Adult Rat Kidney Research Articles

Fluoride and diethylnitrosamine coexposure enhances oxido-inflammatory responses and caspase-3 activation in liver and kidney of adult rats.

The present study investigated the impact of coexposure to fluoride and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) on hepatorenal function in adult rats. The animals were exposed to fluoride (15 mg/L in drinking water) and DEN (10 mg/kg) singly or coexposed to both compounds for 14 days. Results demonstrated that the fluoride or DEN mediated increase in hepatorenal toxicity was intensified in the coexposure group. Additionally, the decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities as well as the elevation in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and lipid peroxidation was markedly aggravated in rats coexposed to DEN and fluoride. Furthermore, the increase in levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β, myeloperoxidase and caspase-3 activities as well as histological lesions was more pronounced in the liver and kidney of rats coexposed to DEN and fluoride. Conclusively, coexposure to fluoride and DEN exacerbated hepatorenal damage via enhancement of oxido-inflammatory responses and caspase-3 activation in rats.

Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the effect of tartrazine on the cerebellum, submandibular glands, and kidneys of adult male albino rats.

Tartrazine is one of the most widely used food additives. The present investigation was carried out on 40 adult male albino rats. They were divided into four groups of ten animals for each. Group I was considered as a control group. Group II was treated with tartrazine daily in a dose 7.5mg/kg body weight by oral gavage for 30days. Group III was received 15mg/kg body weight of tartrazine for the same period. Group IV was administered tartrazine in a dose 100mg/kg body weight for the whole duration of the experiment. At the end of experiment, samples from the cerebellum, submandibular salivary glands, and kidneys were fixed in neutral buffered formalin 10% and prepared routinely for paraffin sectioning and staining for histopathological and immunohistochemical investigations of proliferating cell nuclear antigen "PCNA" and glial fibrillar acidic protein "GFAP". Tartrazine-treated groups revealed histopathological degenerative changes in the obtained organs. In group II, the cerebellum showed subcortical edema, congestion of the blood vessels, cytoplasmic vacuolations, and pyknosis of the nuclei in the gray matter neurons. Concerning the submandibular glands, they expressed cytoplasmic vacuolations and pyknosis of the nuclei of the acinar cells, congestion of the interacinar blood capillaries, and degenerative changes in the striated duct. The kidneys appeared with interstitial hemorrhage and dilatation of the glomerular capillaries. The PCT and DCT showed ill-defined cell boundaries. The collecting tubules in the renal medulla appeared with flattened epithelial cells. The severity of these changes increases by increasing the dose of tartrazine in group III and reach to the highest level in group IV. The immunoexpression of the GFAP in the cerebellum of the experimental groups was intense compared to the control group. The immunoreactivity of PCNA in the nuclei of the acinar and ductal cells of the submandibular gland and the cells of the renal cortex and medulla was strong in the tartrazine-treated groups compared to the control group. The current study concluded that the tartrazine had serious effect on the cerebellum, submandibular glands, and kidneys that adversely affect the functions of these organs.

Beneficial Effects of Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare) in Treating Obesity in Rats

Obesity is associated with a number of serious medical complications, which are often referred to as the “insulin resistance syndrome”. The aim of the present study was performed to investigate the possible interaction between a conventional drug used for management of cholesterol and traditional herbal remedies on the obesity. This was carried through out: through estimation of blood test; Estimation of serum tests; Determination of oxidative stress biomarkers and the antioxidant enzymes activities in the liver were assayed; Histopathological examination of the liver and kidney of adult male albino rats were done. In the present study, the serum levels of the total protein and albumin in the obesity group (7.1± 0.2) and (4.78 ± 0.19); respectively were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) more than those of the control group (6.5±0.1) and (3.95± 0.1).The administration of (fennel group) revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease in the serum levels of the albumin and total protein (4.38± 0.1) and (6.65± 0.2); respectively as compared to the obesity group (4.78 ± 0.19) and (7.1± 0.2(. The total cholesterol of the group(5) (fennel and ator) after two weeks from a high fat diet than treatment with fennel and Ator through six weeks equal 142.86±5.9, 100.4±8.68, 93.29±5.99, 87.1±11.28, 80.4±21.55, 78.1±6.7 and 77.1±6.87; respectively. The present study showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP in the obesity group which recorded as (60.5±11.45), (57.25±6.3) and (845.0±49.47); respectively as compared to the control group (28.25±1.7), (38.5±3.87) and (537.0±41.5); respectively. The fennel group caused significant decrease in the activities of these enzymes (41.0± 2.9), (42.25+3.2) and (717.75+48.6); respectively compared to the obesity group. Ator group showed a significant decrease in the activities of these enzymes (40.0±2.16), (42.5±3.1) and (679.25±41.16); respectively compared as obesity group. The activity of AlT, AST and ALP in the fennel and ator group (32.75±2.5), (40.5±2.38) and (601.25±17.5); respectively were near to the control group.

