Kinds Of Expertise Research Articles

Designing needs statements in a systematic iterative way

Designing specifications for technically advanced instructional products, such as e-learning, simulations or simulators requires different kinds of expertise. The SLIM method proposes to involve all stakeholders from the beginning in a series of workshops under the guidance of experienced instructional designers. These instructional designers ensure that specifications are designed in a systematic, iterative, way based on instructional design and development models. The workshop participants, however, bring in all the necessary information and they take all the decisions. The SLIM method is geared towards the first phase of the instructional design process: designing a needs statement in the form of a first set of global user requirements. It has been used in eight case studies. The results of these case studies have led to improvements to the method and suggestions for further research.

Making the law accessible to non-lawyers: effects of different kinds of expertise on perceived usability of online legal information services

To help design an environment in which professionals without legal training can make effective use of public sector legal information on planning and the environment – for Add-Wijzer, a European e-government project – we evaluated their perceptions of usefulness and usability. In concurrent think-aloud usability tests, lawyers and non-lawyers carried out information retrieval tasks on a range of online legal databases. We found that non-lawyers reported twice as many difficulties as those with legal training (p = 0.001), that the number of difficulties and the choice of database affected successful completion, and that the non-lawyers had surprisingly few problems understanding legal terminology. Instead, they had more problems understanding the syntactical structure of legal documents and collections. The results support the constraint attunement hypothesis (CAH) of the effects of expertise on information retrieval, with implications for the design of systems to support the effective understanding and use of information.

Innovation and Disability

Innovation and Disability

An Ontology-based Framework and its Application to Effective Collaboration


 
 
 In the past few years Artificial Intelligence has been gradually introduced to enhance Education through technologies. However, usual approaches provide systems with a kind of expertise using a set of heuristics and domain theories built in the procedures. As a result they cannot justify their recommendations systematically and scientifically. To overcome such problems it is necessary to establish a common understanding of what a learning theory is and how to represent it adequately. In this work we present part of our ontological framework that allows for the partial representation of learning theories considering explicitness, formalism, concepts and vocabulary. Then, we propose sophisticated techniques to reasoning on these theories considering their semantics showing the use of this framework to build a system called CHOCOLATO to facilitate the effective design and analysis of collaborative learning activities.
 
 

Editor's desktop

The digital age raises new challenges for institutions that have traditionally been involved in the stewardship of the cultural record. One is the stewardship of items that were born digital, those the museum world distinguishes as digital accessions. Another is the creation and stewardship of digital images of two- and three-dimensional artifacts, including texts, in the collections of these institutions. Such images exist for many purposes — for preservation and dissemination as well as for new and innovative kinds of exploration and exploitation. The description, control and use of both classes of images consume scarce resources and require new kinds of expertise. Four of the articles in this issue address these challenges. In our special section Digital Desires: What Are Museums Up To? section editor Layna White and contributors Shyam Oberoi and Sally Hubbard examine the role and management of digital objects in art museums. In her introduction Layna explains how museums use images, while Shyam and Sally discuss the problems of implementing institution-wide digital asset management systems (DAMS) at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Getty Research Institute, respectively. In contrast universities are the principal focus of the fourth article, a report on Clifford Lynch's plenary session talk at the ASIS&T 2007 Annual Meeting in Milwaukee. He believes that in addressing their current problems cultural institutions must focus on their responsibilities for cultural stewardship, not on salvaging the means by which these responsibilities have been fulfilled for the last century, which may now be untenable or superseded. Closer to home some of these same issues are reflected in the President's Page. ASIS&T also must struggle with the balance between the paper and the electronic worlds and with the economics of scholarly publishing. President Nancy Roderer brings us up-to-date on the current highest priority of the Board of Directors and the staff, the re-compete of the contract to publish the Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology. The new contract, when it has been negotiated, will most likely incorporate all ASIS&T publications and will have to deal with the many issues related to electronic publication that have arisen over the last decade. Another aspect of scholarly publishing is also addressed by Elise Langdon-Neuner, editor of The Write Stuff (the journal of the European Medical Writers Association) and a member of the editorial board of European Science Editing (the journal of the European Association of Science Editors). In “Let Them Speak English” she reviews the current environment surrounding publication in English for non-native speakers. She also considers the cost to the broader intellectual community of forcing scholars to write in a language that is not their own and the possibilities for making the content of publications originally published in other languages more widely available in English. Our two final items are less closely related to the above themes or to each other, but each makes its own contribution. First, Andrew Sears and his colleagues report on a National Science Foundation workshop from 2006 aimed at setting a research agenda for human-centered computing. The paper summarizes the workshop's suggested research areas and also its observations on interdisciplinary research in the field. Finally, this issue's information architecture (IA) columnist, Mark Nolan, discusses the potential for exploiting the exploratory search model in IA.

