Ketoprofen Research Articles

Biodegradation kinetics of individual and mixture non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in an agricultural soil receiving alkaline treated biosolids

Land application of biosolids is one potential source of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) into agricultural soils. Degradation is an important natural attenuation pathway that affects the fate and transport of PPCPs in the soil system and biosolids application could alter the process. The present study assessed the effect of individual and mixture compound environments on the biodegradation rate and half-life of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBF), and ketoprofen (KTF), in a loamy sand textured agricultural soil receiving an alkaline treated biosolid (ATB) amendment. A prolonged half-life of the target NSAIDs was determined for sterile soils and shorter half-lives in unsterile soils, indicating the loss of target compounds in all treatments was mainly attributed to biodegradation and followed first-order kinetics. IBF and NPX showed low to moderate persistence in soil and ATB amended soil, with half-lives ranging from 4.9 to 14.8 days, while KTF appeared to be highly persistent with an average half-life of 33 days. The order in which the target NSAIDs disappeared in both soil and ATB amended soil was: IBF > NPX > KTF, for both individual and mixture compound treatments. Soils that received the ATB amendment demonstrated inhibited degradation of NPX in all treatments, as well as IBF and KTF in individual compound treatment over the 14-day incubation study. We also observed an inhibition effect from the ATB amendment in sterile soil treatments. In mixture compound treatments, IBF degradation was inhibited in both soil and ATB amended soil. The degradation rate of KTF in mixture compound environment in soil was lower, while the opposite effects were observed in ATB amended soils. For NPX, the degradation was enhanced in mixture compound environment in ATB amended soil, while the same degradation rate of NPX was calculated in soil.

Enhanced selective adsorption of NSAIDs by covalent organic frameworks via functional group tuning

A suitable porous adsorbent with prominent adsorption performance and better selectivity for the target containments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is highly desired in wastewater treatment. Owing to the intrinsic attributes known as predictable structure, tunable pore size, high chemical stability as well as the reliable post-synthetic modification, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are considered as brilliant adsorbent candidates which have drawn great attentions. Herein, two COFs with different functional groups (COF-NO2 and COF-NH2) were designed and prepared in order to enhance selective adsorption ability toward the Ketoprofen (KTP) molecule via functional group tuning. For KTP, due to amino group which could interact with not only carboxylic acid but also carbonyl group, COF-NH2 exhibited twice adsorption capacity as high as other two counterparts Ibuprofen (IBP) and Naproxen (NPX). However, there was no selectivity for those three NSAIDs when COFs containing nitro groups (COF-NO2) were used as adsorbents. We also found that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model well, which confirmed the capture of KTP onto COF-NH2 was dominated by chemical adsorption. The COF-NH2 will be a particularly promising porous adsorbent to selectively eliminate the KTP from effluents, and COFs with specific binding sites for various pollutants can be acquired via functional group tuning.

Dual-stage Release of Ketoprofen from Electrosprayed Core—Shell Hybrid Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone/Ethyl Cellulose Nanoparticles

Dual-stage release, consisting of a first fast release for eliminating the uncomfortable symptoms and a later sustained release for a long time period for reducing the administration times, is highly welcomed by the patients. In the present investigation, a new type of core-shell Electrosprayed Nanoparticles (ENPs) were developed for providing a dual-stage controlled release profile of Ketoprofen (KET). A coaxial electrospraying process was explored to prepare the core—shell particles in a directly and straightforward manner. The resultant ENPs were tested in terms of morphology and inner structure, physical state and compatibility between KET and the core matrix of ethyl cellulose, between KET and the shell matrix of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and the dual-stage controlled release performances. The results from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscope observations demonstrated that the core—shell polymeric nanohybrids had a round morphology with an average diameter of 570 ± 120 nm, and a clear core—shell structure with an estimated shell thickness of 70 nm. KET presented in the ENPs in an amorphous state thanks to the fine compatibility of the hybrid components, as verified by X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tests. In vitro dissolution tests exhibited that the ENPs were able to provide a designed dual-stage controlled release profile with an amount of 45.1 ± 4.5% for the first stage.