Histopathological and histochemical effects of nicotine on the liver and kidney of adult male rats

Background/aim Nicotine is the more abundant alkaloid component contained in tobacco. Smoking causes numerous diseases that are associated with anemia. Nicotine is metabolized primarily by the liver, and to a lesser extent, by the kidney. The aim of this study was to investigate the iron distribution and histopathological changes in liver and kidney tissues of rats administered with nicotine. Materials and methods This study was performed on thirty adult male albino rats. Animals were divided into three groups (10 each). Group I served as control rats, which were injected subcutaneously with 1 ml of normal saline; group II rats were injected subcutaneously with nicotine at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day; and group III rats were injected subcutaneously with nicotine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed under ether anesthesia. Liver and kidney tissues specimens were prepared by routine histological procedures and examined under a light microscope. Results Injection with nicotine showed iron deposition inside the liver sinusoids, seen as green bluish stain. In addition, scattered iron intracellular deposition appeared as scattered bluish dots in kidney. Histopathological examination of liver specimens from rats injected subcutaneously with nicotine showed mononuclear cell infiltration and that some of the hepatocytes had a hyperchromatic nucleus and enlarged sinusoids as compared with the control ones. However, kidney specimens showed some vacuolated tubular cells, few dilated tubules, and the presence of intraluminal casts in some tubules. Conclusion This study indicated that subcutaneous injection of nicotine causes iron deposition in the liver and kidney and is associated with structural damage.

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

An Efficient Sieving Method to Isolate Intact Glomeruli from Adult Rat Kidney.

Preservation of glomerular structure and function is pivotal in the prevention of glomerulonephritis, a category of kidney disease characterized by proteinuria which can eventually lead to chronic and end-stage renal disease. The glomerulus is a complex apparatus responsible for the filtration of plasma from the body. In disease, structural integrity is lost and allows for the abnormal leakage of plasma contents into the urine. A method to isolate and examine glomeruli in culture is critical for the study of these diseases. In this protocol, an efficient method of retrieving intact glomeruli from adult rat kidneys while conserving structural and morphological characteristics is described. This process is capable of generating high yields of glomeruli per kidney with minimal contamination from other nephron segments. With these glomeruli, injury conditions can be mimicked by incubating them with a variety of chemical toxins, including protamine sulfate, which causes foot process effacement and proteinuria in animal models. Degree of injury can be assessed using transmission electron microscopy, immunofluorescence staining, and western blotting. Nephrin and Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) levels can also be assessed from these cultures. Due to the ease and flexibility of this protocol, the isolated glomeruli can be utilized as described or in a way that best suits the needs of the researcher to help better study glomerular health and structure in diseased states.

The relationship between Aquaporin-2 protein levels in amniotic fluid and the fetal kidney in humans

ObjectivesAquaporin-2 (AQP2) is an important water channel protein that is expressed in the renal collecting duct and plays a key role in urine concentration and body water homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that the urinary excretion of AQP2 correlates strongly with its expression in the kidney in adult humans and rats. However, there have been no studies on the urinary excretion of AQP2 in human fetuses during development. Fetal urine is the main source of the amniotic fluid; we speculate that the level of AQP2 in the amniotic fluid could reflect the expression level of the AQP2 protein in the fetal kidney. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between AQP2 in the amniotic fluid and that in the fetal kidney. MethodsIn the present study, the concentration of the AQP2 protein in human amniotic fluid was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and its expression level in human fetal kidneys were examined by wastern blot and immunohistochemistry. ResultsBoth the expression level of AQP2 in the fetal kidney (F = 195.9, P < 0.001) and the concentration of AQP2 in the amniotic fluid increased with gestational age (F = 1098, P < 0.001). Moreover, the concentration of AQP2 in the amniotic fluid was positively correlated with its expression level in the fetal kidney (r = 0.872, P < 0.0001). ConclusionsOur research indicates that AQP2 levels in the amniotic fluid may be used as a marker for AQP2 expression in the fetal kidney.

