Kharkiv Oblast Research Articles

Assessment of the risk to public health from soil contamination on the territory of solid waste landfills

Introduction. Domestic waste management is an extremely important issue for all countries of the world, especially for the countries of the former Soviet Union, as the current state of solid waste disposal in Ukraine is extremely unsatisfactory. According to the European Commission, the amount of waste in the European Union has increased in recent years to more than 2.5 billion tons per year. The results of the Waste Atlas report on the world's 50 largest landfills show that 64 million people are affected by the 50 largest landfills every day. Ukraine has a total of 6045 landfills and dumpsites. The general trend in Ukraine, in contrast to European countries, is a low level of recycling and utilization of solid waste and a high rate of landfill disposal. The vast majority of landfills (80 to 90%) operate in overload mode. Landfills, in particular solid waste landfills, are the main pollutants of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil. Therefore, determining the level of environmental hazard of heavy metals in the soil as a result of the impact of landfills and solid waste dumps is very important. Objective. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of solid waste landfills on public health due to soil contamination with heavy metals. Methodology. In order to determine the level of environmental hazard of household waste storage at landfills and dumps, the paper assesses the risk to public health from soil contamination in the area of the Hrybovychi landfill (Lviv oblast), Rohan landfill (Kharkiv oblast), and Novovodolazhske landfill (Kharkiv oblast). The risk to public health from soil contamination at solid waste landfills was assessed using the traditional US EPA method and a new method for determining the potential risk to public health from soil contamination with heavy metals. Results. The article compares two fundamentally different methodological approaches to determining the level of environmental hazard of soil contamination with heavy metals. The risk to public health from soil contamination on the territory of solid waste landfills according to the US EPA method corresponds to hazard class 5 (extremely high hazard level) according to all calculations. The results of the assessment of the potential risk to public health from soil contamination using the new method at solid waste landfills correspond to hazard classes 2-4. Comparison of methodological principles for assessing the risk to public health from soil pollution has shown the advantages of using the new method of potential risk assessment. The use of the new method of assessing the potential risk to public health from soil pollution will help improve science-based management of household waste and direct financial resources to reduce the environmental hazard of soil and land pollution in Ukraine. Scientific novelty. The article presents an improved method for assessing the risk to public health from soil pollution, which represents the scientific novelty of the work Practical significance. Determining the environmental hazard of soil pollution due to the impact of landfills and solid waste dumps makes it possible to prioritize the implementation of environmental protection measures and will contribute to the implementation of environmentally sound environmental management, so the research is of practical importance.

PRESERVATION AND THERMOREGULATION PECULIARITIES OF LAMBS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BIRTH AND BODY WEIGHT

The research was carried out on 1421 lambs of different genders and types of birth (singles, twins and triplets) of the Kharkiv intrabreed type of the Precos breed, as well as the aboriginal Sokolska breed (19 heads). It had lasted for two adjacent years, while ewes were lambing in January-February at the experimental farm of the institute “Hontarivka” in the Kharkiv oblast, the following parameters were measured: the body weight of the lambs (BW), their type of birth (TB) and the character of the hair cover (HC), the age on the mortality date (MA), rectal body temperature (RT), body surface temperature in the chest area (ST), temperature (T) and air humidity (H) and other indicators of the microclimate in the premises. Research has established that the year of birth is an influential factor in relation to (BW) and homogeneity of lambs. The average (BW) of all newborn lambs differed by 6.2% in the compared years for a statistically highly probable difference. There were more than 12% of differences in this trait among single lambs. The indicators of the phenotypic variation of this trait in the herd also differed significantly by year. In general, the level (MA) of lambs in the period from birth to weaning was 6.2-7.9%, and the lambs that died had lower body weight than the average of the sample for the years of evaluation, from 7.7% to 14.2% (р<0.001 in both cases). Although most lambs (from 20 to 38%) died in the first three days after birth, research has not established the probable repeatability of the structure (MA) of lambs in adjacent years, r±mrs=+0.714±0.350 (p>0.5). It is more natural that the total number of lambs that died falls on the first 30 days of their life – 39% (2020) and 57.5% (2021). Studies of changes (ST) during the first hour of life of lambs revealed features related to the type of their birth. Twins and triplets had a relatively greater decrease (ST), namely 3.9 0C (14.2%, p<0.01) in twins and 3.7 0C (13.1%, p<0.001) in triplets, while in singles it was only 1.1 0C (4.1%). The change in body temperature during the first hour of life has a correlation of +0.445 with (BW) of lambs. At the age of 20-25 days, lambs of the Precos breed with a typical merino type of wool cover prevailed in (BW) from 4.3% to 13.7% with an improbable difference and in (ST) 11.6% and 16.7% (p<0.001 in ram lambs and (p<0.01 in ewe lambs) over the peers, who had a wool cover of the “doghair” type. The obtained results of this work are important for the further selection of sheep regarding the increase of body weight at the birth of lambs and the homogeneity of the wool cover.