Multicomponent Alginate‐Derived Hydrogel Microspheres Presenting Hybrid Ionic‐Covalent Network and Drug Eluting Properties

AbstractThe development of multifunctional encapsulation biomaterials could help the translation of cell‐based therapies into standard medical care. One of the major hurdles in the field of encapsulated cell transplantation is the current lack of materials presenting optimal properties, including long term stability, mechanical durability and non‐immunogenic character. Modification of sodium alginate (Na‐alg) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives, without restricting its gelling abilities, appeared as an efficient strategy to produce dual ionic‐covalent spherical hydrogels with enhanced mechanical performance as well as drug‐eluting microspheres (MS) for the mitigation of inflammatory response after transplantation. In this study, the combination of PEGylated alginates equipped with cross‐reactive functionalities and the anti‐inflammatory drug ketoprofen (KET) resulted in the assembly of multifunctional (MF) hybrid MS, merging the advantages of ionic‐covalent hydrogels with the ability for controlled drug delivery. Physical characterization confirmed their improved mechanical resistance, their higher shape recovery performance and increased stability toward non‐gelling ions, as compared to pure Ca‐alg hydrogels. In vitro release kinetics revealed the controlled and sustained delivery of KET for over two weeks.

Catalytic ozonation oxidation of ketoprofen by peanut shell-based biochar: effects of the pyrolysis temperatures

ABSTRACT A series of peanut shell (HS)-based biochar were prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures and subsequently used as the effective ozonation catalysts for ketoprofen (KET) degradation in aqueous solution. The physicochemical properties and morphology of the obtained biochar were analysed by ICP, TG, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, BET and etc. characterizations. The results demonstrated that the pyrolysis temperature played an important role on the structure and morphology of HS-based biochar. As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the cellulose and hemicellulose of HS gradually decomposed, resulting in the loss of biochar mass, improvement of the surface roughness, the increase of specific surface area, and the formation of new functional groups. The HS-based biochar pyrolyzed at 600°C (HS600) achieved the fast KET degradation rate with the pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.922 min−1 and the low adsorption rate of 1.3% in O3/HS600 process. Meanwhile, the effects of the HS600 dosage, initial KET concentration, temperature, water matrix, and solution pH on KET degradation were systematically evaluated. Besides, the HS600 displayed great stability and reusability towards KET degradation during multiple cycling experiments. Moreover, the single oxygen, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were involved in O3/HS600 process and the mechanisms for the improvement of KET degradation were also elucidated. It could be speculated that the enhancement of the catalytic ozonation by HS-based biochar was probably attributed to the increased active sites and the intense chemical bonds, and delocalized π electron.

Polymeric Bioadhesive Patch Based on Ketoprofen-Hydrotalcite Hybrid for Local Treatments.

Ketoprofen (KET) represents one of the most common drugs used in the topical treatment of pain and inflammations. However, its potential is rather limited due to the very low solubility and photochemical instability. The local administration of KET by conventional products, such as gels, emulgels, creams, and foams, does not guarantee an efficacious and safe treatment because of its low absorption (due to low solubility) and its sensitivity to UV rays. The photodegradation of KET makes many photoproducts responsible for different adverse effects. In the present work, KET was intercalated into the lamellar anionic clay ZnAl-hydrotalcite (ZnAl-HTlc), obtaining the hybrid ZnAl-KET with improved stability to UV rays and water solubility in comparison to the crystalline form (not intercalated KET). The hybrid was then formulated in autoadhesive patches for local pain treatment. The patches were prepared by casting method starting from a hydrogel based on the biocompatible and bioadhesive polymer NaCMC (Sodium carboxymethycellulose) and glycerol as a plasticizing agent. The introduction of ZnAl-KET in the patch composition demonstrated the improvement in the mechanical properties of the formulation. Moreover, a sustained and complete KET release was obtained within 8 h. This allowed reducing the frequency of anti-inflammatory administration, compared to the conventional formulations.

