Kg For Control Research Articles

Endoscopic intestinal bypass creation by using self-assembling magnets in a porcine model

A purely endoluminal method of GI bypass would be desirable for the treatment of obstruction, obesity, or metabolic syndrome. We have developed a technology based on miniature self-assembling magnets that create large-caliber anastomoses (Incisionless Anastomosis System [IAS]). The aim of this study was to evaluate procedural characteristics of IAS deployment and long-term anastomotic integrity and patency. We performed a 3-month survival study of Yorkshire pigs (5 interventions, 3 controls). Intervention pigs underwent simultaneous enteroscopy/colonoscopy performed with the animals under intravenous sedation. The IAS magnets were deployed and coupled with reciprocal magnets under fluoroscopy. Every 3 to 6 days pigs underwent endoscopy until jejunocolonic anastomosis (dual-path bypass) creation and magnet expulsion. Necropsies and histological evaluation were performed. The primary endpoints were technical success; secondary endpoints of anastomosis integrity, patency, and histological characteristics were weight trends. Under intravenous sedation, endoscopic bypass creation by using IAS magnets was successfully performed in 5 of 5 pigs (100%). Given porcine anatomy, the easiest dual-path bypass to create was between the proximal jejunum and colon. The mean procedure time was 14.7 minutes. Patent, leak-free anastomoses formed by day 4. All IAS magnets were expelled by day 12. All anastomoses were fully patent at 3 months with a mean diameter of 3.5 cm. The mean 3-month weight was 45 kg in bypass pigs and 78 kg in controls (P = .01). At necropsy, adhesions were absent. Histology showed full re-epithelialization across the anastomosis without fibrosis or inflammation. Large-caliber, leak-free, foreign body-free endoscopic intestinal bypass by using IAS magnets can be safely and rapidly performed in the porcine by model using only intravenous sedation.

Corn silage from corn treated with foliar fungicide and performance of Holstein cows

Foliar fungicide application to corn plants is used in corn aimed for corn silage in the dairy industry, but questions regarding frequency of application and its effect on corn silage quality and feed conversion when fed to dairy cows remain prevalent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various foliar fungicide applications to corn on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and milk composition when fed to dairy cows. Sixty-four Holstein cows with parity 2.5±1.5, 653±80kg of body weight, and 161±51d in milk were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn silage treatments (total mixed ration with 35% of the dry matter as corn silage). Treatments were as follows: control (CON), corn silage with no applications of foliar fungicide; treatment 1 (1X), corn silage from corn that received 1 application of pyraclostrobin (PYR) foliar fungicide (Headline; BASF Corp.) at corn vegetative stage 5; treatment 2 (2X), corn silage from corn that received the same application as 1X plus another application of a mixture of PYR and metconazole (Headline AMP; BASF Corp.) at corn reproductive stage 1 (“silking”); and treatment 3 (3X), corn silage from corn that received the same applications as 2X as well as a third application of PYR and metconazole at reproductive stage 3 (“milky kernel”). Corn was harvested at about 32% dry matter and 3/4 milk line stage of kernel development and ensiled for 200d. Treatments were fed to cows for 5wk, with the last week being used for statistical inferences. Week –1 was used as a covariate in the statistical analysis. Dry matter intake tended to be lower for cows fed corn silage treated with fungicide than CON (23.8, 23.0, 19.5, and 21.3kg for CON, 1X, 2X, and 3X, respectively). A linear treatment effect for DMI was observed, with DMI decreasing as foliar fungicide applications increased. Treatments CON, 1X, 2X, and 3X did not differ for milk yield (34.5, 34.5, 34.2, and 34.4kg/d, respectively); however, a trend for increased feed conversion represented by fat-corrected milk/DMI (1.65 vs. 1.47) and energy-corrected milk/DMI (1.60 vs. 1.43) was noted for cows fed corn silage with fungicide compared with CON. In conclusion, cows receiving corn silage treated with foliar fungicide had better conversion of feed dry matter to milk than those receiving CON silage.