EFFECT OF FENOFIBRATE ADMINISTRATION AND ITS WITHDRAWAL ON THE KIDNEYS OF ADULT MALE ALBINO RATS (HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES)

Background: Fenofibrate is among the drugs of choice for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia and low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, both recognized as risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Objective: Demonstrating the effect of fenofibrate administration and its withdrawal on the histological structure and function of the kidney in adult male albino rats. Material and methods: Forty adult male albino rats were used in this work. They were divided equally into four groups; I-First control group (Group A), II- Second control group (Group B), III- Treated group (Group C) and IV- Recovery group (Group D). Each adult male albino rat of groups A and C was given 0.96ml of distilled water and 0.96ml of distilled water (Contained 3.6 mg fenofibrate) respectively for six weeks. Each adult male albino rat of groups B and D was given 0.48ml of distilled water and 0.96ml of distilled water (Contained 3.6 mg fenofibrate) respectively for six weeks, then, left for two weeks without treatment. The treatments were given once/day orally. The specimens were collected at two time intervals; at the end of the 6th week for groups A &C and at the end of the 8th week for groups B & D. The blood samples were collected for measuring urea, creatinine, MDA and SOD. The kidneys were used for light & electron microscopic examinations, and morphometric study. Results: Light and electron microscopic examination and morphometric studies demonstrated that fenofibrate induced various signs of degeneration, necrosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Biochemical study revealed that fenofibrate induced deterioration in the kidney functions which were reflected by significant increase in the serum levels of urea and creatinine. It also revealed significant increase in the oxidant parameters (MDA), and significant decrease in the antioxidant parameters (SOD). On fenofibrate withdrawal, most of the histological and all the biochemical effects were recovered. Conclusion: Fenofibrate induced various deleterious changes in the histological structure and function of the kidney by inducing oxidative stress. These changes and oxidative stress were reversible on fenofibrate withdrawal.

Protective Effect of Commercial Green Tea on Ibuprofen-Induced Glomerular Atrophy in Kidney of Adult Rat.

To determine the effect of commercial green tea on ibuprofen-induced glomerular atrophy in kidney of adult rat by using transvertical glomerular diameter as the determining parameter. Laboratory-based experimental study. Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad from December 2016 to January 2017. Thirty Sprague-dawley rats, males and females, were selected and divided into three groups. Each group comprised of 10 animals. Group A was used as control. Group B was given ibuprofen 120 mg/kg bodyweight/day. Group C received extract of Lipton green tea 1 ml/100 mg bodyweight/day in addition to ibuprofen 120 mg/kg. The dose was administered once daily for a period of 9 weeks. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after administration of last dose. Kidney tissue was processed and stained with H&E. Routine histological study was performed. Change in transvertical glomerular diameter was taken as the defining parameter for determining glomerular atrophy. SPSS version 22 was the tool used for statistical analysis. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Transvertical glomerular diameter (TVGD) was significantly decreased in both experimental groups B (76.15 +1.85 µm) and C (89.59 +1.87 µm) in comparison with control group A (94.27 +1.82 µm). However, the difference in TVGD between both experimental groups was also significant, asserting the ameliorative effect of green tea against glomerular damage. Ibuprofen caused glomerular atrophy but administration of green tea along with ibuprofen protected against significant reduction in glomerular diameter, thus preventing atrophy.

Potential Protective Role of Selenium on Acrylamide-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats: A Biochemical, Histopathological Study

Acrylamide (ACR) is an essential chemical which is extensively used in many industries and also in laboratories such as treatment of drinking water, waste water and soil, production of paper, and polishes, used as an additive in some cosmetics, used in electrophoresis and in dentistry for preparation of alloys; it is known as possible carcinogenic compound. French fries, commercially common chips and all carbohydrate containing diet are rich in acrylamide. In this study when Acrylamide is taken into the body, we investigated its toxic effect on body organs and investigated the protective role of selenium. Aim: The aim of this work is to detect acrylamide effects on liver and kidney of adult male albino rats and assess the protective role of selenium. Material and methods: Acrylamide was administrated orally at dose of (15 mg/kg body weight) (1/10 LD 50) daily for 8 weeks. Biochemical parameters in serum were studied: aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), total protiens, Albumin, Globulin, urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Liver and kidneys will be examined by light microscope to evaluate histopathological changes. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) was done. Results: The results after being statistically analyzed and tabulated revealed that oral Acrylamide adminstration showed a highly significant (P<0.001) elevation in aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), a highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in serum total protiens, albumin, globulin and highly significant (P<0.001) decrease in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels comparing to control group. Light microscope examination of the hepatic tissue in acrylamide treated group showed obvious congestion associated with wide spread marked vacuolar degeneration as well as foci of spotty necrosis and kidneys showed marked congestion, marked hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelium and focal prominent tubular necrosis. There was a highly significant (P<0.001) increase in malondialdehyde level in acrylamide treated group comparing to control group. Selenium administration in addition to acrylamide showed significant decrease in aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), significant elevation in serum total protiens, albumin, globulin and significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels comparing to acrylamide treated group. There was significant decrease in malondialdehyde level in acrylamide+sodium selenite treated group comparing to acrylamide treated group