Comparison of efficacy and safety of keto profen patch versus diclofenac patch as preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgeries

Background: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of ketoprofen versus diclofenac patch for pre-emptive analgesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgeries. Method: This was a prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study conducted at MGM and MY groups of hospital, Indore, MP. 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing inguinal hernia surgeries were divided into N=30 each. Sample size calculation was based on the difference of mean of two independent samples. Trans- dermal patches of ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium were applied to the participants in both the study groups one hour prior to the induction of anesthesia. Postoperative pain was assessed using VAS and VRS at 2,4,8,12,16 and 24 hours. Result: Mean VAS in ketoprofen group was (2.88 ± 0.67) which was significantly low (P value less than 0.05) as compared to the diclofenac group (3.42 ± 0.17). Likewise, VRS mean in ketoprofen group (1.60 ± 0.34) was low as compared to diclofenac group (1.81 ± 0.23) suggesting better efficacy of ketoprofen patch over diclofenac patch. Data were analysed using unpaired students T test. Conclusion: In our study we found ketoprofen patch as better analgesic then diclofenac patch for post-operative hernia surgeries pain. Also the transdermal route is very comfortable for the patient compared to oral, intramuscular, intravenous route for pain alleviation.

Removal of Ketoprofen from Water by Sono-Activated Persulfate Oxidation

In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of treating water contaminated with ketoprofen (KET) by ultrasound (US) and sono-activated persulfate (US/PS) systems. The effects of different reaction parameters, such as the initial pharmaceutical compound concentration (C0), persulfate concentration, ultrasonic power, and initial pH of the solution (pHi) on the KET removal and reaction kinetics were investigated. Tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) was used as a chemical probe to identify the predominant radicals in the US and US/PS systems. The results demonstrated that the persulfate oxidant can be activated by US under neutral and alkaline conditions. Moreover, KET was predominantly degraded by hydroxyl radicals (HO.) generated by the activation of persulfate. Under alkaline conditions, the removal efficiency of KET improved with increasing amount of persulfate added. HO. was the dominant radical at a more alkaline pH in both US and US/PS systems, which was verified by the tert-butyl alcohol probe. These results provide insights into the treatment of water contaminated with pharmaceutical compounds.

Evaluation of ketoprofen toxicity in two freshwater species: Effects on biochemical, physiological and population endpoints

Among the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ketoprofen (KTF) assumes an important position. Nevertheless, its ecotoxicological effects in non-target organisms are poorly characterized, despite its use and frequency of occurrence in aquatic matrices. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible toxicological effects of KTF contamination, in two freshwater species, Lemna minor and Daphnia magna, by measuring biochemical, physiological and population parameters. To attain this objective, both species were exposed to KTF at the same concentrations (0, 0.24, 1.2, 6 and 30 μg/L). L. minor plants were exposed during 4 d to these levels of KTF, and the enzymatic activity (catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and carbonic anhydrase (CA)), and pigments content (chlorophylls a, b and total and carotenoids) were analyzed to evaluate the toxicity of this drug. D. magna was acutely and chronically exposed to KTF, and enzymatic activities (CAT, GSTs and cyclooxygenase (COX)), the feeding rates, and reproduction traits were assessed. In L.minor, KTF provoked alterations in all enzyme activities, however, it was not capable of causing any alteration in any pigment levels. On the other hand, KTF also provoked alterations in all enzymatic activities in D. magna, but did not affect feeding rates and life-history parameters. In conclusion, exposure to KTF, provoked biochemical alterations in both species. However, these alterations were not reflected into deleterious effects on physiological and populational traits of L. minor and D. magna.

Influence of screw configuration and processing parameters on the dissolution of ketoprofen in polymer blends

AbstractThe solubility and dissolution enhancement of the poorly soluble drug ketoprofen (KTO) in polymer blends prepared by hot melt extrusion was studied using two different screw configurations while changing extrusion processing conditions. A number of different Soluplus and Kollidon SR blends were used as solid dispersion excipients. A design of experiments with three melt temperatures, three screw rotation speeds, and three fill factors was performed, and a phase‐gate methodology was implemented. Different characterization techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, optical and polarized light microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, and dissolution testing were used. The results from differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction showed an amorphous solid solution. The characterization by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that KTO could interact with the polymer blend by hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. An optimal processing window was found for each screw configuration achieving more than 80% drug release in 8 hr.