The role of interactional expertise in interpreting: the case of technology transfer in the steel industry

I analyse the case of three Japanese-Portuguese interpreters who have given support to technology transfer from a steel company in Japan to one in Brazil for more than thirty years. Their job requires them to be ‘interactional experts’ in steel-making. The Japanese–Portuguese interpreters are immersed in more than the language of steel-making as their job involves a great deal of ‘physical contiguity’ with steel-making practice. Physical contiguity undoubtedly makes the acquisition of interactional expertise easier. This draws attention to the lack of empirical work on the exact way that the physical and the linguistic interact in the acquisition of interactional expertise, or any other kind of expertise.

Voices from the margins: towards conservation of local knowledge in psychology during incorporation

The Department of Psychology of what was previously Vista University has recently been incorporated into a number of different institutions as part of the transformation of higher education in South Africa. During the 21 years of its existence, this department had developed particular local expertise in response to the unique opportunities offered by the predominantly black student population they had served and the geographical location of the campuses in townships. However, this kind of expertise is threatened with extinction in the face of the incorporation. Criteria such as local relevance, respect for indigenous knowledge and knowledge application in local township contexts, tend to be silenced in this process. This article describes a response to this situation in the form of a research project aimed at conserving and documenting the local knowledge developed in this department. It explores marginalisation and voice in power / knowledge fields peculiar to the incorporation process and argues for a reconceptualisation of university knowledge towards social responsiveness and an epistemology of uncertainty and inclusiveness.

Tracing impact in a usability improvement process

Analyzing usability improvement processes as they take place in real-life organizations is necessary to understand the practice of usability work. This paper describes a case study where the usability of an information system is improved and a relationship between the improvements and the evaluation efforts is established. Results show that evaluation techniques complemented each other by suggesting different kinds of usability improvement. Among the techniques applied, a combination of questionnaires and Metaphors of Human Thinking (MOT) showed the largest mean impact and MOT produced the largest number of impacts. Logging of real-life use of the system over 6 months indicated six aspects of improved usability, where significant differences among evaluation techniques were found. Concerning five of the six aspects Think Aloud evaluations and the above-mentioned combination of questionnaire and MOT performed equally well, and better than MOT. Based on the evaluations 40 redesign proposals were developed and 30 of these were implemented. Four of the implemented redesigns where considered especially important. These evolved with inspiration from multiple evaluations and were informed by stakeholders with different kinds of expertise. Our results suggest that practitioners should not rely on isolated evaluations. Instead complementing techniques should be combined, and people with different expertise should be involved.

Fish Swim, Rocks Sit, and Lungs Breathe: Expert-Novice Understanding of Complex Systems

Understanding complex systems is fundamental to understanding science. The complexity of such systems makes them very difficult to understand because they are composed of multiple interrelated levels that interact in dynamic ways. The goal of this study was to understand how experts and novices differed in their understanding of two complex systems, the human respiratory system and an aquarium ecosystem. In particular, we examined how a representation of complex systems, Structure-Behavior-Function theory (SBF), might account for these differences. SBF is particularly relevant in understanding biological systems because an important domain principle is the relation between form, function, and mechanism. Our results demonstrated that there were minimal differences between the expert and novice groups on structures, but that the locus of the difference was on understanding causal behaviors and functions, the least salient elements of the systems. Mental model analysis provided largely convergent results. We also found differences between the two different kinds of experts in each domain. These results suggest that SBF does capture expert-novice differences and may have implications for instruction. This research was funded by National Science Foundation CAREER Grant 0133533 to Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver. Conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are our own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We thank Vera Tuchapsky for her assistance with coding the data and Rebecca Jordan for providing feedback on an earlier draft. We thank Paul Feltovich and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful feedback. Portions of this research have been presented at the annual meeting of the European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (2003), the annual convention of the American Psychological Association (2004), and International Conference of the Learning Sciences (2004).