Evaluation of Endophytic Microbial Consortium for the Management of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato Caused by <I>Ralstonia solanacearum</I>

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al., is a major production constraint in tomato cultivation in Kerala. Five different endophytic microbial consortia were evaluated against R. solanacearum under in planta condition. Among five, the consortium consisting of three fungi viz. Trichoderma harzianum -1 (VSF-3), T. viride -1 (CSF-1) and T. viride -2 (MyRF-1), one bacteria viz. Bacillus subtilis (VSB-1) and one actinomycete, Streptomyces thermodiastaticus (ORA-1) was found effective against bacterial wilt under pot culture condition when it was applied in combination of seed treatment (1g/2 ml), seedling root dip for 30 min and soil drenching at 45 DAP (30 ml/ plant). The antagonistic endophytic bacterial consortium was also evaluated under field condition by seed treatment, seedling root dip and soil drenching. Field evaluation of endophytic consortium against bacterial wilt resulted in 40.85 per cent reduction in wilt incidence in highly susceptible variety, PKM-1, 46.94 per cent reduction in susceptible F1 hybrid, COTH-3, and 52.81 per cent reduction in moderately resistant variety, Mukthi. The plots treated with endophytic consortium recorded maximum yield of 2.67 kg, 8.62 kg and 6.38 kg against 0.25 kg, 3.25 kg and 2.08 kg in control in varieties, PKM-1, COTH-3 and Mukthi respectively.

Bayesian Estimation of Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics in Obese Children: Matched Case-Control Study

PurposeThe study objective was to compare different body size descriptors that best estimate vancomycin Vd and clearance (CL). MethodsPatients between 3 months and 21 years old who received vancomycin for ≥48 hours from 2003 to 2011 were evaluated in this matched case-control study. Cases had body mass index in the ≥85th percentile; controls were nonobese individuals who were matched by age and baseline serum creatinine (SCr). Using a 1-compartment model with first-order kinetics, Bayesian post hoc individual Vd and CL were estimated. FindingsAnalysis included 87 matched pairs with 389 vancomycin serum concentrations. Median ages were 10.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 4.8–15.2) years for cases (overweight and obese children) and 10.2 (IQR, 4.5–14.8) years for controls (normal-weight children). Median weights were 44.0 (IQR, 23.4–78.1) kg for cases and 31.3 (IQR, 16.8-47.1) kg for controls. Mean (SD) for the baseline SCr values were also similar between the groups: 0.51 (0.22) (IQR, 0.34–0.67) mg/dL and 0.48 (0.20) (IQR, 0.30–0.60) mg/dL for the cases and controls, respectively. Actual weight and allometric weight (ie, weight0.75) were used in the final model to estimate Vd and CL, respectively. The mean Vd and CL, based on weight, for cases were lower than controls by 0.012 L/kg and 0.014 L/kg/h, respectively. ImplicationsIn obese children, actual weight and allometric weight are reasonable, convenient estimations of body fat to use for estimating vancomycin Vd and CL, respectively. However, these pharmacokinetic differences between obese children and those with normal weights are small and may not likely to be clinically relevant in dose variation.

Effect of anabolic implants on adrenal cortisol synthesis in feedlot beef cattle implanted early or late in the finishing phase

Implantation of anabolic steroids to increase growth rate in beef cattle impacts adrenal glucocorticoid production. The mechanism by which combination androgen and estrogen implants reduce cortisol biosynthesis in heifers is not clear. The objective of this study was to identify whether pituitary or adrenal gene expression and liver enzyme activity may contribute to altered serum cortisol concentrations in heifers receiving a combination implant. On d 0 of a 122-d finishing phase, 187 predominantly Angus heifers (361kg) approximately 14months old were randomly assigned to one of three implant groups: (1) non-implanted control, (2) implanted at the beginning of the finishing phase (d 0; early implant) with a combination implant (200mg TBA+20mg E2; Revalor 200®), and (3) implanted during the late stage of the finishing phase (d 56; late implant) with Revalor 200®. At d 56, body weight (BW) was greater (P<0.0001) for the early implanted heifers (456±1.9kg) compared to 437 and 435 (±1.8) kg for control and late implanted heifers, respectively. Final BW (d 122) was similar between both implanted groups and heavier than non-implanted controls (P<0.0001). Serum cortisol was similar among groups at d 0 (P=0.86) however, by d 28 heifers receiving the combination implant had reduced (P<0.05) serum cortisol concentrations (31.2ng/mL) compared to controls (49.4ng/mL) and late (48.2ng/mL) groups. On d 84 cortisol was similar (P=0.75) among implanted heifers and was less (P<0.01) than non-implanted heifers. Expression of pituitary and adrenal genes involved in glucocorticoid synthesis was evaluated at d 28/29 or 84/85; however, despite decreased serum cortisol in implanted heifers, no change in mRNA expression was demonstrated. Liver CYP3A enzyme activity at d 28/29 was decreased 59% in early implanted heifers compared to control heifers (P=0.01). Additionally, at d 84/85 AKR1C activity was greatest (P=0.01) in control heifers compared to both implanted groups. Data suggest that components of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis are influenced by exposure to exogenous hormones and this should be recognized when considering cortisol levels as a marker for stress response.