ПРОСТОРОВО ЧАСОВЕ РОЗПОВСЮДЖЕННЯ МАСОВИХ ВІДКЛАДІВ МОКРОГО СНІГУ НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПРОТЯГОМ 1991-2020 рр. ПО ОКРЕМИХ ДЕСЯТИРІЧЧЯХ

The presented article is dedicated to the study of the spatio-temporal distribution of mass deposits of wet snow on the territory of Ukraine during certain decades of the period 1991-2020. The case of mass distribution of wet snow deposits is considered to be the case when such deposits were observed in 1 day at at least 10 stations located on territories of at least 2 regions. Each of the three ten-year periods was analyzed, taking into account all the studied months regarding the features of the distribution of mass deposits of wet snow separately, and the features of the distribution of such cases on the territory of Ukraine were clarified. For the first decade of 1991-2000, it was established that for the winter months and at the end of autumn, such deposits, in cases of their mass distribution, are mostly observed in the territory of the northern and northeastern regions (Kyiv, Chernihiv, Sumy, Kharkiv), as well as in the central regions ( Cherkasy, Kirovohrad, Poltava, Dnipropetrovsk). In the south, at this time, they are mostly observed in Odesa, Kherson and Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In March, they are mostly found in the northeast (Kharkiv region), the center (Poltav region, Cherkasy region) and the south (Zaporizhia, Kherson region, Autonomous Republic of Crimea). In April, such deposits with their massive distribution are mostly observed in Volyn and Zhytomyr Oblast. In 2001-2010, with an increase in the number of cases of mass spreading of wet snow deposits, their territorial distribution underwent changes. In winter and at the end of autumn, Kyiv region joins the regions of the northeast where increased recurrence is observed. Among the central regions, Cherkasy and Kirovohrad regions also had the highest recurrence rate. In March and April, such deposits are mostly observed in the north, northeast (Kyiv Oblast, Chernihiv Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast), the center (mostly Cherkasy Oblast), as well as in the south (Zaporizhia, Autonomous Republic of Crimea). In April, the frequency of such cases increases in Odesa and Crimea. In 2011-2020, during the cold period of the year, the situation is similar to the previous decade. In March, the frequency of such deposits increased in Khmelnytskyi and Poltava regions.

КУЛІНАРНІ ВЗАЄМОВПЛИВИ НА УКРАЇНСЬКО-РОСІЙСЬКОМУ ПОГРАНИЧЧІ (КІНЕЦЬ XVIII – ПОЧАТОК XX ст.)

The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of ethnocultural contacts of Ukrainians and Russians at the junction of their ethnic borders in the period from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century, using the example of mutual influences of national cuisine. The specificity of the historiography dedicated to this topic is clarified, and the gradual nature of the accumulation of data on the culinary traditions of the population of the Ukrainian-Russian border area is traced. The author, taking into account the relevant historical conditions and processes, in particular the policy of purposeful colonization of the Wild Fields implemented by the Russian Empire in the last quarter of the 18th century and the gradual development of territories that will eventually form the historical borderland, investigates the spread of the traditions of the national cuisine of both peoples and their interpenetration. The latter is clarified on the example of specific manifestations in the entire territory of the borderland (which includes modern Chernihiv Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, as well as partially Kursk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast and Voronezh Oblast). On the basis of the conducted work, it was concluded that the perception of elements of food culture by Ukrainians and Russians consists of the inclusion of not only full-fledged dishes and recipes, but also their components and even drinks. Within the framework of the article, the ratio of mutual influences in the national cuisines of the two main ethnic groups of the Ukrainian-Russian border was also analyzed in order to determine the dominant ones. According to the results, it was found that Ukrainian culinary traditions mostly retain their original structure and content out of the two national food complexes. In turn, they are subject to only minor intrusions from the side of Russian cuisine. It was established that the fundamental difference between the food culture of Ukrainians and Russian culinary traditions contributed to their stability, since the latter had much simpler elements in their composition. In general, it was established that mutual influences between Ukrainian and Russian national cuisines, having vivid manifestations throughout the territory of the contact zone of the two cultures, thereby form their opposition and demonstrate the identity of both Ukrainians and Russians.

