Ketoprofen Patch Research Articles

Comparison of the Efficacy of Transdermal Buprenorphine Versus Ketoprofen Patches for Post-operative Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Comparison of the Efficacy of Transdermal Buprenorphine Versus Ketoprofen Patches for Post-operative Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Comparative evaluation of efficacy of diclofenac and ketoprofen administered using transdermal drug delivery route in management of post endodontic pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used as a postoperative medication after endodontic treatment. The introduction of transdermal patches aided in reducing the discomfort caused by medication prescribed through the oral route. This study aims to compare the efficacy of transdermal patches of diclofenac and ketoprofen for postendodontic pain control. Thirty patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in singlerooted teeth of either arch were endodontically treated by a single endodontist. Oral diclofenac for Group I and transdermal diclofenac patch for Group II and transdermal ketoprofen patch for Group III were administered as postendodontic analgesics. Visual Analog Scale chart was used to record pain intensity preoperatively and at intervals of 4, 8, and 24 h postoperatively. Paracetamol 500 mg tablets were provided as rescue medication. Repeated Measure ANOVA. There was a significant decrease in the postoperative pain intensity scores for both transdermal groups. The postoperative scores gradually decreased from day 1 to day 2. Six out of ten patients who had received diclofenac tablets complained of gastric discomfort. Both transdermal ketoprofen and diclofenac patches were effective than oral diclofenac tablet and can be used as an alternative and effective analgesic for postendodontic pain management, especially in patients with gastric discomfort.

Transdermal patches: Do they really works?—A comparative study of ketoprofen versus diclofenac analgesic patches in minor oral surgery

AbstractAim and objectivesA prospective split mouth study was done to compare the efficacy of transdermal ketoprofen versus diclofenac patch after therapeutic orthodontic tooth extraction based on four parameters – pain intensity (VAS), number of rescue analgesia intakes, local allergic reactions and patient tolerability for immediate and 3 consecutive postoperative days.Materials and methodsIn total, 33 (66 extraction sites) patients were divided into the ketoprofen patch group and the diclofenac patch group. A single ketoprofen patch (70 cm2 30 mg) was applied following extraction of premolars of the 1st and 4th quadrants and patients were recalled after 1 week for extractions of premolars of the 2nd and 3rd quadrants and diclofenac patch (50 cm2 100 mg) was applied on the deltoid region of the right arm, respectively. Patients were then evaluated under the above‐mentioned parameters.ResultsKetoprofen transdermal patch was found to be more effective in terms of controlling postoperative pain and the minimum number of rescue analgesia tablets taken as compared to diclofenac (statistically significant on 1st and 2nd day) though the former showed the incidence of a local allergic reaction (p‐value 0.002, 0.002 and 0.012), respectively, in few cases which were not seen in case of diclofenac.ConclusionOverall, both the transdermal patches are effective in terms of safety and providing analgesia, though more research are needed in proving the safeness and efficiency of these transdermal patches with large sample size.

Comparative Evaluation of Efficacy of Ketoprofen and Diclofenac Transdermal Patches with Oral Diclofenac Tablet on Postoperative Endodontic Pain- A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Evaluate the efficacy of transdermal patches containing ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium compared to oral diclofenac tablets in reducing post-endodontic pain after single-visit root canal therapy for teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. A total of 78 eligible participants with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and preoperative VAS scores of 4 or above were enrolled after obtaining ethical approval (SVIEC/ON/DENT/SRP/22064) and CTRI registration (CTRI/2022/07/044231). Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, lactation, fractured/cracked teeth, developmental anomalies, tooth pathology, or ongoing analgesic/NSAID use. After root canal treatment, participants were randomized into three groups using computer randomization. Groups A and B received transdermal patches with Ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium, respectively, applied to the right forearm for 24 hours, with an additional patch on the left forearm for the next day. Group C received four diclofenac sodium oral tablets, twice daily for two days. VAS scales were used to assess pain at 4, 8, 24, and 48 hours post-treatment. The VAS scores collected were tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21 with (P < 0.05). Shapiro Wilk test and the Related Samples Friedman's Two-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks were used for statistical evaluation. Statistically significant reductions in mean postoperative pain scores were observed across all groups at all time points compared to preoperative scores. Notably, the Ketoprofen patch group exhibited superior performance compared to the diclofenac transdermal patch and oral diclofenac tablet groups at 48 hours, with statistical significance (p=0.047). The present evidence substantiates the efficacy of transdermal patches containing diclofenac and ketoprofen in managing postoperative pain arising from symptomatic irreversible pulpitis in single-rooted teeth. By avoiding the use of oral NSAIDs, these patches provide effective pain relief while minimizing the risk of adverse effects, presenting a favorable option for patients.