Weight Gain after Tonsillectomy and Adenotonsillectomy: A Case Control Study

Objectives: (1) Compare height and weight changes of children who underwent tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy (T&amp;A) with a control group. (2) Analyze differences in growth based on starting weight class. Methods: A total of 154 children who underwent T&amp;A between December 2010 and March 2011 were included. They were compared with 182 children with similar demographics who were seen in primary care clinics (control). Height and weight were compared at 6-month intervals over a 24-month period. Patients were divided into normal weight, overweight, and obese based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. A multilevel regression model was used for analysis. Significance was set at P = .05. Results: There were no differences in average starting weight, age, or sex between surgical and nonsurgical groups. Average starting weight was 47.6 kg (confidence interval [CI] 42.0-53.2) and 48.1 kg (CI 41.8-54.3) for the obese surgical and obese control groups respectively. There was no difference in weight gain at 6 months. However at 12, 18, and 24 months, the obese surgical group had a significant weight increase over and above the obese control group ( P &lt; .001). An average of 14.3 kg weight gain at 24 months was seen in obese children who underwent T&amp;A compared to 10.1 kg for controls (a difference of 4.2 kg (±2.9)). There were no differences in weight changes between the normal and overweight groups or in height for any of the groups. Conclusions: T&amp;A leads to significant increase in weight in obese but not in normal or overweight children. Efforts should be made to provide weight reduction counseling prior to T&amp;A in obese children.

Abstract 18484: Impaired Skeletal Muscle Efficiency and Power After Correction for Lean Muscle Mass in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

Introduction: Patients with advanced heart failure (HF) develop metabolic abnormalities leading to skeletal muscle wasting and changes in body composition that include lean skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that HF subjects have decreased skeletal muscle efficiency, work performance and muscle power compared to control subjects. Methods: Whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning for determination of total body mass, fat mass, % body fat, lean body mass was performed in 9 control subjects (age 51±8 yrs, EF 63.0±4.2 %, BMI 25.7±28.2 kg/m 2 , peak VO2 30.3±7.4 mL/kg/min) and 31 HF subjects (age 59±10 yrs, EF 27.9±7.8 %, BMI 28.2±4.7 kg/m 2 , peak VO2 15.3±3.8 mL/kg/min). Muscle function was assessed by isometric and isokinetic functional testing using the Biodex System 4 Pro of all extremities. Functional parameters were corrected for lean muscle mass determined by DEXA scanning. Results: Total fat mass and percentage body fat were higher in HF subjects (fat mass: 25.5±7.8 vs 16.4±4.8 kg in controls; p=0.002; % body fat: 31±7 vs 23±7 % in controls; p=0.006) without differences in any of the parameters of lean muscle mass. After correction for lean muscle mass, HF subjects showed decreased muscle power (0.32±0.15 vs 0.45±0.13 watts/kg in controls; p=0.02) and total muscle work (2.57±1.16 vs 3.58±0.94 J/kg in controls; p=0.02) in the lower extremities. Of note, no differences between HF and control subjects were found in the upper extremities. Conclusion: HF subjects have similar lean muscle mass compared to controls. Skeletal muscle power and work performance is significantly reduced in HF subjects even when normalized for lean muscle mass. These novel findings indicate the development of an intrinsic skeletal myopathy that is impairing muscle performance and likely contributes to increased fatigue and frailty in patients with advanced HF.