Electrospun triaxial nanofibers with middle blank cellulose acetate layers for accurate dual-stage drug release

The combination of complex nanostructures with carbohydrate polymers can provide a strong platform for promoting the development of novel drug delivery systems. In this study, tri-layer core-shell nanofibers F2 with discrete drug distributions were prepared using cellulose acetate (CA) as a key filament-forming polymeric matrix and ketoprofen (KET) as a model drug. The discrete distribution was characterized by inserting a bank CA layer between the CA/KET core layer and the PVP/KET outer layer through a modified triaxial electrospinning. Compared with the traditional core-shell nanofibers F1, the tri-layer nanofibers F2 with drug discrete distributions provided better drug dual-stage release profiles in terms of accurate release contents at the first stage and longer time period sustained release at the second stage. Despite having the same components (drug, soluble PVP, and insoluble CA) and similar linear morphologies, core-shell nanofibers F1 and tri-layer nanofibers F2 exhibited significantly different functional performances in providing dual-stage release. The different structure-performance relationships of the two types of nanofibers have played their important roles on manipulating the accuracy of dual-stage drug controlled release profiles. The mechanism that the tri-layer core-shell nanostructure containing a blank CA middle layer adjusted the drug release behaviors was proposed.

Diffusion process in photoreaction of ketoprofen probed by transient grating method

Translational diffusion dynamics in photoreaction of ketoprofen (KP), one of the most popular nonsteroidal anti−inflammatory drugs, with and without triethylamine (TEA) in methanol was studied by transient grating method coupled with transient absorption spectroscopy. We successfully determined diffusion coefficients of neutral, carboxylate anion, ketyl radical of KP as well as ketyl biradical complex with TEA in methanol for the first time. The diffusion coefficients for the ketyl radical (6.9 × 10−10 m2 s−1), the carboxylate anion (8.1 × 10−10 m2 s−1), and the complex (5.6 × 10−10 m2 s−1) were found to be smaller than that for neutral KP (9.8 × 10−10 m2 s−1). The molecular volume, the viscosity of the solvent, and/or a specific attractive interaction with solvent molecules would contribute to the diffusion process of these species. These new findings on the diffusion property and the interaction of each species with surrounding molecules are essential for understanding the photoreaction of KP with various biomolecules in vivo.

The Intraperitoneal-Ketoprofen-Histopathological Induced Alterations in the Wistar Rat Kidneys

The current-focused study was carried out to generate a data profile about expected changes that could be induced in the kidneys of rats due to the use of intraperitoneal ketoprofen (KP). The study involved using 24 adult male Wistar rats sorted randomly into four groups (six animals per group). One group was treated as a control group, C, which was supplied with distilled water (DW) only. The remaining animals were presented as (50KP), (25KP), or (12.5KP) groups that received 50mg/kg.b.w., 25mg/kg.b.w., or 12.5mg/ kg.b.w., respectively, of KP. The experiment was continued for 70 days, and the kidney tissue samples were collected from the scarified animals at the end of day 70 of that experiment. The kidney tissues of the 50KP animals revealed dilation of the tubules throughout the outer strip of the outer medulla with necrosis and sloughing of the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs). However, the 25KP group suffered lesser grades of epithelial-cell sloughing of the PCTs with lower levels of dilation of tubules than those recorded in the 50KP group. On the other hand, the kidney tissues of the 12.5KP group showed only dilation in the PCTs. The present experimental data unveil the side effects generated by the use of the intraperitoneal KP in the examined rat kidneys which should be used as a launching set of information for better use or further study this drug and its side effects in human patients.

Anticrystal Engineering of Ketoprofen and Ester Local Anesthetics: Ionic Liquids or Deep Eutectic Mixtures?

Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic mixtures (DEMs) are potential solutions to the problems of low solubility, polymorphism, and low bioavailability of drugs. The aim of this work was to develop and investigate ketoprofen (KET)-based ILs/DEMs containing an ester local anesthetic (LA): benzocaine (BEN), procaine (PRO) and tetracaine (TET) as the second component. ILs/DEMs were prepared via a mechanosynthetic process that involved the mixing of KET with an LA in a range of molar ratios and applying a thermal treatment. After heating above the melting point and quench cooling, the formation of supercooled liquids with Tgs that were dependent on the composition was observed for all KET-LA mixtures with exception of that containing 95 mol% of BEN. The KET-LA mixtures containing either ≥ 60 mol% BEN or 95 mol% of TET showed crystallization to BEN and TET, respectively, during either cooling or second heating. KET decreased the crystallization tendency of BEN and TET and increased their glass-forming ability. The KET-PRO systems showed good glass-forming ability and did not crystallize either during the cooling or during the second heating cycle irrespective of the composition. Infrared spectroscopy and molecular modeling indicated that KET and LAs formed DEMs, but in the KET-PRO systems small quantities of carboxylate anions were present.