Efficacy of Transdermal Ketoprofen Patch in Comparison to Transdermal Diclofenac Patch in Postoperative Analgesia for Orthodontic Extractions: A Randomized Split-Mouth Study.

Introduction Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most prescribed analgesics for controlling post-exodontia pain, administered by various routes. The transdermal route possesses the advantages of providing sustained release of the drug, being non-invasive, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and eliminating gastrointestinal adverse effects. This study compared the analgesic efficacy of diclofenac 200 mg and ketoprofen 30 mg transdermal patches for post-orthodontic exodontia pain. Materials and methods Thirty patients who underwent orthodontic bilateral maxillary and/or mandibular premolar extractions under local anaesthesia were included in the study. Each patient received single transdermal diclofenac 200 mg patch and single transdermal ketoprofen 30 mg patch on the outer, ipsilateral upper arm immediately post-extraction in the two appointments in random order. The pain score was recorded every second hourly for the first 24 hours postoperatively using a visual analog scale (VAS). The requirement of rescue analgesics at various time points and the total number of rescue analgesics taken in the first 24 hours postoperatively were noted. Any allergic reaction to the transdermal patches was also recorded. Results The analgesic efficacy of the two transdermal patches at any given time point in 24 hours by Mann-Whitney U test showed no statistically significant (p<0.05) difference. An overall intragroup statistically significant difference (p<0.05), by Wilcoxon matched pairs test, was found by comparison of VAS pain scores at different time points to that at 0-2 hours after application of transdermal ketoprofen and diclofenac patches, respectively. The mean maximum pain intensity was slightly lower for ketoprofen (2.33) than diclofenac (2.60) transdermal patch. Patients consumed the rescue analgesic within the first 12 hours postoperatively, with the mean value of the total number of rescue analgesics taken with ketoprofen transdermal patch (0.23) slightly lower than diclofenac transdermal patch (0.27) application. Conclusion Ketoprofen and diclofenac transdermal patches provide similar analgesia post orthodontic extraction. The patients required rescue analgesics only during the initial hours of the postoperative follow-up period.

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac and ketoprofen patches in two different rat models of acute inflammation

ObjectivesTopical forms of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used to treat pain, fever and inflammation ensure reduced occurrence of systemic adverse effects that are common with oral application. Compared to the systemic therapy, topical applications of NSAIDs require lower doses to achieve pain relief, and thus pose lower risk of major drug interactions. We aimed to evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac and ketoprofen patch in the rat model of acute inflammation. MethodsWistar male rats, body weight 220–290 g were randomized into five groups with six rats. Two groups were treated with diclofenac patch at different doses, two with ketoprofen patch at different doses, while a placebo patch was administered to the control group. After patches removal and initial measurements of pain, gait, body temperature, paw temperature, color and paw volume, the models of acute inflammation were applied: yeast-induced hyperalgesia and carrageenan-induced edema. Measurements were repeated one, three and five hours after inflammation induction. ResultsAcute inflammations induced by both used models did not affect the whole-body temperature. However, there were significant (p < 0.05) differences in pain, gait, paw temperature, color and volume between low and high dose diclofenac and ketoprofen groups compared to the control group in different time points, in both models. ConclusionsOur results confirm the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of diclofenac and ketoprofen patches when used in two well-established rat models of inflammation. These findings suggests that diclofenac patch would be a useful formulation in clinical practice as a novel treatment option. However, new prospective double blind randomized clinical trials are necessary to evaluate analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of topically applied NSAIDs when used in specific pain and inflammation indications.