Effect of Slurry Composting Bio-filtration (SCB) by Subsurface Drip Fertigation on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Yield and Soil Nitrogen Distribution in Greenhouse

The use of subsurface drip fertigation using slurry composting bio-filtration (SCB) as nitrogen (N) fertilizer source can be beneficial to improve fertilizer management decision. The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of SCB liquid fertilizer by subsurface drip fertigation on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield and soil nitrogen (N) distribution under greenhouse condition. Cucumber in greenhouse was transplanted on April and Aug in 2012. N sources were SCB and urea. Four N treatments with 3 replications consisted of control (No N fertilizer), SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N (50:50 split application), SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N. 100% of N recommendation rate from soil testing was denoted as 1.0N. The subsurface drip line and a tensiometer were installed at 30 cm soil depth. An irrigation was automatically started when the tensiometer reading was -15 kPa. The growth of cucumber at 85 days after transplanting was 5% higher in all N treatment than control. Semi-forcing culture produced more fruit yield than retarding culture. Fruit yields were 62.2, 76.3, 76.4, and 75.1 Mg for control, SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, respectively. Although fruit yields were similar under SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, 176 kg K can be over applied if cucumber is grown twice a year under SCB 1.0N that may result in K accumulation in soil. N uptake was 172, 209, 213, 207 kg for control, SCB 1.0N, Urea 1.0N, and SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N, respectively. N use efficiency was the highest (37%) at SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N under semi-forcing culture. Nitrate-N concentration in soil for all N treatments except control in semi-forcing culture was the highest between 15 and 30 cm soil depth at the 85 days after transplanting and between 0 and 15 cm soil depth after cucumber harvest. These results suggested that SCB 0.5N + Urea 0.5N can be used as an alternative N management for cucumber production in greenhouse if K accumulation is concerned.

Therapeutic Vaccination of Treatment-Failed TB Patients on “Palliative” Support Consisting of Isoniazid and Rifampicin

Open label phase 2b retrospectively controlled trial was conducted in 72 treatment-failed TB patients on socalled palliative support consisting of isoniazid (H) and rifampicin (R) with or without adjunct immunotherapy. The intervention group (N=36) received once-daily pill of V-5 Immunitor (V5) and comparison control (N=36) received HR only. The subjects in V5 and control groups had miliary: cavitary: MDR-TB: DR-TB: TB/HIV at 10: 26: 5: 4: 1 and 14: 22: 6: 6: 2 ratios, respectively. After 3 months 69.4% of V5-treated patients experienced negative sputum smear conversion (P<0.0001) vs. 16.7% (P=0.02) in comparison group who were treated for 3.5 months on average. 9 out of 10 V5 recipients with drug-resistant TB and TB/HIV became sputum negative, whereas none of 14 patients with same diagnosis converted (P<0.0001; OR 1732; 100-30008 at 95% CI). TB-associated inflammation was downregulated by V5 as shown by normalization of leukocytosis 7.9 vs. 6.2 x109/L (P=0.005) and decreased erythrocyte sedimentation rate 22.7 vs. 13.3 mm/h (P<0.0001), whereas among HR recipients changes were smaller, i.e., 7.2 vs. 7.5 x109/L (P=0.49) and 26.4 vs. 22.5 mm/h (P<0.0001). The body °C temperature was reduced from 37.4 ± 0.5 to 37.1 ± 0.3 (P=0.001) and from 37.7 ± 0.5 to 37.2 ± 0.5 (P=0.0002) in V5 and control respectively. In V5 arm average body weight accrual 2.2 ± 1.7 kg (P<0.0001) was higher than 0.08 ± 1.1 kg in control. No adverse effects or reactivation of disease were seen at any time. V5 is safe and in combination with simple two-drug regimen was highly effective as an immune adjunct for management of treatment-failed and/or drug-resistant TB.