Socrates’ Conception of Piety

For Socrates, philosophy is self-examination. If the Euthyphro is still to be philosophy in this sense, it must challenge people living now. This paper offers a reading that does this. First, a better case is made for something like the kind of expertise Euthyphro claims and for his position about piety. Second, Socrates and Euthyphro embody different views about the kind of expertise that would be relevant to discovering and engendering piety. Finally, Socrates’ unorthodox conception of piety is made explicit. With these features highlighted, the Euthyphro still possesses the power to provoke and challenge. The Euthyphro is one of the most frequently used texts in introductory philosophy classes. But I think it is commonly undertaught. So, when an issue of Teaching Philosophy arrived a few years ago with an article by Robert Talisse on teaching the Euthyphro, I knew right away that I had to read it. Talisse has written articles that I admire. But I was disappointed. There are, I think, two basic sources of disappointment. First, Talisse proposes a dialogical reading of the Euthyphro, but his reading focuses on the dialogue within the text, largely ignoring the dialogue between the text and the reader. But for Socrates, philosophy is self-examination. So, if any philosophy in the Socratic sense is to happen today in connection with the Euthyphro, it must result from a dialogue between the text and us. Second, for Talisse, the Euthyphro is about different kinds of experts. While I agree that the issue of kinds of expertise is centrally involved, I thought the dialogue was about piety. Moreover, it seems that the kind of expertise that is relevant to piety might well depend on what piety is. Let’s take these two concerns in order. Philosophy and the Euthyphro The Socrates of the Apology at least is, as he himself proclaimed, a “gadfly” (30e), a questioning examiner of lives who aimed to arouse

The forensic expertise for delay or interruption of the execution of jail sentence on medical reasons – arguments on and against in the institutions of forensic medicine

The forensic expertise for delay or interruption of the execution of jail sentence on medical reasons – arguments on and against in the institutions of forensic medicine: Lately, voices from the Institutions of Forensic Medicine suggested that this kind of expertise shouldn’t be made by the forensic doctors. Were they right? The authors present, giving sustained arguments, reasons for this expertise to remain in the domain of forensic laboratory. In the same time, they also give several unadvisable reasons. One of them could be the unfriendly relationship between the members of the committee although the methodology of proceeding the document is very clear and logic. There are also some difficulties in the relationship between forensic medicine laboratories – diagnostically centers - penitentiary hospital and in the eligibility of the addresses received from the Court of Law. Some measures of improvement of the quality of these documents are proposed. Keywords: Forensic expertise, Scientific and medical arguments, Expertal difficulties

The Reconstitution of Risk Objects

This paper examines the relationship of risk and power through a critical analysis of Crew Endurance Management, an initiative directed at enhancing maritime safety and efficiency. The paper argues that the initiative applies rhetorics of choice and self‐discipline to unite morality with risk, thus casting merchant mariners as risk objects in the shipping industry. This objectification relies on differentials in power rooted in differentially‐valued discourses that delegitimize some kinds of expertise. At the same time, deploying alternative rhetorics keyed to the anxieties of other levels of society allows risk objects to resist their objectification by shifting the relevant social scale for considering risk. The paper concludes by suggesting that imperatives for both productivity and safety will expand the workspace by expanding, through emphasis on personal choices, the environment in which workers must be concerned about risk reduction.

From Colonialism to development: Reflections of former Colonial Officers

This paper is concerned with the form and extent to which colonial discourses, cultures and practices continue to pervade the workings of the post-independence international development aid industry. It is based on the personal narratives of individuals involved in both colonial administration and subsequently in the field of development as expatriate consultants whose experiences provide a resource for interrogating the varied articulations of the transition from ‘colonialism’ to ‘development cooperation’ and the ongoing relationship between colonial forms of rule and governance and the purpose and practice of development. The paper highlights the performance of expertise and authority articulated through the forms of knowledge that were valorised at different moments and the spaces and relationships developed and mobilised by former colonial officers and contemporary development practitioners. It argues that being from, or of, the West whether as a representative of colonial or donor power ascribes status. However, the paper acknowledge that while this power and authority is sustained through different kinds of expertise, development is not always and in all places neo-colonial. Indeed, there have been significant changes with the opening up of the field over time not least in terms of the much more diverse gendered, racialised and class composition of those involved.