English

BACKGROUND Safe &amp; efficacious post-operative pain control is a significant aspect of patient treatment in the part of an anaesthesiologist. The present study was carried out to determine the efficacy and safety of fentanyl transdermal patch and ketoprofen patch for post-operative analgesia in major abdominal surgeries under general anaesthesia in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Assam, India. METHODS After ethical approval, 60 patients of either sex, aged between 18 - 60 years, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II posted for major abdominal surgeries under general anaesthesia were included in this prospective, single blinded, randomized, comparative study. The patients were randomly allocated to receive either ketoprofen transdermal patch (Group K n1 = 30) or fentanyl transdermal patch (Group F n2 = 30) 4 hours prior to the surgery. Pain was assessed post-operatively after an interval of every 4 hours for 24 hours using visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal rating scale (VRS). Sedation was assessed at same intervals post-operatively using Ramsay sedation scale. RESULTS During the first 4 and 8 hours following surgery, the difference in mean VAS, VRS observed between the two groups were found to be statistically non-significant (p &gt; 0.05). Whereas, during 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, and 24 hours following surgery, the difference in mean VAS, VRS observed between the two groups was found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). No patient in fentanyl group had score of more than 3 in Ramsay sedation scale during the study. Rescue analgesia was required in 3 patients (10 %) of the ketoprofen group whereas no patient in fentanyl group needed rescue analgesia. CONCLUSIONS Fentanyl transdermal patch (25 mcg/hr) applied 4 hours prior to surgery, had an edge over ketoprofen transdermal patch (100 mg) in attenuating post-operative pain and showed comparatively longer duration of action, without showing any serious side effect. KEY WORDS Transdermal Ketoprofen, Fentanyl, Analgesia

Efficacy of Transdermal Diclofenac Patch and Ketoprofen Patch as Postoperative Analgesia after Extraction of First Premolars Bilaterally in Both Arches for Orthodontic Purpose: A Comparative Study.

Aim:The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of transdermal diclofenac patch with ketoprofen patch as postoperative analgesia after extraction of first premolars bilaterally in both arches for orthodontic purpose.Materials and Methods:A split-mouth technique was used in 52 patients with the age group of 15–25 years for extracting maxillary and mandibular first premolars bilaterally for orthodontic reason. A single ketoprofen patch was used after the extraction of premolars from first and fourth quadrant, whereas for the extraction of second and third quadrant premolars, diclofenac patch was used. All the extractions were performed under local anesthesia. The data were compiled and statistically analyzed using the student's t-test.Results:Mean visual analog scale score for diclofenac and ketoprofen patch was 2.05 (0.75) and 1.09 (0.3), respectively. Thirteen patients required additional medication (25%) and 1 (1.9%) patient with diclofenac and ketoprofen patch, respectively. No major complication or adverse effects were observed in any of the groups.Conclusion:Both diclofenac and ketoprofen transdermal patches are helpful in relieving pain after orthodontic extraction. Patients with diclofenac patch required more additional analgesia within 24 h compared to that with ketoprofen patch. None of the drugs showed any significant adverse effects and were well tolerated by the patients.

Effects of topically applied diclofenac and ketoprofen on prostaglandin E2 and Stat3 sera levels and body temperature in two different acute inflammation models in rats.