GEOGRAPHY OF MIGRATIONS IN POPULATION OF UKRAINE: CONSEQUENCES OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION

Population migrations (causes, regions of departure/arrival, directions, scope, intensity, and consequences) are predefined by economic, social, political, inter-confessional, interethnic, ecological and other factors. Problems of migration in Ukraine have become specifically painful under the conditions of russia’s war aggression and its invasion of the sovereign state of Ukraine in 2014. It was in the pre-war peaceful period (2006–2013) that migration flows in Ukraine became stable both quantitatively and in aspects of their major directions. The majority of regions (25 of 27) showed a positive interstate balance of population. Interregional migrants were attracted by 7 regions (City of Kyiv and Kyiv Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, City of Sevastopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and Chernivtsi Oblast), while 20 regions had a negative balance of this type of migration. In the conditions of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), the interstate migration balance was still positive, but its volume was down by 30% (with no figures available for the temporarily occupied territories). The disproportion between the figures of interregional migration available for oblasts grew (in comparison to the pre-war period) 1,6 times. The Kyiv Oblast and the City of Kyiv, together with the Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts, have become the most attractive localities for migrants from other Ukrainian regions. Significant growth was observed in interregional migrants who departed from the localities of direct combat activity (Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizzia, and Kherson oblasts). A new category of forced migrants—internally displaced persons—appeared. The russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine (beginning on February 24, 2022) has resulted in the occurrence of substantial forced migration flows. The war has brought an increase in the number of refugees, internally displaced persons, temporarily protected persons (when abroad), forcibly transferred persons (to Russia), etc. The directions and the scale of migration flows depend on the geography of the hostilities. Spatial specificities of interstate and interregional migrations in the population of Ukraine are defined for the prewar period, the period of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), and the full-scale russian-Ukrainian war (beginning on February 24, 2022). The scope and the directions of migrant departures/arrivals are disclosed, as well as their effect on the dynamics of population number in Ukraine and its regions.

Dynamics of components of physical and mental health of law enforcement officers during the period of martial law.

Aim: To investigate the dynamics of law enforcement officers' physical and mental health components while performing their duties during the war in Ukraine. Materials and Methods: The research, which was conducted in 2022-2024, involved 114 law enforcement officers (male) from the Kharkiv oblast (Ukraine) of different ages: under 30 (n = 35), under 40 (n = 41), over 40 (n = 38). To test law enforcement officers' physical and mental health indicators, we used 3 methods: 1) "Fatigue-Monotony-Oversaturation-Stress"; 2) "Well-being-Activity-Mood"; 3) "Assessment of Nervous and Emotional Stress". Results: The negative dynamics of most components of the physical and mental health of law enforcement officers of all three groups while performing their duties during the martial law were revealed. The most pronounced significant changes occurred in such components as "Fatigue", "Oversaturation", "Stress", "Well-being", "Mood", "Nervous and Emotional Stress". The most pronounced negative changes in most components occurred in law enforcement officers over 40 years old, which is due to both the age characteristics of the subjects and their length of service. Conclusions: The research confirms the high complexity and extremity of law enforcement officers' service activities during the martial law, as well as the high requirements for law enforcement officers' readiness to perform tasks in the context of a significant expansion of the National Police's powers. The results obtained also necessitate the search for effective ways to preserve and maintain the physical and mental health of law enforcement officers.

Природоохоронні території як складові природно-рекреаційного потенціалу Харківської області

The article explores the topic of the natural-recreational potential of Kharkiv Oblast. In this region, there are natural complexes and objects with significant potential for tourism and recreation. The nature reserve fund of the region includes 246 protected areas and objects, including national natural parks, regional landscape parks, reserves, and natural landmarks. All of these serve as an excellent foundation for the development of the tourism industry in this region. Unfortunately, due to military actions in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast, tourism cannot be fully developed.

