e.g., the extension of already established regulations, recycling initiatives, and information campaigns. Regulatory and economic policies, such as taxes, bans, and stricter regulations, enjoy comparatively less support from the public, yet a majority is also supporting such measures. There are significant differences between demographic groups: women and people with a left-wing political orientation feel more positive about regulatory and economic policies than men and people with a right-wing political orientation. The most widely approved policies are those concerning recycling and waste management system developments. In contrast to other policies that involve economic incentives, the expansion of the deposit-refund scheme stands out as a policy with very high support across a wide range of groups. Overall, the widespread support for plastic regulation in Sweden indicates favourable conditions for the implementation of several plastics-related policies that go beyond the present measures.

The Political Law of Forest and Land Fire Management: A Case Study in Bengkalis and Meranti Islands Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia

The phenomenon of forest and land fires has had a major impact on everyone's life. Where the government has worked hard to solve this problem through policies, institutions, and funding. But this happens again and again throughout the year, so this is important to be addressed by all parties to help stop forest and land fires in Riau Province. This study uses an empirical juridical approach, where the analysis of research data is carried out through qualitative description. The results show that the Riau Provincial Government has issued an advisory on “Anticipating land and forest fires in the Province of Riau in 2020” to prevent land and forest fires disasters that occur repeatedly. In addition, all kinds of policies and funding have been prepared. However, due to overly complex technical problems and local regulations that have not been able to solve all problems, forest and land fires still occur in several places in Riau Province. Therefore, the Bengkalis Regency and Meranti Islands Regency Governments need to be dedicated and consistent in working to improve the work system and governance between agencies and institutions. In addition, there is a need for a regulation on forest and land fire management that is responsive to the situation and conditions that occur in the region.
 
 Received: 18 September 2022 / Accepted: 28 December 2022 / Published: 5 January 2023

The Comparison between China and Western Education Policy about Applying Universities

In recent years, higher education has been developing towards internationalization, and the education policy about applying the university in various countries are changing within times. The purpose of this article is to collect data through interviews and questionnaires as well as using comparative analysis method to compare the differences between China and the West university entrance policies. This article explores the advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of policies, thereby providing useful suggestions and complements for policy development.

МИТНІ ПЛАТЕЖІ ЯК ФІСКАЛЬНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТ ДЕРЖАВИ: ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ВИКЛИКИ ПОТОЧНОГО ПЕРІОДУ

The governments of many countries are facing the urgent task of forming a system of sustainable sources of budget revenues to finance various needs of the state in present conditions of uncertainty in economic, social, political processes. The article examines the role of revenues collected by customs authorities in the tax revenues of budgets of various groups of countries according to the classification of the World Customs Organization and their relationship with the level of economic development of such countries. The conducted research confirmed the important role of customs payments in the formation of the revenue base of the state budget of Ukraine (appr. 40% of total revenues). The most important fiscal role among customs payments is related to VAT on imported goods, while customs duty and excise tax on imported excise goods perform mainly a regulatory function, since their fiscal role is not significant. The positive and negative consequences of the use of customs payments as indirect taxes on different subjects of economic systems (governments, business and population) are studied. The negative economic results of the active use of indirect taxation include an increase in general prices level and an increase in consumer inflation. The high dependence of budget tax revenues on customs payments is a feature of countries with a low economic development level. It is necessary to create conditions for attracting investments, restoration of industrial and social infrastructure, reconstruction of housing, and production facilities in order to ensure the reliable basis for budget revenues col- lection. This kind of policy can contribute to the recovery of the economy, increasing businesses and population incomes, form- ing financial reserves, and will also create an economic base for a gradual increase in the role of direct taxes in budget revenues. Prevention of violations of custom legislation in foreign economic transactions can increase the revenues to the state budget without increasing the tax burden.