IntroductionCytokines exert biological function through signal transducer and activator of transcription factors. Prostaglandins have function as promotors, where play a key role in generation of the inflammatory response and as ones that solve inflammatory process.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, inhibit prostaglandin synthesis but the existence of additional mechanisms is present. Thus, we aimed to explore effects of topically applied NSAIDs on the levels of PGE2 and Stat3 in the setting of two in vivo induced acute inflammation models.MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomized into five equal groups: 4 treated and a control group. Diclofenac or ketoprofen patches were applied in two different doses, i.e. equivalent to human therapeutic dose, and three times higher dose. Three hours later either model of inflammation (with 20% yeast, or with 1% carrageenan) was induced.Blood samples were taken 3 hours after and concentration levels of PGE 2 and Stat3 were determined using ELISA. Body temperature was measured at 0. 1st, 3rd and 5th hour after inflammation induction and presented in Celsius degrees. Shapiro-Wilk, Leven’s, Welch’s One-Way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and adjustment by Bonferroni correction were applied.ResultsIn both inflammation models, no differences in the mean values of PGE 2 between control, low and high dose groups treated by either diclofenac or ketoprofen were found. In yeast inflammation, the mean value of Stat3 was significantly higher in both dose ketoprofen groups compared to control group. After ketoprofen application, no significant differences in body temperature between groups at hour 0 and 5 in either model of inflammation induced, while at 1st hour after carrageenan inflammation, significant differences were found with significantly higher values in low dose ketoprofen group compared to control group. In yeast application, significant differences in body temperature were found at hour 3 after inducing inflammation and post hoc pairwise comparison test revealed significant higher values in low dose ketoprofen group compared to control.ConclusionElevated Stat3 values post ketoprofen application in yeast model of induced inflammation were detected. Further investigation of cytokine microenvironment as well as the mechanisms of ketoprofen influence on inflammation are needed.

Comparison of efficacy and safety of keto profen patch versus diclofenac patch as preemptive analgesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgeries

Background: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of ketoprofen versus diclofenac patch for pre-emptive analgesia in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgeries. Method: This was a prospective, randomized, comparative clinical study conducted at MGM and MY groups of hospital, Indore, MP. 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing inguinal hernia surgeries were divided into N=30 each. Sample size calculation was based on the difference of mean of two independent samples. Trans- dermal patches of ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium were applied to the participants in both the study groups one hour prior to the induction of anesthesia. Postoperative pain was assessed using VAS and VRS at 2,4,8,12,16 and 24 hours. Result: Mean VAS in ketoprofen group was (2.88 ± 0.67) which was significantly low (P value less than 0.05) as compared to the diclofenac group (3.42 ± 0.17). Likewise, VRS mean in ketoprofen group (1.60 ± 0.34) was low as compared to diclofenac group (1.81 ± 0.23) suggesting better efficacy of ketoprofen patch over diclofenac patch. Data were analysed using unpaired students T test. Conclusion: In our study we found ketoprofen patch as better analgesic then diclofenac patch for post-operative hernia surgeries pain. Also the transdermal route is very comfortable for the patient compared to oral, intramuscular, intravenous route for pain alleviation.

Evaluation of efficacy of transdermal diclofenac sodium patch versus transdermal ketoprofen patch for relief of acute post-operative pain in laproscopic abdominal surgery

Evaluation of efficacy of transdermal diclofenac sodium patch versus transdermal ketoprofen patch for relief of acute post-operative pain in laproscopic abdominal surgery

Comparison of efficacy and safety of ketoprofen patch versus diclofenac patch as post-operative analgesic in hysterectomy patients

Background: The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of ketoprofen patch versus diclofenac patch as post-operative analgesic in hysterectomy patients.Methods: The study was a prospective, single blind, randomized, comparative interventional clinical study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Sixty female patients were randomly allocated to receive either ketoprofen or diclofenac patch 1 hour prior to the hysterectomy. Pain was assessed postoperatively after an interval of every four hours for 24 hours using visual analogue scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale (VRS).Results: In ketoprofen group, mean VAS was (2.92±0.11) significantly low as compared to diclofenac group (3.25±0.14). The mean VRS score in group ketoprofen (1.62±0.22) was low as compared to group diclofenac (1.83±0.16). Safety analysis revealed no apparent serious adverse events. Inj. Paracetamol 1 gm i.v was given as rescue analgesic to the patients in whom VRS &gt;2 and VAS &gt;5 was noted. Data were analysed using unpaired student’s t-test.Conclusions: Transdermal patches are very convenient to use and causes less discomfort as compared to traditional routes of drug delivery. Ketoprofen patch was found better in providing analgesia after hysterectomy as compared to diclofenac patch with lesser side effects.