Знахідки мишаків роду Sylvaemus в агроценозах Харківської області

Three species of the genus Sylvaemus were found in agrocoenoses and ecotones with adjacent biotopes in Kharkiv Oblast: Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. The dominant species in the agrocoenoses was S. uralensis, which was mostly found in ecotones with riparian vegetation, field-protecting forest strips, and dry meadows. S. sylvaticus occurred less frequently, mainly in ecotones with riparian vegetation and field-protecting forest strips. The lowest abundance of S. tauricus was detected in agrocoenoses; it preferred oak-linden field-protecting forest strips and fields adjacent to oak forests.

Бабак степовий (Marmota bobak) на Одещині: огляд поселень

The article provides an overview of the known locations of the marmot in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. The population was formed by the resettlement of animals in the early 1980s from Kharkiv Oblast (near the city of Izium). Marmots are now known from six administrative districts of Odesa Oblast: Bolhrad, Lyman, Liubashiv, Okny, Podilsk, and Shyriaieve raions. In the latter locality, it reaches the highest abundance. The status of the marmot population in Odesa Oblast is generally unsatisfactory, as these populations are declining or disappearing due to various anthropogenic factors, such as road construction (Liubashivkа Raion) and overgrazing (Bolhrad and Komintern raions). Granting the species a protected status will help to restore its population.

Biotope preferences in groups of closely related species: a case study of Sylvaemus (Mammalia)

The trapping of small mammals was carried out in 2017 to 2023 in the territory of the Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. In total, 19 biotopes were studied: different types of oak forest, dry and floodplain meadows, riparian vegetation, areas of the steppe, field protection forest strips, fields, as well as various ecotones. The trapping of small mammals was carried out using the standard trap-line method on 93 trap lines. With a trapping effort of 17 310 trap-nights, 1295 individuals of small mammals were caught, 689 of which belonged to the genus Sylvaemus. Three species of mice of the genus Sylvaemus were found in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast during the study period: Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. According to the relative abundance, wood mice can be arranged in the following order: uralensis > sylvaticus > tauricus. The cyclicity of annual fluctuations in relative abundance is not noticeable. The similarity of the abundance fluctuation in S. sylvaticus and S. tauricus was revealed, taking into account that these are competing species. S. uralensis and S. sylvaticus lead the top three dominant species in the overall dominance structure of small mammals. The highest relative abundance of wood mice during the study period was recorded on dry meadows, on the border of riparian vegetation with fields and floodplain meadows, on the border of field protective forest strips with fields, and in dry maple-linden-oak forest. S. uralensis belongs to the eurytopic species, is found in almost all studied biotopes, avoids oak forests, occurs on the edges of forests, dominates in abundance in open biotopes, in particular in the steppe, on dry meadows, riparian vegetation, and field protection forest strips. S. sylvaticus is also prone to eurytopy, it is recorded in significant abundance in both open and forest biotopes, mostly prefers riparian vegetation, field protection forest strips, dry coniferous forest, fresh maple-linden-oak forest and forest edges. S. tauricus is found mostly in forest biotopes, in particular in various types of oak forest and on forest edges, it prefers field protection forest strips with an old stand of oak, linden, and robinia. All three species of mice of the genus Sylvaemus are common species.

POTTERY CENTERSAND SCHOOLS IN UKRAINE: EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL POTENTIAL

Based on historical material, the article examines the current issue of researching the educational and professional potential of pottery centers and schools in Ukraine in the context of the problems of training specialists in decorative and applied art in educational institutions of our country in the 80s of the 20th century – at the beginning of the 21st century. Based on the study of a complex of diverse sources, it was found that traditional pottery centers were formed in the following regions: Kyiv Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Poltava Oblast, Chernihiv Oblast, Podillia, Kherson Oblast, Volyn, Halychyna, Hutsul Oblast, Transcarpathia. Each of these centers had unique signs of technology techniques, decoration, design, name, and shape of products. At the same time, the long-standing leading educational and professional trend in the formation and development of folk pottery in Ukraine was training masters of decorative and applied art directly by well-known potters. Workshop schools, art and industrial schools, vocational and technical schools, artillery schools, workshops of folk art, art schools, etc., were founded later at the end of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century. Those institutions, i. e., Poltava Pottery School-Workshop, Myrhorod Ceramic Technical School, Opishne Vocational Technical School – Opishne Factory «Artistic Ceramics», Mezhehirsk Ceramic School-Workshop – Technological Institute of Ceramics and Glass, Kyiv Central Experimental Workshop of Folk Art at the State Museum of Ukrainian Art, Kyiv Art and Industrial Technical School, accumulated rich experience in training high-quality ceramic artists. It was found that in the 80s of the 20th century, the training of decorative and applied art specialists was started by culture colleges.