Meal Replacements for Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes in a Community Setting

Background. There is limited information on the effectiveness of meal replacements (MRs) as a weight-loss strategy in an unsupervised community setting. Aim. To evaluate the use of MR compared with a diet book for 6 months. Subjects and Methods. Obese subjects (n = 120) with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited from the community in Adelaide, South Australia, and randomised to intervention or control. Subjects in the intervention were advised to consume 2 MR/day for 3 months and 1 MR/day for 3 months and follow the manufacturers' instructions from printed material and the website. Subjects in the control arm were given a commercially available diet book. Results. Consumption of 2 MR for 3 months and 1 MR for the subsequent 3 months led to weight loss of 5.5 kg (5%) and a 0.26% decrease in HbA1c while the diet book group had a weight loss of 3 kg (3%) (P = 0.027 for difference between groups) and a decrease in HbA1c of 0.15% (between group ns) in those who completed the 6-month study. On intention-to-treat (last observation carried forward) weight loss at 6 months was 3.4 kg in MR and 1.8 kg in control (P = 0.07). Decreases in HbA1c were 0.22% and 0.12%, respectively (P = ns). HDL cholesterol increased by 4% in MR and decreased by 1% in control (P = 0.004). Blood pressure decreased equally in both groups. There were reductions in fasting glucose in both groups at 6 months with no changes in LDL-cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Conclusion. MR confers benefits in HbA1C reduction and weight loss at 6 months in those who completed the study.

Effects of statin use on functional capacity and muscle mass in elderly women

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) may produce mild to severe myopathy. However, it is unclear if sarcopenia (decreased muscle mass and functional capacity) is also accentuated by the drugs. In a cross-sectional design, functional capacity (timed up and go, quadriceps- and hand grip strength) and lean body mass were compared between 71 low-dose statin users (&amp;lt;20 mg/day) and 57 age- and BMI-matched control subjects (all apparently healthy elderly women aged 74.6±5.3 years). Possible confounding factors were assessed by questionnaires. A fasted blood sample was taken to measure serum creatine kinase levels to search for muscle damage. Statin users had higher functional capacity than controls (quadriceps strength 25.3±7.5 kg vs. 20.5±6.3 kg in controls, P&amp;lt;0.001; timed up and go 9.7±2.1 s vs. 10.8±2.6 s in controls, P=0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors, this effect was not created by statin intake but by a difference in socioeconomic status between the two groups. Hand grip strength (20.6±4.3 kg vs. 19.9±3.8 kg, P=0.47) and lean body mass (36.3±4.1 kg vs. 35.6±4.6 kg, P=0.19) did not differ between statin users and controls. Muscle mass and functional capacity were not affected by statin intake but by socioeconomic status in elderly women.

Effect of feeding rumen protected rice bran on calcium homeostasis of non-lactating multiparous cows

Milk fever in dairy cows can be prevented by activating Ca homeostasis before calving. Homeostatic adaptation can be achieved by reducing dietary Ca availability. Formaldehyde-treated rice bran was studied to supply rumen protected phytic acid to reduce Ca availability. Twelve multiparous dry cows were used in a 3×3 Latin square change-over design with 5-day periods to test three dietary treatments. Diets consisted of a forage mix (maize silage, grass silage and hay), being 77% of ration dry matter, supplemented with three concentrates: Control (no formaldehyde-treated rice bran), T1 (100% formaldehyde-treated rice bran) and T2 (99.5% formaldehyde-treated rice bran with 0.6% Ca carbonate, to equal Ca content of Control). Dietary treatments did not affect urine pH (8.14, 8.13 and 8.11 for Control, T1 and T2 respectively) or dry matter intake (13.9, 13.7 and 13.8 kg for Control, T1 and T2 respectively). Including formaldehyde-treated rice bran in the diet resulted in lower urinary Ca/creatinine ratio (0.970, 0.457 and 0.618 for Control, T1 and T2 respectively). A sudden increase of urinary Ca excretion took place after withdrawal of T1 and T2 at introduction of Control, peaking on the first day and coming back down progressively in the second and third days. Peak was greatest after T1 and was not observed in transitions between rice bran treatments. This is understood as indirect evidence of activation of intestinal Ca absorption during formaldehyde-treated rice bran feeding, because renal adaptations to changes in blood Ca clearance are immediate and intestinal adaptations delay 2 days. It was concluded that including formaldehyde-treated rice bran in rations before calving may represent a dietary strategy to prevent milk fever without reducing dry matter intake.