Comparison Between Efficacy of Transdermal Ketoprofen and Diclofenac Patch in Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Extraction—A Randomized Prospective Split Mouth Study

Postoperative pain control is a significant aspect of patient treatment after an oral and maxillofacial surgical procedure. The use of a transdermal patch is one such method to provide postoperative analgesia. The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of a single-dose transdermal patch of ketoprofen compared with that of diclofenac postoperatively after therapeutic extraction of first premolar teeth for patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. A split mouth randomized clinical trial was conducted of 40 patients aged 15 to 25years who had required therapeutic extraction of both maxillary and mandibular first premolar teeth bilaterally. A single ketoprofen patch was applied for the first and fourth quadrant extraction, and diclofenac patch was applied for the second and third quadrant extraction after atraumatic therapeutic exodontia at 2 consecutive appointments with the patient under local anesthesia. The data were obtained and analyzed using the Student t test and Shapiro-Wilk test using SPSS software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). All 40 patients who had received a single-dose ketoprofen patch had experienced less postoperative pain and did not require a rescue analgesic with a mean visual analog scale (VAS) score of 1.13±0.335 (P<.00001). The patients who had received a diclofenac patch reported comparatively elevated pain scores in the initial 24hours, with a mean VAS score of 2.0±0.5064 postoperatively, and 20% of the diclofenac treatment arm had required a rescue analgesic. No complications were observed among the patients postoperatively in either treatment arm. Both the ketoprofen and diclofenac transdermal patches were effective in achieving postoperative analgesia in patients after therapeutic extraction, with ketoprofen superior to diclofenac as a transdermal medicament.

Design of transdermal patch of ketoprofen by full factorial design for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Oral therapy of NSAIDs for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis causes gastric irritation and ulceration. In the present study transdermal patch of ketoprofen was developed using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose E5 and Eudragit S100. Patches were prepared by solvent evaporation method. Optimization was carried out by 32 factorial design with polymer concentration (HPMC E5) and plasticizer concentration (propylene glycol) as independent variables. Patches were evaluated for folding endurance, surface pH, drug content, percent moisture content, water uptake and swelling studies. Ex vivo permeation studies of optimized patch was performed using Franz diffusion cell while bioadhesion force and tensile strength were measured by using texture analyzer. Hydrophilic nature, swelling ability and wettability of polymer and plasticizer were responsible for increase in flux and bioadhesion with increase in their concentrations in the factorial batches. Swelling index of all formulations was in the range of 17.3 ±1.2 to 65.29 ±4.78 up to 3h. Flux obtained from all batches was in the range of 3.37±0.23 to 5.43±0.13µg/h/cm2. Anti-inflammatory studies using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema showed greater paw swelling reduction in case of ketoprofen patch. Cumulative percent drug permeation of optimized patch through nylon 66, Wistar rat skin and cadaver skin was found to be 92.3% &gt;86.28 %&gt;63.42% in 8h, while flux order was 6.073&gt; 5.442 &gt; 2.219 µg/h/cm2 respectively. The study concludes that transdermal patch of ketoprofen will be more efficacious with absence of gastric irritation observed in oral formulations.&#x0D; Keywords: Ketoprofen, Bioadhesion, HPMC E5, Flux, Backing membrane

Molecular State of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients in Ketoprofen Dermal Patches Characterized by Pharmaceutical Evaluation.