Catalogue of specimens of Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) deposited in the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv, Ukraine

Rhysodinae is a subfamily in the family Carabidae with 19 genera and at least 380 described species. Genus Rhysodes native to the Palearctic (including Europe) and the Near East. Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius, 1787) distributed in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe (Spain (Pyrenees), France, Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, countries of the former Yugoslavia, mountain part of Greece, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia), Asia Minor, the Caucasus and Western Siberia (Крыжановский, 1983; Sienkiewicz, 2004, 2012). The wrinkled bark beetle Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) is an endangered saproxylic beetle listed in the European Habitats Directive (annex II of Council Directive 92/43/EEC), in the Bern Convention (Annex II) and is also listed in the IUCN red list of Threatened species (Nieto, Alexander, 2010; Méndez, Dodelin, Petrakis, Schlaghamersky, Nardi, 2010), classified as EN (Endangered) in the EU 27 and as DD (Data Deficient) for the whole continent. It is considered a relict of primeval forests and belongs among the most threatened saproxylic beetles in Europe (Мателешко, 2003, 2005; Kostanjsek, Sebek, Baranova, Jalaska, Riedl, Cizek, 2018; Mazzei, Audisio, Vigna Taglianti, Brandmayr, 2019). Included in the Red Data Book of Poland (Sienkiewicz, 2004). In the Red Data Book of Ukraine the species were listed in 2021 with vulnerable status (Наказ…, 2021). Before that the species were included in the Red Data Book of the Ukrainian Carpathians (Мателешко, 2011). At the regional level Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius, 1787) is protected in the Kharkiv oblast (province) (Різун, 2010). In Ukraine Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius, 1787) occurs in the Ukrainian Carpathians, in Polissia region, in the Kharkivska oblast (province) and in the Crimean Mountains. The analysis shows that the presence of the beetle is affected mainly by the diameter of dead wood as well as its humidity, as Rhysodes sulcatus (Fabricius, 1787) was almost exclusively found in large, moist and well rotten fallen logs with a diameter greater than 60 cm. The collection of the State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences in Lviv contains 12 specimens of this species. Five of them are collected in South-Eastern part of Poland, six in Western part of Ukraine and one has an undefined location. Ten specimens were collected in the period from the second half of the 19th century to 1939, and two beetles in 1987 (Poland) and 2016 in Lviv oblast (province) (Ukraine). Identified collectors were I. Verkhratskyi, ?M. Łomnicki, T. Trella, A. Stöckl, D. Kubisz, V. Rizun.

Chemical Industry Disaster Risk Assessment During Complex Emergencies in Ukraine.

Introduction:The war in Ukraine has not only led to complex emergencies and humanitarian crises but also other severe consequences, such as the chemical industry disaster. The chemical industry is one of the principal sectors of Ukraine’s economy, and it is estimated that Ukraine has a total volume of hazardous chemical accumulation of more than 5.1 billion tons. An attack on chemical industrial facilities will lead to catastrophic consequences. This thesis aims to study the disaster risk of chemical industrial facilities and its consequences on public health and the environment during complex emergencies in Ukraine.Method:Observational cross-sectional risk assessment method was utilized to assess hazard, vulnerability, and exposure of the chemical industry in Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Zaporizka Oblast, and Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. Data on chemical factories in Eastern Ukraine was collected on Google Maps and Google Earth in May 2022. Lastly, the semi-quantitative risk assessment method was utilized to describe the risk from the perspective of consequences for life and health, the environment, property, and speed of development.Results:Chemical industry disaster risks in Ukraine during complex emergencies in Donetsk Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Zaporizka Oblast, and Kharkiv Oblast are high in terms of likelihood and consequences to life and health, environment, property, and speed of development.Conclusion:This risk assessment enables potential chemical disaster risks in Ukraine during complex emergencies to be understood and communicated by the local community, the first responder, and till policy makers. Therefore, enable a whole-of-society approach involving risk management, disaster preparedness, and response. Further detailed risk assessment on the type of chemical and their hazards should be conducted once the situation permits.

