Ketosis In Cattle Research Articles

Genetic Susceptibility to Ketosis in Cattle: Current State of Research

High-yield productivity in dairy cows is due to intense functioning of all organs and organism systems, that predisposes animals to various forms of disorders of metabolic processes. Progress of energy disbalance in high-yield dairy cows during lactation contributes to the development of systemic metabolic disorders, negatively affecting milk production and reproductive potential of animals. Interest in breeding ketosis resistant cattle is global and finding of mutations, gene variants and molecular and genetic processes contributing to one or another phenotype are considered as key steps in understanding a degree of susceptibility to ketosis. These steps will also give an insight in etiology of ketosis and provide basis for designing novel effective breeding programs. In this paper we present an overview of studies based on genetic and molecular research methods in finding genetic markers of cattle ketosis development. We discuss comprehensive SNPs localization of GWAS meta-analysis data, protein-protein interactions of associated with SNPs candidate genes via STRING, as well as SNPs annotation of associated biological processes. We provide candidate gene expression profiles for associated with ketosis tissues based on human data with GTEx tool.

Genetic Susceptibility to Ketosis in Cattle: Current State of Research

Genetic Susceptibility to Ketosis in Cattle: Current State of Research

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF KETONE BODIES IN BLOOD AND URINE FOR THE DETECTION OF SUBCLINICAL KETOSIS IN POSTPARTUM BUFFALOES

Buffaloes are one of the major contributors of milk production in Pakistan. Like other dairy animals, it also faces a variety of metabolic disorders right after parturition. Among these problems ketosis is a major one in high producing buffaloes when energy demands (e.g. high milk production) exceed energy intake and result in a negative energy balance. When large amount of body fat is utilized as an energy source to support production, fat is sometimes mobilized faster than the liver can properly metabolize it. If this situation occurs, ketone production exceeds ketone utilization by the animal, and ketosis results. At early stage Sub-clinical ketosis occurs which if not detected and controlled proceeds to clinical ketosis that has economic impact in terms of both production and reproduction losses. Early detection of sub-clinical ketosis is of vital importance to minimize thesubsequent losses associated with this condition. Many studies have been conducted in past to diagnose sub-clinical ketosis in cattle, but a very little data is available for buffaloes. This study was aimed to compare digital ketometer and conventional urine strips method to detect Ketone bodies in blood and urine samples respectively for the early diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in buffaloes. For this purpose, blood (n=100) and urine (n=100) samples were collected from buffaloes at post-partum period, from three different herds and were processed for the presence of ketone bodies. The data obtained from both cow-side detection assays was analyzed statistically. The results of this research study laid the foundation of early detection of sub-clinical ketosis in buffaloes that was made possible using the cowside Abott Optium Neo Ketometer.

Comparison of two diagnostic methods through blood and urine sample analyses for the detection of ketosis in cattle.

Background and Aim:Several Ecuadorian farms use human test strips (cheaper than veterinary strips) to diagnose bovine ketosis; however, their reliability is unknown. This study aimed to determine the confidence level of human strips for the detection of ketosis in bovines by comparing two diagnostic methods for ketosis: one used in bovines (gold standard) to analyze blood samples and the other used in humans to analyze urine samples.Materials and Methods:The study was conducted on an Ecuadorian farm using 50 animals, ten from each of five categories: heifers, 4 months pregnant (4MP), 15 days prepartum (15DPRE), 15 days postpartum (15DPOST), and 42 days postpartum (42DPOST). Blood samples were collected through coccygeal venipuncture and urine samples were collected during spontaneous urination. BHBCheck™ assay was used to measure b-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in the blood, whereas Combur10Test® was used to measure acetoacetate (AcAc) in urine for the determination of ketosis.Results:BHB was detected in all animals. Based on a ketosis cutoff point of 0.8-1.2 mmol/L, 13 animals from the 15DPOST and 42DPOST categories had ketosis; AcAc was detected in the urine from nine animals originated from the two same categories. Metabolites, either BHB or AcAc, were not detected in heifers, 4MP, or 15DPRE individuals. Finally, the BHBCheck™ assay had better efficiency in detecting ketosis in animals (p<0.05) than the Combur10Test®.Conclusion:Combur10Test® urine strips reached 92% reliability for the detection of ketosis in dairy cattle, compared to BHBCheck™ assays.

The influence of feed additives used to correct metabolic processes in the rumen cows to biochemical indicators of blood from after calving