The molecular states of ketoprofen and the interaction between ketoprofen and other pharmaceutical excipients in the matrix layer were examined to determine their effect on the pharmaceutical properties of original and generic ketoprofen dermal patches (generic patches A and B). Molecular states of ketoprofen were evaluated using polarized light microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. For the original ketoprofen patch, crystalline components were not observed in the matrix layer. However, crystalline ketoprofen was observed in the two generic ketoprofen patches. Moreover, the ketoprofen exhibited hydrogen bonding with the pharmaceutical excipients or patch materials in the generic products. Skin permeation of ketoprofen from the patches was evaluated using hairless mouse skin. Twelve hours after application, the original patch demonstrated the highest level of cumulative skin permeation of ketoprofen. This was followed by generic patch B while generic patch A showed the lowest level of permeation. Fluxes were calculated from the skin permeation profiles. The original patch was approx. 2.4-times faster compared with generic patch A and approximately 1.9-times faster compared with generic patch B. This investigation suggested that pharmaceutical properties such as skin permeability for these types of products are affected by the precipitation of crystalline ketoprofen in the matrix layer and the interaction of ketoprofen with the pharmaceutical excipients or patch materials.

In vitro Permeation Study of Ketoprofen Patch with Combination of Ethylcellulose and Polyvynil Pyrrolidone as Matrix Polymers

Objective: Transdermal patch can release drug to provide systemic pharmacological effect. Matrix used in the patch formula influences the release of the drug. The aim of the study was to evaluate permeation of Ketoprofen patch containing combination of Ethyl Cellulose (EC) and Polyvynil Pyrrolidone (PVP) as matrix. EC is a hydrophobic polymer while PVP is a hydrophilic one. Transdermal formulation containing two polymers with different polarity will provide better permeation results than use only one type of polymer. Ketoprofen 1% was used as a model of active substance in the study. Methods: Ratio of EC and PVP concentration (1:1, 1:3 and 3:1) in patch formula was determined using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method. In vitro permeation study was done for 12 h using Franz diffusion cell and shed snake of Phyton reticulatus as a membrane. Amount of the drug released was analyzed using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis (λ = 262 nm). The drug release mechanism was known by determination the drug release kinetics order. Results: The study result showed that the higher PVP concentration was used in the formula, the higher percentage of Ketoprofen permeation was obtained. Patch formula containing EC:PVP in ratio 1:3 had the highest percentage of permeation (93.66%). The drug release kinetics of Ketoprofen from the patch followed zero order kinetics. Conclusion: Combination of EC and PVP in ratio 1:3 resulted the highest percentage of ketoprofen permeation for 12 h (93.66%). The drug release mechanism followed zero order kinetics. Key words: Ethylcellulose, Ketoprofen, Patch, Permeation, Polyvynil pyrrolidone, Simplex Lattice Design.

Pengaruh Propilen Glikol dalam Patch Dispersi Padat Ketoprofen terhadap Karakteristik Fisika Kimia dan Laju Penetrasinya

&#x0D; Ketoprofen is a non steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used as analgesic and anti-inflammation. This research had been done by ketoprofen patch preparation and evaluations aiming to enhance its penetration through the skin using propylene glycol as penetration enhancer. Evaluations included homogenity testing and FTIR for ketoprofen solid dispersion and organoleptic, weight uniformity, thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, moisture content, and penetration rate assay of ketoprofen patch. Penetration rate was determined by paddle type dissolution and the sample was analyzed by spectrophotometry UV-Vis. The value of moisture content and penetration rate were analyzed by One Way ANOVA with confidence level of 95 %. The value of moisture contents were F0 1.17 ± 0.0551 %; F1 1.27 ± 0.0208 %; F2 1.33 ± 0.08 %; and F3 1.43 ± 0.0208 %. The penetration rates of ketoprofen were F0 0.5258 ± 0.0191 µg/cm2.minute; F1 0.6935 ± 0.0613 µg/cm2.minute; F1 0.6935 ± 0.0613 µg/cm2.minute; and F3 1.1260 ± 0.0850 µg/cm2.minute. It can be concluded that the formula with propylene glycol 150 mg/patch can deliver the best penetration rate and moisture content that were fullfill the requirements.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: ketoprofen, patch, propilen glikol, penetratio enhancer, solid dispersion&#x0D;

Analgesic effect of S (+)-flurbiprofen plaster in a rat model of knee arthritis: analysis of gait and synovial fluid prostaglandin E2 levels.