Jewellery of East European Champlevé Enamel Style among Materials of Saltiv Culture: Data Analysis

In the paper jewellery from sites and complexes of the Saltiv culture, which do not chronologically fit within the boundaries of its existence, is analysed. All finds can be divided into two groups (fig. 1): East European champlevé enamel style (group I) and “antiquities of the Antes ” (group II). The second group, in turn, is divided into products typical for the hoards of the Martynivka circle (group II, subgroup 1) and items typical for the Pastyrske hillfort (group II, subgroup 2). In the article the first group is presented. It is represented by three monuments, where four finds were discovered (Table 1). First of all, there is the Tsimliansk Right-bank hillfort. Two fibulae of East European champlevé enamel style were discovered. 1. Bronze fibula, triangular (fig. 2: 3). The decoration belongs to late variations: from the middle of the 3rd to the 5th: type IV (fibulae with elements of degradation), subtype 2 after: G. Korzukhina (fig. 3; 4). 2. The upper part of the T-shaped fibula. The item is from the cultural layer at a depth of 20 cm (fig. 2: 2). The clasp belongs to late variations: from the middle of the 3rd to the 5th or even the middle — second half of the 4th century. Belongs to type IV, subtype 1 after: G. Korzukhina or to the third series, type 2 after: Ye. Hokhovskyi (fig. 5; 6). The lower extent of the Don River is not the only point with finds of East European champlevé enamel style. However, other finds come from sites and complexes of the Late Roman period. Such finds could have entered this region with the Late Sarmatian population. Secondly, there is the Dmitrievka cemetery which was investigated by S. Pletneva. A female burial from the end of the 8th century was discovered in catacomb no. 44. The lunar pendant was found on the belt according to G. Korzukhina. Korzukhina, although S. Pletneva claims that the item got into the catacomb by accident. This is a large three-horned lunar pendant, with round platforms at the ends also decorated with red enamel (fig. 7: 1). The decoration belongs to type I according to G. Korzukhina and is dated by the advanced stage of the style’s existence to the end of the 2d — 3dcenturies (fig. 7; 8). Eleven locations with finds of East European champlevé enamel style and 17 monuments of Kyiv culture are known in the upper reaches of the Siverskyi Donets River. Finally, there is the Sukha Homilsha cemetery 1 which was investigated by V. Mikheev. In burial no. 274, a detail of a rectangular link of a chain with slotted fields without enamel was found. This object belongs to late variants dated to the period from the middle of the 3rd to the 5th centuries. The burial itself is dated to the second half of the 8th — the beginning of the 9th century (fig. 9; 10; 11). East European champlevé enamel style finds and monuments of Kyiv culture are also known within the Kharkiv Oblast. Jewellery of Martynivka circle hoards and items typical for the Pastyrske hillfort from Saltiv monuments are often considered as evidence of Penkivka and Saltiv connections. However, finds of East European champlevé enamel style from Saltiv monuments has signs of the secondary usage. It indicates that other finds may also have been reused. The next works are devoted to the consideration of wellery and products typical for the Pastyrske hillfort from Saltiv monuments.

Development of the regions of Ukraine in the conditions of today's challenges

The article's authors attempted to construct an optimistic scenario for the socio-economic development of the Kharkiv oblast. They analyzed pre-war indicators of the region's economic, social, and environmental conditions, considering the state's involvement in the post-war reconstruction of the region. The scenario construction was based on an econometric model, which confirmed the relationship between investments and the gross regional product and the placement coefficient, revealing Kharkiv Oblast's comparative advantages in the service sectors, particularly in IT and industry. Through their calculations, the authors concluded that investments played a crucial role in capital accumulation and increased productivity during the post-war reconstruction process in the region. The authors calculated the placement coefficient indicators specifically for the Kharkiv region. The results confirmed that the region has the prerequisites for post-industrial development during the post-war reconstruction. However, the situation is complicated by the need to finance the region's devastated infrastructure. The researchers emphasized the importance of attracting investments in sectors that directly contribute to human capital formation, such as education, scientific activities, and healthcare. The authors also highlighted the potential risks and threats associated with post-industrial development in the Kharkiv oblast. On a model level, the authors outlined various options for regional state policies aimed at the recovery and development of regional economies. Both considered options prioritize the formation of market incentives for regional development. The scientists acknowledged that in conditions of uncertainty, future development scenarios for regions in Ukraine, including the Kharkiv region, possess an alternative and probabilistic nature. Furthermore, the researchers identified areas for further scientific research, emphasizing the importance of an interdisciplinary approach that combines economics, political science, regional studies, and ecology. Keywords: regions, socio-economic development, gross regional product, placement coefficient, post-war reconstruction.