Follistatin-288 and follistatin-315 are regulated by progesterone in the mouse uterus

Eleven steers aged 12-14 months were divided into groups of three based on age, breed and liveweight. One animal in each group was implanted with trenbolone acetate, another with trenbolone acetate + oestradiol-17β, and the third animal served as control. The mean liveweight gains throughout a 9 week period were 54.3 kg, 64.3 kg and 77.2 kg for control, trenbolone acetate and trenbolone acetate + oestradiol treated groups respectively. The mean values for weight gains of the treated animals were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the control values. The improvement in feed conversion in the treated animals was significant (P < 0.001) in the animals receiving trenbolone acetate + oestradiol.No changes were seen in the plasma concentrations of growth hormone, prolactin and insulin. There was, however, a significant decrease in the concentration of total thyroxine in the plasma of the treated animals. The decrease was greatest in steers implanted with trenbolone acetate + oestra- diol-17β. The levels of serum urea and albumin were decreased in the steroid treated animals, whereas there were no alterations in the concentrations of plasma glucose, or serum total protein, magnesium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, iron, copper, sodium and potassium.Some modifications of behaviour were noted in steers implanted with the combined steroid preparation.

EFFECT OF SHADING, GIBBERELLIC ACID AND MICRONUTRINTS ON SOME CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CHARACTERS OF INDIAN RUBBER PLANT Ficus elastica Roxb. var. decora

This study was carried out in a private nursery in Mosul city, between February and September 2004, to investigate the effect of shading percentage, GA3 and micronutrient on chemical composition of Indian rubber plant Ficus elastica Roxb. decora plants produced by vegetative propagation. Hence, three different factors were investigated: shading at 35 and 70% from natural light, spraying with gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/ Liter were applied every 21 days, two times as foliar spray, and micronutrient at 0, 1 and 2 dosage/ week/ pot. The Factorial Experiment was conducted by using the Split-plot in Randomized Complete Block Design. Each treatment was replicated three times. The results can be summarized as follows: The shading percentage had no effect on all chemical characters studied except Fe content. Spraying with 300 mg GA3/ Liter gave a significant increase in total chlorophyll, total N % and the content of Zn, Cu and Mn when compared with the control plants, but these treatments caused a significant decrease in Fe content in leaf tissue, while carbohydrate content did not affect. Fertilization with micronutrient increased the content of anthocyanine, Zn and Cu increased to 7.19 mg/ 100g fresh weight, 79.06 mg/ kg, 14.32 mg/ kg, respectively when adding 2 dosages of micronutrient/ week/ pot compared with 6.31 mg/ 100 gm fresh weight, 71.38 mg/ kg and 10.59 mg/ kg for control respectively. In general, the interaction between 35% shading, spray with 300 mg GA3/ Liter and one dosage of micronutrient gave best results of N% and CHO%, but the best results of total chlorophyll and Anthocyanine content were in 2 dosage micronutrient/ week. Finally, higher values of Zn, Cu and Mn content were under the interaction 70% shading, 200 mg GA3 / Liter and 2 dosage of micronutrient.

Attenuated Purinergic Receptor Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVEExtracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are involved in regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow. Diabetes induces cardiovascular dysregulation, but the extent to which the vasodilatatory capacity of nucleotides and nucleosides is affected in type 2 diabetes is unknown. The present study investigated 1) the vasodilatatory effect of ATP, uridine-triphosphate (UTP), and adenosine (ADO) and 2) the expression and distribution of P2Y2 and P2X1 receptors in skeletal muscles of diabetic subjects.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSIn 10 diabetic patients and 10 age-matched control subjects, leg blood flow (LBF) was measured during intrafemoral artery infusion of ATP, UTP, and ADO, eliciting a blood flow equal to knee-extensor exercise at 12 W (∼2.6 l/min).RESULTSThe vasodilatatory effect of the purinergic system was 50% lower in the diabetic group as exemplified by an LBF increase of 274 ± 37 vs. 143 ± 26 ml/μmol ATP × kg, 494 ± 80 vs. 234 ± 39 ml/μmol UTP × kg, and 14.9 ± 2.7 vs. 7.5 ± 0.6 ml/μmol ADO × kg in control and diabetic subjects, respectively, thus making the vasodilator potency as follows: UTP control subjects (100) > ATP control subjects (55) > UTP diabetic subjects (47) > ATP diabetic subjects (29) > ADO control subjects (3) > ADO diabetic subjects (1.5). The distribution and mRNA expression of receptors were similar in the two groups.CONCLUSIONSThe vasodilatatory effect of the purinergic system is severely reduced in type 2 diabetic patients. The potency of nucleotides varies with the following rank order: UTP > ATP > ADO. This is not due to alterations in receptor distribution and mRNA expression, but may be due to differences in receptor sensitivity.