L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1-Utilizing Prodrugs of Ketoprofen Can Efficiently Reduce Brain Prostaglandin Levels.

In order to efficiently combat neuroinflammation, it is essential to deliver the anti-inflammatory drugs to their target sites in the brain. Pro-drugs utilizing the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) can be transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the cellular barriers of the brain’s parenchymal cells. In this study, we evaluated, for the first time, the efficacy of LAT1-utilizing prodrugs of ketoprofen (KPF) on cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes in vitro and prostaglandin E2 production in vivo by using an enzymatic assay and liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry method, respectively. Aliphatic amino acid-conjugated pro-drugs inhibited the peroxidase activity of COX in vitro in their intact form (85% inhibition, IC50 ≈ 1.1 µM and 79%, IC50 ≈ 2.3 µM), which was comparable to KPF (90%, IC50 ≈ 0.9). Thus, these compounds acted more as KPF derivatives rather than pro-drugs. In turn, aromatic amino acid-conjugated pro-drugs behaved differently. The ester pro-drug inhibited the COX peroxidase activity in vitro (90%, IC50 ≈ 0.6 µM) due to its bioconversion to KPF, whereas the amide pro-drug was inactive toward COX enzymes in vitro. However, the amide pro-drug released KPF in the mouse brain in sufficient and effective amounts measured as reduced PGE2 levels.

Ketoprofen affects swimming behavior and impairs physiological endpoints of Daphnia magna

Ketoprofen (KET) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug commonly used in human and veterinary medicine. This compound is detected in aquatic reservoirs however, little is known about its influence on cladocerans. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the influence of KET at concentrations of 0.005 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L and 50 mg/L on behavioral (swimming speed, hopping frequency) and physiological endpoints (heart rate, thoracic limb activity, mandible movements) of Daphnia magna after 24 h and 48 h exposure. The study showed that swimming speed frequency was decreased after 24 h and 48 h at all the concentrations used in the experiment. Hopping frequency was also inhibited, however the lowest amount of the drug induced transient increase of the parameter after 24 h and its subsequent decrease to the control level after 48 h. Although after 24 h of the exposure physiological parameters: heart rate, thoracic limb activity and mandible movements showed slightly lower sensitivity to KET than the behavioral endpoints: were found to be inhibited after 48 h. The results revealed that both behavioral and physiological endpoints of daphnids responded to KET also at the environmental level, therefore in natural conditions this drug should be considered as a hazardous toxicant to crustaceans.

Facile preparation of 3D GO with caffeic acid for efficient adsorption of norfloxacin and ketoprofen.

In this paper, a simple and green method was developed to fabricate a three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based material with the assistance of caffeic acid (CA). The prepared 3D graphene displayed fast and high sorption for norfloxacin (NOR) and ketoprofen (KP). Their adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 12 h for NOR and KP, which was attributed to their fast diffusion in the porous structure of the 3D graphene. The maximum adsorbed amount of this adsorbent was 220.99 mg/g for NOR and 125.37 mg/g for KP according to the Langmuir model at pH 6.6, 298 K. In the competitive adsorption of six pharmaceuticals, the organic compounds in the form of cations are preferentially adsorbed on the adsorbent. The co-existing organic compounds in the actual wastewater do not seriously inhibit the adsorption of NOR and KP. This study provides the theoretical basis for the facile and low-cost preparation of high-performance 3D graphene adsorbents. The results of this study demonstrate the potential utility of 3D graphene as a very effective adsorbent for pharmaceuticals removal from contaminated water.