ObjectivesWe developed S (+)‐flurbiprofen plaster (SFPP), a novel NSAID patch containing S (+)‐flurbiprofen (SFP), a potent cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. The purpose of this study was to assess efficacy of SFPP by analysing its effect on the gait disturbance and measuring the prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) production in synovial fluid in a rat model of knee arthritis.MethodsKnee inflammation was induced in rats by intra‐articular injection of a yeast suspension. Subsequently, an NSAID patch containing SFP, ketoprofen or loxoprofen was applied over the affected knee. Gait was assessed at 2, 4 and 6 h after application of the patch. The PGE 2 concentration in the synovial fluid was measured after the gait assessment.Key findingsApplication of SFPP (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/sheet) was followed by a decrease in the visual gait score at all the doses examined. In the case of the other two NSAID patches, only the ketoprofen patch (1 or 2 mg/sheet) and loxoprofen patch (5 mg/sheet) produced a decrease in the visual gait score. All of the NSAID patches decreased the PGE 2 production in the synovial fluid.ConclusionsThese results suggest the potential usefulness of SFPP as an analgesic patch in patients with inflammatory joint pain.

THE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF GARDI PATCH IN CARRAGEENAN-INDUCED PAW EDEMA OF RATS

Gardi -5 has been used in traditional Mongolian medicine as an analgesic and antibacterial medicine. The drug has been studied in chemical-pharmacological research. We have a new natural patch from the prepared Gardi-5. The present work was undertaken to evaluate the traditional drug Gardi patch for its anti-inflammatory activity.The method of Miho Sekiquichi was used to study acute inflammation. Rats in groups of five each were treated with vehicle, Gardi patch and Ketoprofen patch one hour prior to Carrageenan injection. 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan was injected into the sub plantar tissue of left hind paw of each rat. Swelling of carrageenan injected foot was measured at 0, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 mins using Plethysmometer (UGO Basile, Italy). The right hind paw was injected with 0.1 ml of vehicle.The Gardi patch significantly (p=0.000) inhibited carrageenan induced rat paw edema as compared to control group. In assay data, the TNF-α, PGE2 secretion in serum were highly elevated by carrageenan induction but administration of Gardi patch significantly reduced serum secretion of inflammatory mediators as compared to vehicle group. Gardi patch has an anti-inflammatory properties.

Double blind randomized control trial to evaluate the efficacy of ketoprofen patch to attenuate pain during venous cannulation.

BackgroundVenipuncture pain is an uncomfortable suffering to the patient. It creates anxiety, fear and dissatisfaction. The ketoprofen transdermal patch is a proven treatment for musculoskeletal and arthritic pain. We planned this study to evaluate the efficacy of the ketoprofen patch to reduce venipuncture pain.MethodsTwo hundred adult patients, aged 18–60 years, of either sex, ASA grade I or II, were enrolled. Presuming that therapy would decrease venipuncture pain by 30%, a power calculation with α = 0.05 and β = 0.80 required enrollment of at least 24 patients into each group. However, 100 patients in each group were recruited. Group I (Control) received a placebo patch; Group II (Ketoprofen) received a 20 mg ketoprofen patch. A selected vein on the dorsum of the patient's non-dominant hand was cannulated with 18 g intravenous cannula 1 h after the application of the respective patch. Assessment of pain was done by a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0–10, where 0 depicts “no pain” and 10 is “the worst imaginable pain”. The venipuncture site was assessed for the presence of skin erythema, swelling and rashes at 12 h, 24 h and at the time of decannulation.ResultsIncidence of pain was 100% (94/94) in the control group as compared to 93% (85/91) in the ketoprofen group. The severity of the venipuncture pain was 6 (2) and 2 (2) for control and ketoprofen groups respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsApplication of a ketoprofen patch at the proposed site of venipuncture one hour before the attempt is effective and safe for attenuating venipuncture pain.