A Study of Subacute Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Liver and Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats.

A Study of Subacute Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on the Liver and Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats.

Sub-acute oxidant and histopathological effects of imidacloprid on kidney of adult female Wistar rats

Imidacloprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide and has been extensively used as a crop pest and pet flea control programme. In the present study, the effects of imidacloprid on kidney tissue were analyzed in adult female Wistar rats at two dose levels (19 and 38 mg/kg/day) administered orally for 10, 20 and 30 days. Effects were compared with respective control animals administered daily with 2% gum acacia. Different parameters undertaken were kidney weight, levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, oxidative stress parameters viz. activities of SOD, GPx and levels of GSH and MDA and histopathological changes. Imidacloprid at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days significantly increased organ weight and levels of MDA. The activities of enzymes SOD and GPx and levels of GSH were decreased significantly at 38 mg/kg dose administered daily for 30 days. There was significant decrease observed in levels of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days. Histopathological changes in kidney at 38 mg/kg dose in 20 and 30 days group. Therefore, it is concluded that imidacloprid has generated oxidative stress in kidney at 38 mg/kg dose administered orally for 20 and 30 days in adult female Wistar rats.

Effects of Monosodium Glutamate on the Kidney of Male Adult Albino Rat and the Possible Protective Role of Vitamin C

AbstractBackground: Monosodium glutamate is used commercially as a food additive and is commonly marketed as a flavour enhancer. It is now used by most fast-food chains and in many food-stuffs, in particular, processed foods. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a very important and powerful antioxidant that works in aqueous environment of the body Vitamin C protects against common cold. Beneficial effects in conditions such as cancer, vascular disease, cataracts, diabetes, asthma, arthritis, Parkin-son's disease, autism and depression have also been suggested.Aim of the Work: The aim of this study was to study the potential protective effect of Vitamin C on kidney damage caused by monosodium glutamate in adult male rats.Material and Methods: Sixty adult albino rats were used. The animals were equally divided into three groups each of them consists of 20 rats: Group I: Control were given 1ml of saline daily by oral route one month. Group II: Were given monosodium glutamate (4gm/kg of body weight/day, dissolved in saline orally) for one month. Group III: Were given Vitamin C (500mg/kg of body weight /day, orally) then after 2 hours were given monosodium glutamate (4gm/kg of body weight/day, dissolved in saline orally) for one month.At the end of the experiment, the rats were anaesthetized by ether then perfused with saline then with the appropriate fixator (formalin 10%). The abdomens were opened and the kidneys of the control and treated animals were extracted, cut, and processed for light and transmission electron micro-scopic studies.Results: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) markedly de-structed glomeruli and tubules of the kidney at light and electron microscopic examination and morphmetric studies. Administration of Vitamin C could attenuate these changes.Conclusion: MSG caused degenerative changes in the cortical glomeruli and tubules. On the addition of Vitamin C can decrease that toxic effects of MSG.