Dipyridyl-based organo-silica nanosheets for three emerging micropollutants efficient removal: Adsorption performance and mechanisms

Dipyridyl-based organo-SiNSs (DHBP-SiNSs) was prepared by combining silica nanosheets (SiNSs) with dipyridyl-containing gemini surfactant (DHBP) and employed as adsorbent to effectively remove three emerging pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (Clofibric acid (CA), Ketoprofen (KP) and Naproxen Sodium (NPX)). Key characteristic analysis of DHBP-SiNSs, such as interlayer spacing, surfactant arrangement and the stacking unit of platelets was conducted. The influences of pH, contact time and concentration of the adsorbates were investigated in detail. The results suggested the effective retention of CA (216.59 mg/g), KP (326.36 mg/g) and NPX (260.57 mg/g) at a short time and DHBP-SiNSs can be regenerated at least for 3 cycles. Kinetics, isotherms and thermodynamic parameters were studied to reveal the adsorption mechanism. Based on the comparison of n-octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) and organic-matter-corrected sorption coefficient (Kom), fitting of statistical physics models and characterizations of spent samples, the structure-adsorption relationships were explained. The adsorption of NPX was governed by π-π interaction, however, partition and π-π stacking were the dominant mechanisms for KP. Multiple interactions (e.g. partition, OH-π interaction, π-π interaction and π-π stacking) were responsible for the efficient elimination of CA. Differentiations of the adsorption process verified that (i) the strength of π-π interaction: pyridine/naphthalene > pyridine/benzene > pyridine/orthogonally benzene, (ii) the strength of π-π stacking: orthogonally benzene > benzene > naphthalene, (iii) π-π interaction between pyridine/naphthalene > the synergy of OH-π interaction between hydroxyl/pyridine and π-π interaction between pyridine/benzene. This study not only enlarged the application of organo-SiNSs as effective adsorbents but also threw more lights on the structure-adsorptive capacity relationships.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a drinking water resource of Yangtze River Delta Ecology and Greenery Integration Development Demonstration Zone in China: Occurrence and human health risk assessment

The occurrence, partition, and human health risk of thirteen pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been investigated in surface water, overlying water, pore water and sediment samples from Dianshan Lake of Yangtze River Delta Ecology and Greenery Integration Development Demonstration Zone in China. PPCPs were ubiquitous in aqueous phase and sediments from Dianshan Lake. Sulfamethazine (SMZ) was dominated in surface water and overlying water, while ketoprofen (KPF) was rich in sediment. The total concentration of PPCPs ranged from 0.38–85.27 ng/L, 24.26–130.03 ng/L and 5.39–149.84 μg/kg in surface water, overlying water and sediment, respectively, which were in middle levels compared with these reported in other aquatic environment in China. Naproxen (NPX), sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and sulfamethazine (SMZ) in surface water showed a relatively higher level in lake side than those in lake center suggesting that a mixed containment source of human- and animal-derived from the areas around lake. The significant season variations of most PPCPs were mainly attributed to their usage, water temperature and dilution effect. The partition behaviors of PPCPs in sediment-overlying water and sediment-pore water system were mainly affected by their logKow values, and showed weak correlation with total organic carbon (TOC) content in sediment and molecular weights of PPCPs. Preliminary results indicated that PPCPs in Dianshan Lake have not posed a high risk to human health by exposure to drinking water for all age groups. Nevertheless, their potential to cause the mixture toxicity and resistance genes cannot be neglected. This work will contribute to the clear picture of PPCPs contamination in drinking water source in the Demonstration Zone, and provide reliable and simple-to-use information to regulators on the exposure and risk levels of PPCPs, as well as recommendations for future research.

An expedient and rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for the kinetic study of Ketoprofen

A convenient and rapid High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) based protocol was optimized for the routine analysis and kinetic study of Ketoprofen (KP) in plasma and urinary execration of patients. The optimized HPLC method was found to be linear over the wide range of KP concentration (1–90 µg/mL) with substantial recovery rates (95.5–97.63%) of calibration standards at an improved detection (0.02 μg/mL LoD) and quantitation limit (0.06 μg/mL LoQ) and acceptable inter and intraday variability (RSD ≤ 7.75%). The maximum amount (μg/mL) of KP was excreted through the urine of all participated patients during the first two hours (h) of oral administration. Likewise, a fast depletion in blood plasma concentration started early after oral administration. Overall, the present method provided a convenient, rapid, and reliable solution for the routine analysis and kinetic study of KP in biological samples.