2A1-B34 100時間ワークショップによる融合教育研究プラットフォームの開発

The importance of integrating different discipline of information science and technology is growing for the realization of information system which works robust in real world. Such system should be achieved by integrating super robust algorithm, large-scale dependable network and devices or interfaces which sense and/or actuate in the real world. It is necessary to encourage collaboration among specialists of different disciplines, since it is difficult to cover all area in information science and technology by only one person or group. In order to support collaboration among various kinds of experts, the autonomous collaborative environment for project based learning was developed. The environment comprises the workshop protocol and the community site. The workshop named "A Hundred Hour Workshop" for graduate students who belong to different departments was carried out during summer holidays. The community site named "WS100H.NET" was developed for supporting and analyzing autonomous collaboration process. Novel interdisciplinary technology, fusion of recognition and parallel computation was successfully developed. Collaboration process among the participants was autonomous with minimal facilitation by the tutor in the environment.

Meta-synthesis approach to complex system modeling

Meta-synthesis method is proposed to tackle with open complex giant system problems which cannot be effectively solved by traditional reductionism methods by a Chinese system scientist Qian, Xuesen (Tsien HsueShen) around the early 1990s. The method emphasizes the synthesis of collected information and knowledge of various kinds of experts, and combining quantitative methods with qualitative knowledge. Since then, continuous endeavors have been taken to put those ideas into practice. In this paper, firstly we review meta-synthesis approach and other research relevant to complex system modeling briefly. Then we discuss two main issues, model integration and opinion synthesis, which are often confronted when applying meta-synthesis approach, together with an exhibit of the development of an embryonic meta-synthetic support prototype. Such a demonstration shows how to model complex problems, such as macro-economic problems in Hall for Workshop on Meta-Synthetic Engineering with versatile resources in information collection, model integration and opinion synthesis. Finally, some future work is indicated.

Profile

BioTechniquesVol. 39, No. 3 ScientistsOpen AccessProfile of John Yates III, Ph.D.Professor of Cell Biology and head of the Proteomic Mass Spectrometry Lab, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CALaura BonettaLaura BonettaSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:30 May 2018https://doi.org/10.2144/05393SP01AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit Getting SidetrackedWhen I started my undergraduate studies at the University of Maine, I was thinking about going to medical school. I had injured my leg playing football in high school and became interested in medicine while I was convalescing in the hospital. But I was eventually sidetracked by the biology and chemistry courses I took. Given the state of medical finances these days, I am glad things turned out the way they did.I got my first taste of mass spectrometry during an undergraduate chemistry course. Right away, I thought that the technique was the future—mostly because the instrument had a computer attached to it. To me, that was so cool. I guess I had the right insight, if not necessarily for the right reasons.I decided to do my graduate work at the University of Virginia in a mass spectrometry lab. We were developing and applying tandem mass spectrometry to the sequence analysis of proteins. At that time, it would take a year just to sequence one protein. Twenty years later, mass spectrometry is able to tackle much more complex questions.What appeals to me are technically difficult problems. One of my favorite papers was the one we published in Nature in 2002 on the proteome of the malaria pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum. The study identified more than 2400 proteins.Daniel Carucci, formerly of the Naval Medical Research Center, and one of the people who had gotten the malaria genome project off the ground, had heard me give a talk about my work identifying complex mixtures of proteins in different systems. He asked me, “Could what you talked about work with malaria?”It was a tough problem, because you can never isolate pure Plasmodium proteins. With the life cycle of the parasite, you always get a high background of mosquito or human components. Therefore, we had to spend a lot of time working on strategies to distinguish among different proteins, and we had to do this while the Plasmodium genome sequence was being completed. There were many technical challenges to sort through, but that was part of the attraction.I was also drawn to the project because malaria is such a huge problem in terms of the number of people who are affected by the disease. I tend to gravitate toward issues that affect the developing world.In my mind, the development of the SEQUEST algorithm for correlating tandem mass spectrometry data to protein sequences was a critical step in enabling us to do the things we are doing today. When I started with mass spectrometry, a major bottleneck was throughput of data analysis. You could not do any large-scale projects. SEQUEST, which I developed about 12 years ago when I was a faculty member at the University of Washington, allowed us to take protein mixtures in solution or from cell lysates and obtain a fairly accurate identification of the proteins in the mix.Because of the patent arrangements with the University of Washington, SEQUEST is now distributed through a company. But we have developed other programs that are freely available. We spend a fair amount of time supporting people who use our software. Support is a lot of work, but I believe that if you write software, you need to take responsibility for it.The applications of mass spectrometry have changed a lot over the years, and my knowledge has gotten a lot broader to keep up with these changes. But you know what they say about generalists: you end up knowing nothing about everything.I currently have about 20 people working with me, and most are postdocs. Chemists, computer scientists, physicists, and biologists work side-by-side in my lab. It is to their advantage to have access to all these different kinds of expertise. For example, if one of the biologists is having problems with statistical analysis, he or she can ask one of the people with a strong mathematical background for help.I enjoy being the head of the lab. It is a bit like having a small business—making decisions, setting direction, taking responsibility for what happens. All these things appeal to me. Outside of work, most of what I do revolves around the lives of my three sons. It means I spend a lot of time at baseball games.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 39, No. 3 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics History Published online 30 May 2018 Published in print September 2005 Information© 2005 Author(s)PDF download