Comparative analysis of art education in Kharkiv during the wartime period: 1941 and 2022 (view through the prism of today)

The article provides an overview of the educational process of H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University during the period of martial law. The potential of Skovoroda University as an educational center of Kharkiv Oblast, functioning during the war and continuing to provide professional training of specialists, is described. Since the situation in wartime Kharkiv and the region is similar to the historical processes of 1941–1943 (the years of the occupation of Kharkiv by the Third Reich), the purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the art education during the period of military confrontation in 2022 and during the period of German occupation. The result of the study is a presentation of the image policy of Kharkiv universities, primarily H.S. Skovoroda Kharkiv National Pedagogical University, which reveals the peculiarities of the organization of the educational process in wartime conditions. The practical significance of the study lies in using the acquired experience of the educational process organization, effective pedagogical and information technologies that allow to provide a high-quality functioning of the art education system in the conditions of martial law. It can be concluded that today the educational community should organize not only effective resistance to the Russian aggressor, but also be able to quickly adapt in the changing conditions of the war, using information and communication technologies for providing the quality of the educational process.

Change of winter crops sown area in the zone of the special military operation of Russia (February 2022-present), as revealed by satellite data

Russia's special military operation against Ukraine (SVO) has a significant impact on the socio-economic situation in the area of operation and adjacent regions. The impact on agricultural production is expressed in many cases in its complete cessation, but the exact extent of this is unknown. Based on the archive of Landsat, Sentinel-2 and MODIS satellite data, contained on the VEGA Internet service of the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the dynamics of winter crops acreage in the area of the operation was analyzed. For this purpose, winter crop masks for the period 2018-2023, compiled on the basis of MODIS data, were used. Additionally, the delineation of zones with winter crops was carried out visually based on Landsat, Sentinel-2 satellite data obtained in late fall and early spring. It was found that in the 2022/2023 season, winter crops decreased significantly. Compared to the season before the SVO, winter cropping areas decreased in the Luhansk People's Republic and Donetsk People's Republic by 30%, in Kherson and Zaporizhzhya oblasts almost unchanged, in Kharkiv oblast of Ukraine decreased by 50%, and in Dnipropetrovsk oblast - by 20%. The area of winter crops in the Republic of Crimea increased by 40%. The territory of area reduction is clearly confined to the zone of confrontation between Russian and Ukrainian troops. The winter crops in other regions of Ukraine and Russia have not been significantly affected by the SVO at the moment.

Стан освіти на Харківщині під час Другої світової війни

During the Second World War, Ukraine was one of the 40 countries in the world, on the territory of which full-scale military operations were conducted, and the entire population of Kharkiv oblast, along with other regions, felt the full range of consequences of the darkness of war. The article examines the state of children's education in the Kharkiv region (1941–1943). The materials of the article reflect the tragic fates of the children with typical development and the children with psychophysical disorders, the participation of educational institutions and the level of ensuring the educational process. The publication describes the sequence and priority of evacuation of the population by the temporary authorities. It was found that everything of strategic value that was not taken to safer regions of the country and was destroyed (could reach the enemy). People during the occupation, which did not have the opportunity to evacuate, remained in inhumane conditions, widespread hunger reigned, and people died en masse. Regarding the education during the German occupation in Kharkiv, it is known that there were 20 public schools in the city. The «Prosvita» organization, consisting of pro-Ukrainian intelligents was of great importance for the cultural and educational life of Kharkiv oblast. The «Prosvita» set as its goal the revival of Ukrainian national ideas. The members of the organization were opponents of the Bolshevik regime, some were political prisoners and hoped that with the arrival of representatives of Germany on the territory of Ukraine, a better world would come that would not oppress the development of pro-Ukrainian ideas. Much attention is paid in the article to the analysis of the difficult fate of children with developmental disorders and the institutions in which they were brought up. There is also an overview of the five children's institutions that remained in the city: the V. H. Korolenko boarding school for blind children, the orphanage in Sokolnyky, orphanages No. 1, 2 and 7.