Effect of Silver Ions on Copper Metabolism during Mammalian Ontogenesis

Copper metabolism was studied in laboratory rats that received silver ions with food (Ag diet) from birth for 5, 20, 40, and 180 days. Parameters of the copper status in the blood serum were determined, and data on the distribution of silver ions in the body were obtained. A comparative histological analysis of brain, liver, kidney, and spleen sections of adult rats kept on the Ag diet for 30 or 180 days was performed. Copper and silver content, expression levels of the genes of copper transport proteins, and the activity of copper enzymes were determined in the cells of the liver, the central organ responsible for copper metabolism in mammals. In adult rats kept on the Ag diet for 30 days, copper status parameters dropped to near-zero values. In contrast, these parameters were decreased only twofold in rats that had been kept on the Ag diet for 6 months from birth. At the same time, the expression of genes involved in copper homeostatis was downregulated. The expression of genes that encode copper enzymes was unchanged. The activity of ceruloplasmin, the main copper-containing protein of the blood, was decreased, while the activity of SOD1, a cellular copper enzyme, was unchanged. The pathways by which silver can interfere with copper metabolism and the mechanisms that compensate these effects are discussed. The data obtained may help assess the potential consequences of growing environmental exposure to silver due to increasing use of silver nanoparticles in different areas of human activity.

Histological and biochemical changes induced by ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera in the heart and kidneys of adult wistar rats

Study Background: Moringa oleifera, (miracle tree), has been used in the treatment of numerous diseases. Moringa has been the subject of intensive scientific research; however, there have been scanty information on its sub-acute effect on the kidneys. Aims: This work was done to investigate the histological and biochemical effect of M. oleifera on the heart and kidneys of adult Wistar rats. Settings and Design: Twenty-eight adult healthy rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into 4 groups of 7 per group and fed with pellets and water ad libitum. Group A served as the control, Group B were fed with 500 mg/kg of ethanolic extract of Moringa leaf, Group C with 1000 mg/kg while Group D were fed with 1500 mg/kg body weight. Methods and Material: Doses were administered once daily using oral gavage for 28 days. Before the time of sacrificing the animals, blood samples were collected into plain test tubes and the animals anesthetized before sacrifice. Necropsy was performed and the tissues (heart and kidney) processed and stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining techniques. Serum electrolyte (sodium and potassium), urea, creatinine, creatine kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase were analyzed for. Results: There were significant increases in urea and potassium in the 1000 mg/kg (41.26 ± 16.89 and 10.52 ± 1.48) and 1500 mg/kg (44.23 ± 17.49 and 13.82 ± 1.57) treated animals when compared with the control (21.47 ± 16.33 and 4.54 ± 1.09). Histo-architecture of the kidneys showed glomerula atrophy in the 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg treated rats which is indicative of intrinsic renal damage. There were no noticeable structural damage on the heart. Conclusions: The result showed that M. oleifera may be toxic to the kidneys at concentrations higher than 1000 mg/kg.

The Possible Protective Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid against Acute Ricin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Male Albino Rats

Background: Ricin toxin is considered one of the most potent plant-derived toxins. It induces rapid and irreversible toxic effects through many mechanisms with special concern to inhibition of protein synthesis and oxidative stress resulting in cell death. Moreover, ricin could be used as a terrorist weapon which indicates the importance of finding a specific treatment. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) possesses almost all characters of an ideal antioxidant; thereby it is suggested to be used against ricin toxicity. Aim of the work: The current study aimed at investigating the acute toxic effects of ricin on the kidneys of adult male albino rats and to appraise the possible protective effect of ALA in altering ricin-induced nephrotoxicity. Material & Methods: the present study was carried out on 60 adult male albino rats; they were divided into four groups. Group I: ten rats were intraperitoneally injected by 0.9% saline. Group II:tenrats were intraperitoneally injected by 100 mg/kg ALA. Group III: twentyrats were subcutaneously injected once with 25 µg/kg body weight of ricin solution. Group IV: twenty rats were injected by 100 mg/kg ALA, 15 minutes prior to single injection of 25 μg/kg body weight of ricin solution, and then reinjected with the same dose of ALA immediately after ricin injection. Survival time, renal function tests, renal malondialdehyde (MDA), renal superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzyme activities were recorded. Kidney samples were used for electron microscopic examination. Results: Ricin induced nephrotoxicity with significant increase of renal function tests, renal MDA and catalase activity with significant decrease of SOD. Also, the kidney samples of ricin-treated animals revealed focal ultrastructural changes in renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules. On the other hand, most of ricin-induced injuries were much improved after administration of ALA together with ricin. Conclusion: Ricin produces oxidative nephrotoxic effects that markedly improved by the effective antioxidant properties of alpha lipoic acid.