Purpose: estimation of the possibility of using a mixture of feed additive "BioGrom SC" and the food antibiotic "Monenzin" for normalizing metabolic processes in highly productive cows in the transit period.Materials and methods. Studies were conducted because of the tribal plant of the Leningrad region. Two groups of animals were selected on the principle of analogs (experimental and control) 20 goals in each. The experimental group of cows 21 days before the calving and for 14 days after the calves were given a mixture of feed additive "BioGrom SC" and the food antibiotic "Monenzin". For the cottage additives, calcium carbonate (chalk) was used as a filler in the amount of 250 g with the addition of 10-15 g. Supplements "BioGrom SC" by 1 head. The mixture was prepared at the rate of 20 goals and a food antibiotic "Monenzin" was added to it at the rate of 100 mg per 1 kg of a mixture of feed additive with filler. The resulting mixture was fed by animals of the experimental group. All animal experimental and control groups take blood for 21 days before the hotel. The total protein, beta hydroxy acid, acetoacetic acid, alkaline blood reserve, calcium-phosphoric ratio, glucose is determined. At the end of the transit period on the 21st day of lactation, the blood of animal control and experimental groups was repeatedly investigated.Results. In the cows of the experimental group, in comparison with the cows of the control group at the end of the transit period, a decrease in such biochemical indicators was observed as beta hydroxy acid (a decrease to 0.84 ± 0.03 mmol / l), acetoacetic acid (decrease to 0.4 ± 0, 04 mmol / l). The animals of the experimental group decreased the content of the general protein (77.0 ± 0.08 g / l). Also, the data of the backup alkalinity of blood (acidose indicator) are within reference values. Calcium phosphorus ratio was also within the normal range.Conclusion. Introduction to the diet of a mixture of feed additive "BioGrom SC" and food antibiotic "Monenzin" normalize some biochemical blood indicators in cows in the transit period. At the same time, without correction of metabolic processes, cows are observed ketosis and acidosis, which can lead to premature disposal of animals from herd and as a result of economic losses. Thus, the use of the mixture is shown for the prevention and treatment of acidosis of the scar, metabolic acidosis, ketosis in cattle of the dairy direction of productivity.

Association of leptin gene polymorphisms with predisposition of cattle to ketosis

Leptin is a hormone produced by adipocytes — cells of adipose tissue, involved in the regulation of eating behavior, affecting the reproductive function, as well as the growth and Constitution of animals. In certain physiological conditions in cows, intensive use of their own fat reserves leads to excessive appearance of volatile fatty acids in the blood, which, in turn, become «satiety signals» and lead to a reduction in feed consumption. At this point, the genetic characteristics of the animal associated with the regulation of metabolism, eating behavior, contributing to or preventing the possible development of ketosis become particularly important. The aim of the research is to determine the possible influence of the leptin locus genotype (y7f, a80v, R25C polymorphisms) on the frequency of ketosis in cattle. We have genotyped Holstein breeding bulls (PCR/RFLP) belonging to WWS (USA) based on the A80V, R25C, and Y7F loci of the leptin gene, which were evaluated by their daughters and «ketosis resistance coefficients» (Wellness trait index (WT$) ketosis) were determined with a high level of confidence. It was found that the group of breeding bulls with the AARRYY genotype is distinguished by a significantly higher average index of «daughters' resistance to ketosis» compared to the AARCYY and AVCCYY groups, which may indicate that the AARRYY genotype in breeding bulls is one of the genetic factors protecting their daughters from the development of ketosis. In addition, 150 Holstein cows were genotyped using the same loci, of which 50 had ketosis and 100 were healthy. In the group of healthy Holstein cows, compared with the group of animals with ketosis and hepatopathology, the AARCYY genotype was three times more common.

Integrating RNA-Seq with GWAS reveals novel insights into the molecular mechanism underpinning ketosis in cattle

BackgroundKetosis is a common metabolic disease during the transition period in dairy cattle, resulting in long-term economic loss to the dairy industry worldwide. While genetic selection of resistance to ketosis has been adopted by many countries, the genetic and biological basis underlying ketosis is poorly understood.ResultsWe collected a total of 24 blood samples from 12 Holstein cows, including 4 healthy and 8 ketosis-diagnosed ones, before (2 weeks) and after (5 days) calving, respectively. We then generated RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) data and seven blood biochemical indicators (bio-indicators) from leukocytes and plasma in each of these samples, respectively. By employing a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we detected that 4 out of 16 gene-modules, which were significantly engaged in lipid metabolism and immune responses, were transcriptionally (FDR < 0.05) correlated with postpartum ketosis and several bio-indicators (e.g., high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein). By conducting genome-wide association signal (GWAS) enrichment analysis among six common health traits (ketosis, mastitis, displaced abomasum, metritis, hypocalcemia and livability), we found that 4 out of 16 modules were genetically (FDR < 0.05) associated with ketosis, among which three were correlated with postpartum ketosis based on WGCNA. We further identified five candidate genes for ketosis, including GRINA, MAF1, MAFA, C14H8orf82 and RECQL4. Our phenome-wide association analysis (Phe-WAS) demonstrated that human orthologues of these candidate genes were also significantly associated with many metabolic, endocrine, and immune traits in humans. For instance, MAFA, which is involved in insulin secretion, glucose response, and transcriptional regulation, showed a significantly higher association with metabolic and endocrine traits compared to other types of traits in humans.ConclusionsIn summary, our study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying ketosis in cattle, and highlights that an integrative analysis of omics data and cross-species mapping are promising for illustrating the genetic architecture underpinning complex traits.