수용성 지방유화제 첨가가 비육후기 한우거세우의 발육과 도체성적에 미치는 영향

Fifty four Hanwoo steers in final fattening period were assigned to 3 groups control, top dressed PROSOL ® as an emulsifier (TP) and DSP group (experimental diet made to down spec of nutrients with PROSOL ® , which is sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate), based on the body weight (647.96±41.31 kg) and months of age (27.3±0.8 mo), and the experiment was conducted to establish the reasonable fattening method of Hanwoo steers for 91 days. Average daily body gains during trial were 0.94, 0.84 and 0.98 kg in control, TP and DSP, respectively (P=0.011). DDMI/ADG of TP group tend to lightly improving compared to control and DSP group (P=0.692). There was no effect of supplementation of the PROSOL ® in concentrates on growth rate, feed efficiency and shrinkage in Hanwoo steers during the short final fattening period. MQI from TP and DSP was not different based on the rib-eye area and carcass weight in carcass than that from control. Back fat thickness tended to be thicker than control (P>0.05). Marbling score, texture and maturity for TP and DSP was abundantly to increase compared to control (P<0.003). There was significantly increment in supplemented PROSOL ® (P<0.0001). The meat quality grade of control, TP and DSP were 2.94, 3.78 and 4.50, respectively. Related to this result, the auction price (carcass/kg) were gained significantly (P<0.003) from control (17,560), TP (18,586) and DSP (19,266 won) so which the monetary return was the highest in DSP and the differences was recognized between TP and DSP. Percentage over 1st grade appeared in control, TP and DSP were 55.4, 88.9 and 100.0%, respectively. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of emulsifier improve the marbling score and the carcass quality grade by increased digestibilities of the feed fat in Hanwoo steers in fattening period. (Key words : Hanwoo steers, Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate, Growth, Carcass, Marbling)

Long-term effects of a low carbohydrate, low fat or high unsaturated fat diet compared to a no-intervention control

Background and aim Very low carbohydrate ad libitum diets have been shown to enhance weight loss without increasing cardiometabolic risk factors but no kilojoule-controlled trials have been conducted relative to no intervention. The aim of this study was to compare the changes in weight and other cardiovascular risk factors in 3 isocaloric energy-restricted diets to no-intervention control after 1 year. Methods and results One hundred and thirteen subjects (age 47 ± 10 years, BMI 32 ± 6 kg/m 2 with one additional cardiovascular risk factor) were randomly allocated to one of three isocaloric diets (VLC-very low carbohydrate, 60% fat, 4% carbohydrate, n = 30; VLF-very low fat, 10% fat, n = 30; HUF-high unsaturated fat, 30% fat, n = 30) with intensive support for 3 months followed by minimal support for 12 months compared to a control group (no intervention, n = 23). The estimated weight change was −3.0 ± 0.2 kg for VLC, −2.0 ± 0.1 kg for VLF, −3.7 ± 0.01 kg for HUF and 0.8 ± 0.5 kg for controls ( P = 0.065). After correcting for baseline values, decreases in body weight and diastolic blood pressure in the diet groups (−2.9 ± 5.2) were significantly different to the increase in the control group (0.8 ± 5.0) ( P < 0.05). No differences in cardiovascular risk factors were observed between the diet groups. Conclusion Significant cardiometabolic risk factor reduction was observed equally with VLC, VLF and HUF diets after 15 months, compared to an exacerbation of risk factors in the control group. At a modest level of adherence, 3 months of intensive support on these dietary patterns confer an improvement in cardiometabolic profile compared to no dietary intervention after 15 months.