Protective Effects of Tomato Lycopene and Zingiber officinale Extracts on Gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity in Adult Albino Rats (Comparative study)

Gentamicin (GEN) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is widely used in treatment of gram negative bacterial infections. Tomato lycopene (LYC) and Zingiber officinaleethyl acetate extract (ZOEAE) are powerful antioxidants against free radicals and oxidative attacks. Aim of the work was to investigate the protective effects of tomato LYC and ZOEAE against GEN induced oxidative stress and apoptosis on kidney of adult albino rats. Material and methods: the study was conducted for 10 days on 72 adult albino rats of both sexes, divided into six main groups; one control (subdivided into 4 subgroups) and five treated groups (8 rats in each subgroup & group). Apart from Group І(control groups) the treated groups are treated as follow: Group ІI (LYC) treated orally with LYC (200 mg /kg/day). Group ІII (ZOEAE) treated orally with ZOEAE (200 mg /kg/day). Group IV (GEN) treated with IP injection of GEN (67.4 mg/kg/day). Group V (GEN + LYC) treated with GEN (67.4 mg/kg/day) along with LYC (200mg/kg/day). Group VI (GEN + ZOEAE) treated with GEN (67.4 mg /kg/day) along with LYC (200 mg/kg/day). All animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose, their blood and kidney tissues were subjected to biochemical analysis, while the remaining kidney tissues were stained for histopathological study. Results: GEN administration for 10 days significantly increased serum urea and creatinine concomitant with marked renal histopathological changes, suggesting nephtotoxicity. Also, it significantly increased renal malondialdehyde and decreased renal reduced glutathione and catalase activity, suggesting free radical formation. GEN also caused DNA fragmentation, suggesting apoptosis. Co-administration with either tomato LYC or ZOEAE produced approximate comprehensive improvements of all studied parameters with the superiority of ZOEAE as regard histopathology. Recommendations: Supplementation with antioxidants e.g. LYC and ZOEAE in GEN treated patients had beneficial impacts through alleviating the oxidative stress and improving renal functions

IgG4-related sclerosing mesenteritis and its possible relation to papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 27-year-old Egyptian woman.

The effect of yohimbine, used as an aphrodisiac and for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in males on the kidneys of adult Wistar rat was investigated. Both adult male and female Wistar rats (n=30), average weight of 190g, were randomly assigned into three treatments (n=24) and control (n=6) groups; labeled A (n=8), B (n=8), C (n=8) and D, control (n=6) groups respectively and were administered with ground stem bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe in various amounts; Group A: 30g, Group B: 50g and Group C: 70g mixed with equal amount of feeds (550grams/day of growers’ mash) for a period of 14 days. The control rats received equal amount of the growers’ mash without ground stem bark of Pausinystalia yohimbe added. The growers’ mash was obtained from Edo Feeds and Flour Mill Ltd, Ewu, Edo State and the rats were given water liberally. The rats were sacrificed on day fifteen of the experiment. The kidneys were carefully dissected out and quickly fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde for routine histological procedures. The histological findings in the treated groups showed distortion of the renal cortical structures, vacuolations appearing in the stroma and some degree of cellular necrosis, with degenerative and atrophic changes as compared to the control group. These findings indicate that yohimbine may have some deleterious effects on the kidneys of adult Wistar rats at varied doses. It is recommended that further studies aimed at corroborating these findings be carried out.

Healing Cells in the Kidney of the Adult Rat

Healing Cells in the Kidney of the Adult Rat

Impact of repeated extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy on prepubertal rat kidney.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of repeated extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) on the kidneys of prepubertal and adult rats. Thirty rats were used: 15 were prepubertal (3weeks of age) with an average body weight of 72.3±3.3g, and 15 were adults with of 265±11.3g. The prepubertal and adult rats were separately and randomly allocated to three groups, each consisting of five rats. Following anesthetization, the left kidney of each rat in each group received shock waves in one, two, or three sessions separated by 72h. The rats in each group were killed 72h after the last ESWL session, and both kidneys were harvested; the right kidney was used as the control. Renal injury was examined with histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot to detecting the expression of heat-shock protein-70, tumor necrosis factor-alpha-α, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as markers of renal damage. All of these markers were similarly increased with increased ESWL sessions in both age groups. Histological analysis revealed more serious fibrosis and inflammation in the ESWL-treated kidneys in both groups than in the controls, with the damage increasing with increasing numbers of sessions. ESWL on the kidney increased renal damage according to the number of sessions in both age groups of rats, and the effects of ESWL on renal injury were similar in the two groups. However, there were generally no significant differences in the effects of ESWL on molecular indicators of renal injury between prepubertal and adult rats.