Prevalence of subclinical and clinical ketosis in cattle in and around Bikaner

ABSTRACT The present study surveyed that the prevalence of subclinical and clinical ketosis in cattle was assessed in and around Bikaner; a total of 200 cows after parturition were examined. The overall prevalence of clinical ketosis amongst post-parturient cows was 11.50%, while 23.50% for subclinical ketosis. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical ketosis in cows with relation to breed was the highest in Holstein Friesian crossbred cows (17.58%), while the lowest in Rathi cows (05%). Prevalence in relation to the age was the highest in 8–9 years of age (13.79% and 29.31%) and the lowest in >9 years of age (4.76% and 9.52%). Prevalence in relation to number of lactation/calving was the highest in fourth lactation (14.29% and 30.36%) and the lowest in first lactation (2.86% and 11.43%). Out of 11.50% cases of clinical ketosis, the highest prevalence was recorded (30.43%) during 8–14 days of lactation; similarly, out of 23.50% cases of subclinical ketosis, the highest prevalence was recorded (29.79%) during 8–14 days of lactation. Month-wise prevalence of clinical and subclinical ketosis was the highest in December that is 26.09% and 23.40%, while the lowest in August 4.35% and 2.13%.

Identification of novel pathways in pathogenesis of ketosis in dairy cows via iTRAQ/MS

Abstract Introduction: To identify novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ketosis, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation/mass spectrometry was used to define differences in protein expression profiles between healthy dairy cows and those with clinical or subclinical ketosis. Material and Methods: To define the novel pathways of ketosis in cattle, the differences in protein expression were analysed by bioinformatics. Go Ontology and Pathway analysis were carried out for enrich the role and pathway of the different expression proteins between healthy dairy cows and those with clinical or subclinical ketosis. Results: Differences were identified in 19 proteins, 16 of which were relatively up-regulated while the remaining 3 were relatively down-regulated. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) were up-regulated in cattle with ketosis. SORD and G3PD promoted glycolysis. These mechanisms lead to pyruvic acid production increase and ketone body accumulation. Conclusion: The novel pathways of glycolysis provided new evidence for the research of ketosis.

Use of corticosteroids alone or combined with glucose to treat ketosis in dairy cows

Objective To compare relative efficacy of dexamethasone and flumethasone alone or in combination with rapid IV infusion of glucose for treatment of ketosis in cattle. Design Clinical trial. Animals 127 cows with urine acetoacetate concentration ≥ 60 mg/dl. Procedure Cows were treated with 500 ml of 50% glucose solution, IV, and 40 mg of dexamethasone, IM (group 1), 40 mg of dexamethasone, IM (group 2), 5 mg of flumethasone (group 3), or 500 ml of 50% glucose solution, IV, and 5 mg of flumethasone (group 4). Treatment success was defined as recovery after a single treatment without relapse during the same lactation. Uterine disease (retained placenta or metritis), parity, and pretreatment plasma glucose, serum β-hydroxybutyric acid, and urine acetoacetate concentrations were evaluated as possible confounding factors affecting recovery. Results Only uterine disease was found to have a significant effect on recovery. Treatments 1 and 4 were significantly more efficacious than was treatment 2, but efficacy of treatment 2 was not significantly different from that of treatment 3. Regardless of treatment, cows with uterine disease were less likely to have a successful outcome than were cows without uterine disease. In all treatment groups, plasma glucose concentration increased and serum β-hydroxybutyric acid and urine acetoacetate concentrations decreased following treatment. Clinical Implications In this study, treatment of ketosis in dairy cattle with a corticosteriod alone was less efficacious than treatment with glucose and a corticosteroid. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;208:1702-1704)

The effect of two synthetic steroids on plasma glucose concentration and total entry rate of glucose in sheep

SummaryPrimed continuous intravenous infusions of tracer amounts of [2·3H]gluscose were used to measure glucose entry rates before and after the administration of triamcinolone acetonide or trienbolone acetate to sheep eating 1200 g/day of chopped hay.The intramuscular injection of triamcinolone acetonide caused hyperglycaemia with a maximum plasma glucose concentration 24 h after the injection. Twenty-four hours after the injection of 0·5 mg/kg of steroid the mean glucose entry rate rose from 1·44 to 2·14 mg/min/kg. The difference between these means is significant (P &lt; 0·02). Twenty-four hours after injecting 0·05 mg/kg of steroid the mean glucose entry rate had risen from 1·34 to 1·86 mg/min/kg. The difference between these means is significant (P &lt; 0·05). The intramuscular injection of trienbolone acetate (0·5 mg/kg) had no effect on plasma glucose concentration or on glucose entry rate.These results are compared with the effect of betamethasone and are discussed in relation to the treatment of ketosis in cattle and sheep.

Blood Sugar and Carbon Dioxide Combining Power of the Plasma in Relation to Ketosis in Dairy Cattle

Summary Decreased blood sugar values accompany ketosis in cattle even when the ketosis is not sufficiently severe to be detected by clinical symptoms. The significance of the low blood sugars and causative factors in relation to ketosis is discussed. Acidosis is not an invariable accompaniment of ketosis in dairy cattle. The technical assistance of Mr. R. F. Jackson is gratefully acknowledged.