Objective amount of limb fat in HIV‐infected subjects with subjective diagnosis of lipoatrophy

The relationship between the subjective diagnosis of lipoatrophy and the objective amount of limb fat loss in HIV-infected adults is unclear. Using Medline, we identified published articles reporting the amount of arm, leg or limb fat measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry in HIV-infected patients with moderate-severe lipoatrophy and in healthy non-HIV-infected adults. We calculated the relative content of fat in the limbs, arms and legs of lipoatrophic patients with regard to the weighted arithmetic means of those fat values in healthy controls. We found 799 patients from 10 articles, and 73 healthy controls from two articles. Limb fat ranged from 2.6 to 4.4 kg in patients, and from 7.1 to 7.2 kg in controls. Both patients and controls were almost exclusively men, of white race, and in their forties. Weighted arithmetic means of arm, leg and limb fat in HIV-infected patients with clinically evident lipoatrophy were 1.0, 2.1 and 3.1 kg, respectively (48, 41 and 43% relative to healthy non-HIV-infected males, respectively). The diagnosis of lipoatrophy was highly correlated with the amount of limb fat, irrespective of the investigators. HIV-infected men with clinically evident lipoatrophy had a limb fat loss of >50% compared with non-HIV-infected healthy males.

Resting Energy Expenditure in Vasospastic Subjects and its Potential Relevance in Glaucoma

Peripheral vasospastic syndrome is frequently encountered in normal tension glaucoma patients. We tested the hypothesis as to whether peripheral vascular spastic tendency is due to an attempt to preserve body heat in subjects with reduced resting energy expenditure. Twenty healthy non-smoking female individuals were enrolled into the study. Subjects were classified as having vasospasm (10 subjects) if they related a clear history of frequent cold hands, and as normal subjects (10 subjects) if they denied such a history. Sample size calculation was based on a power of 80 % to find a difference of 20 %. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed by indirect calorimetry and corrected for fat-free mass (FFM), which was assessed by bioelectric impedance analysis. REE was 1198 +/- 155 kilocalories (kcal) in vasospastics and 1169 +/- 122 in controls (Mann-Whitney U-test: p = 0.62). FFM was 39.6 +/- 3.3 kg in vasospastics and 41.1 +/- 2.3 kg in controls (Mann-Whitney U-test: p = 0.16). REE adjusted for FFM was 30.2 +/- 2.5 kcal/kg in vasospastics and 28.4 +/- 2.3 kcal/kg in controls (Mann-Whitney U-test: p = 0.08). Peripheral vasospastic syndrome seems not to be a secondary response to insufficient resting energy expenditure. The results of the present study rather indicate an opposite tendency which deserves further investigation.

양질의 건초 급여가 한우 거세우의 비육성적 및 도체의 이화학적 특성에 미치는 영향

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high quality hay on the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty (20) Hanwoo (7 months old) were allocated into either Control (rice straw fed) or Treatment (timothy hay and rice straw fed) group (10 animals per group) and fed for 710 days until the animals reached at 30 months old. Concentrates were fed according to the feeding program composed with three (3) phases; growing, fattening, and finishing period. For the overall feeding period, final body weights were 761.3 and 799.6 kg for the Control and Treatment groups, respectively, showing 38.3 kg heavier body weight in Treatment group. ADG were 0.79 and 0.84 kg for Control Treatment groups, respectively. These results might be because of the intake of high quality hay during growing phase and the effects persisted until the end of the experiment. Feed intake tended to be higher in Treatment group whereas feed conversion did not show significant difference between groups. Cold carcass weights were 451.0 and 475.3kg for Control and Treatment, There were no significant difference between groups in both yield and quality grade. There were no remarkable differences in physico-chemical characteristics fatty acid composition of carcasses between groups. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to feed high quality hay such as timothy during growing period of Hanwoo steers to produce high quality beef with heavier live and carcass weight.