The new paradigm for wireless network optimization: a synergy of automated processes and human intervention

With the evolution of wireless technologies, the optimization process for the radio access network has undergone a dramatic increase in complexity. This trend is driven by the introduction of multiple objectives for packet data services, the increasing network heterogeneity resulting from technology overlays, and the growing demand for nondisruptive optimization of operating networks. In a multidisciplinary effort, Bell Laboratories has developed a new optimization methodology that tackles these challenges using automated processes. We show that the paradigm shift toward automation requires the development of several interdependent algorithms each designed to cope with a particular optimization task. In the application described, human intervention proves indispensable; it demands a new kind of expertise that combines understanding of the automated processes with knowledge of network operation. Through examples we illustrate the variety of tasks that have to be automated and where guidance is needed through human control. The development of these automated processes is an important step toward dynamic optimization routines that are integrated into the network and adjust the network in a real-time manner.

Viruses 101

The University of Calgary introduced a controversial course in the fall of 2003 on computer viruses and malware. The primary objection about this course from the anti-virus community was that students were being taught how to create viruses in addition to defending against them. Unfortunately, the reaction to our course was based on a dearth of information, which we remedy in this paper by describing key pedagogical elements of the course.Specifically, we present four aspects of our course: how students are vetted for entry, operation of the course, course content, and the instructional materials used. In addition, we pay particular attention to the controversial course assignments, discussing the assignments and the need for balance, objectivity, security, and learning in a university environment. Our experiences with the course and future plans may be helpful for other institutions considering such course offerings. It should also provide opponents of the course with valuable information about the true nature of the course, the pedagogy used, and the value provided to the computer community as computer science graduates with this kind of expertise take their place as the next generation computer security experts.

Moving Bodily Fantasies: Medical Performances and Modes of Communication

This article investigates the relationship between movement, communication, and medical presentation in three contemporary dance performances. In particular, I wish to present three instances of collaborative work: of work where boundaries between specialists and “lay people,” between different kinds of expertise, and different kinds of knowledges become questioned, dismantled, and (re)erected through performance. My argument hinges on the ongoing creative work involved in the translations between embodiment, phenomenological experience, narratives of self, medical stories, and cultural context. Living as a body in the world means a constant readjustment of these frames, a productive and often painful emergence of life through tensions. What it means to be a (gendered) specialist or a lay person, a patient, or a spectator, emerges in the call-and-response of everyday life, as roles are taken on, re-created, changed, and discarded.A celebrated U.K. dance performance (winner of the Critic's Circle National Dance Award 2004), a U.K. exploratory sci-art experiment by medical experts, writers, and performers, and an Australian music theater piece are at the heart of this analysis: the article explores alignments between semiotic and phenomenological knowledges in these performances. In all of these performances, women are center stage, sometimes as informers, sometimes as playwrights and visual artists, sometimes as main performers.

HHMI'S JANELIA FARM SETS SCIENTIFIC FOCUS

HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INstitute—a nonprofit philanthropy that supports biomedical research—has settled on the scientific focus of Janelia Farm, its new $500 million freestanding research campus in northern Virginia. It's now recruiting some of the 300 biologists, chemists, physicists, computer scientists, and engineers who will work together at Janelia to determine how the healthy brain works and to develop new imaging tools. We are looking for scientists who are really passionate about working on these problems in this kind of collaborative, interdisciplinary environment, says Gerald M. Rubin, an HHMI investigator and University of California, Berkeley, biologist who will head the facility Our scientists will have unparalleled freedom and resources to explore those problems. He wants to fill Janelia—which will officially open its doors in the fall of 2006—with creative and risk-taking scientists who have all kinds of expertise, like a scientific Noah's Ark. HHMI is best known for its investigator ...