Small mammals in natural and agricultural lands of Slobozhanshchyna (eastern Ukraine): results of a five-year-long survey

The study of the species composition, biological and ecological features of small mammals was carried out for five years (2018–2022) in the surroundings of the village of Rozsohuvata (Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine). During the study period, nine species of mouse-like rodents and three species of insectivorans were detected. The re-search area is represented by a ravine-beam system, agrocoenoses, field-protecting forest strips, riparian vege-tation around artificial reservoirs and streams, dry meadows, and pastures. Trappings of small mammals were carried out on thirty lines of traps. During the entire period of trapping, the dominant species was Sylvaemus uralensis and in some seasons Sylvaemus sylvaticus dominated. Starting from 2018, the relative abundance increased in autumn, reached a peak in 2020 and declined in the following years. In general, 2019 was the year of maximum abundance and most species were recorded in the summer of this year. The greatest number of species was found in the ecotone between riparian vegetation and field (10 species), as well as in the area of the multi-grass steppe in the beam (8 species). The eurytopic species include Sylvaemus uralensis and Syl-vaemus sylvaticus, whereas the stenotopic species is Mus spicilegus. According to the obtained abundance scores, only one species—Myodes glareolus—occurs randomly, whereas the rare species here are Mus spicile-gus, Sorex minutus, and Crocidura suaveolens. Six species are non-abundant: Apodemus agrarius, Sylvaemus tauricus, Mus musculus, Microtus levis, Cricetulus migratorius, and Sorex araneus. Only Sylvaemus sylvaticus belongs to common species, and only Sylvaemus uralensis is abundant. It should be mentioned that Cri-cetulus migratorius, which usually belongs to the category of random or rare species, turned out to be non-abundant in the study region, and it was recorded regularly in almost half of the studied biotopes. Myodes glareolus, which usually prefers oak forest, was extremely rare. The abundance of Apodemus agrarius, which usually belongs to common species in river valleys, was also low. Sylvaemus showed greater ecological valence, dominated in abundance and inhabited most biotopes, except for Sylvaemus tauricus, which began to occur only in the last two years and mainly in forest strips.

Determination of age in representatives of the genus Sylvaemus by the degree of molar wear

Various methods are used to identify representatives of the genus Sylvaemus, most of which are metric. In order to exclude anomalies in further calculations and to minimize allometric variations associated with the growth of animals, it is necessary to take into account age as an important factor of variability. Usually, a number of criteria are used to determine the age and describe the growth of mice: measurements of body and skull parameters, body weight, the degree molar wear, and the weight of the lens of the eye. Length is a more consistent guide for determining the age of mice than body weight, which usually ceases to be directly related to age after reaching adult size. Age can also be determined by the fusion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis in the bones of the limbs and by the degree of development of the thymus. Most often, teeth are used to determine age. Among such age criteria, we distinguish eruption and replacement of teeth sets, tooth growth in length, overgrowth of the tooth pulp cavity, tooth wear, and annual layers in the tooth tissues. Usually, the age of mice is determined by the degree of molar wear. Some authors do not consider this method universal due to individual feeding habits of animals and other environmental factors. The order of wear of tooth rows can sometimes change, and the degree of wear of the right and left tooth rows can also differ. The craniological collection of small mammals of O. V. Zorya, collected in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, was studied. In total, 198 specimens of three species of the genus Sylvaemus were analysed: Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Analysed were 14 odontometric and 23 craniological characters. Among the metric characters, four odontometric (LM2, WM1, LM2, LM123) and nine craniological characters (LIOC, LD, LFI, LPP, WCH, GLS, DI, LLM, LM) made the greatest contribution to the age group differentiation of mice of the genus Sylvaemus. Among the features that contributed the most to the differentiation, length measurements prevailed. LLM, LM123, LPP, LIOC, and GLS are the least variable metric characters. It is not possible to divide the sample of mice of the genus Sylvaemus into age groups based on odontometric and craniological character since the ranges of values of metric characters overlap.