Meat Meal Research Articles

Energetic values of animal by-products for broiler chickens of different ages

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) and its respective metabolizable coefficients of animal byproducts for broiler chickens with different ages. Meat and bone meal, poultry by-product meal, tilapia processing residue and poultry fat were evaluated. A total of 760 male broiler chickens were used and evaluated and the phases: pre-starter (1 to 8 d of age); starter (11 to18 d); grower 1 (21 to 28 d); grower 2 (31 to 38 d), and finisher (41 to 48 d). Total excreta collection method was performed in five metabolism assays. The experimental design was completely randomized, and data were submitted to analysis of variance, posteriorly, the four feeds were compared by Tukey test and a regression analysis was performed with broiler chickens age. The significance was considered at 5% probability. The values of AME and AMEn were higher in older birds for all ingredients. The lesser CAME and CAMEn were obtained for meat and bone meal, for the regression analysis poultry by-product meal, tilapia processing residue and poultry fat had an increased linear effect with birds age and there was no adjust for meat and bone meal for regression analysis.

Development of technology of highly accessible compound feeds with vacuum spraying of liquid components

The technology of production of compound feeds for agricultural (pigs) and unproductive (dogs, cats) animals, as well as for fur-bearing animals (minks, arctic foxes, sables) and valuable fish (sturgeon, trout, etc.), in which the replacement of expensive components of animal origin (fish meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, offal), for extruded vegetable high-protein components (soy, sunflower or rapeseed meal, lupine, peas, soy) is carried out. The use of vacuum spraying of thermolabile liquid components (amino acids, protein-vitamin-mineral additives, vitamins, fats) on the surface of extruded pellets will allow you to obtain highly digestible feed. The kinetic regularities of the studied processes of humidification and steaming, extrusion, drying/cooling and draining are determined, and their rational modes are revealed. The technological scheme of the line for the production of highly digestible compound feeds has been developed, which includes the following equipment: hopper; extruder; dryer-cooler; liquid component injection plant, draining machine; conveyor and finished product hopper. According to the technical characteristics (overall dimensions, weight, occupied area, drive power, uniformity of application of fat on the surface of granules), the manufactured coating machine and the liquid component injection unit exceed the best world analogues. The technology of vacuum mixing with the introduction of liquid components will ensure their uniform distribution over the entire volume, reduce the duration of mixing, which will increase the productivity of the vacuum mixer and reduce energy consumption. The developed technology and promising types of technological equipment (mixer, extruder, vacuum sprayer, dryer-cooler) will make it possible to obtain highly digestible feed of a new generation with a protein content of 60 %, fat content of 40 %, with the introduction of growth stimulants, biologically active additives. An increase in the protein and fat complex will increase the digestibility of compound feeds by 10-12 %, increase weight gain by 10-12 % and reduce feed conversion by 15 %.

Identification of animal derivatives contained in commercial chicken feeds using multiplex-PCR

Availability of commercial feeds for chicken force farmers to use them due to the practicality than hand formulated feed. Cannibalism and spread of infectious disease may be occurred by feed without knowing its contents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine species contained in commercial feeds for chicken using multiplex-PCR mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b gene. This study used five commercial feeds for chicken produced by five different companies as samples. They were namely PK1, PK2, PK3, PK4, and PK5. Hand-made meat meals from goat, chicken, bovine, and pig were used as positive controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from those samples, and they were used as DNA template for PCR. The PCR products were then visualized using 2% agarose gels under the UV light. The results showed that some samples were positively containing animal derivatives. The PK1 sample contained chicken, bovine, and pig which are respectively indicated by 227, 274, and 398 bp of DNA bands. Moreover, PK4 and PK5 samples contained bovine species. On the other hand, PK2 and PK3 samples did not contain animal derivatives, especially four species used as markers in this study. It can be concluded that animal derivatives have been detected in three commercial feeds for chicken using the multiplex-PCR technique. This study recommended avoiding a commercial feed for chicken since it contained chicken derivatives to prevent cannibalism.

Fermented palm kernel meal by different fungi in broiler diets

The low quality of palm kernel meal (PKM) is due to the presence of high fibrous fraction. Fermentation of a low-quality feedstuff by using fungi could improve its quality. An experiment was done to determine the effect of fungi fermented palm kernel meal on the performance of broilers. Palm kernel meal was fermented by different fungi (Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and Pleorotus ostreatus). The study used 200-day-old chicks and the chicks were randomly placed in brooder cages. The broilers were fed with starter and grower diets from days 1 to 21 and days 21 to 42 respectively. Feed and water were provided ad-libitum. The treatments diets were R1: basal diet (0% PKM), R2: (10% PKM), R3: 10% Aspergillus niger fermented PKM, R4: 10% Pleorotus ostreatus fermented PKM, R5: 10% Trichoderma viride fermented PKM, R6: 20% PKM, R7: 20% Aspergillus niger fermented PKM, R8: 20% Pleorotus ostreatus fermented PKM, R9: 20% Trichoderma viride fermented PKM. A completely randomized design was used in this study. Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance. The inclusion of 20% PKM in the diet decreased body weight gain and feed intake. Supplementation of the diets with 20% fungi fermented PKM could maintain body weight gain to the same level of those birds fed the basal diets. The percentage of gizzard weight was higher in birds fed the basal diet than the other treatment birds. In conclusion, fermentation of PKM with Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride and Pleorotus ostreatus could improve its quality. The performance of broilers fed the 20% PKM could be maintained provided.

The effect of palm kernel meal (PKM) fermentation by different level and time using Aspergillus Niger to nutrition composition and digestibility on the sensi Agrinak-1 Chicken

The study consisted of two stages; the first stage was to evaluate the chemical nutritional content of palm kernel meal fermented Aspergillus niger then followed by a biological test of the palm kernel meal treatment. The research was conducted using a factorial completely randomized design. The first factor was the dose of Aspergillus niger inoculum: D1 = 4 g/kg DM PKM, D2 = 8 g/kg and D3 = 12 g/kg. The second factor is fermentation time: T1 = fermentation for 3 days, T2 = 6 days and T3 = 9 days. The fermented PKM results were analysed for chemical composition followed by a biological test. The biological test was carried out by placing 30 Sensi Agrinak-1 chickens in individual cages. Chickens were fed palm kernel meal in the first treatment by force feeding as much as 40 g/head. Observation data were tabulated and statistically analysed. The results showed that fermentation of oil palm kernel meal using a dose of Aspergillus niger and different fermentation times could increase the nutrients (chemicals) of palm kernel meal, especially the content of organic matter, besides that it can also increase the digestibility value of dry matter and organic matter in native chickens.

Effect on growth Performance of Clarias gariepinus Juveniles Fed Fermented Mango Seed Kernel Diet at Different Inclusion Level

The main objective of this research was in the utilization of agro-wastes from fruit processing and consumption. This waste has resulted to environmental nuisance and the need for incorporation into aquaculture feed as energy source is inevitable. The utilization of waste from fruit processing can be used to reduce the cost of feed production. This research utilized fermented Mango Seed Kernel Meal (MSKM) as a replacement for maize in the diets of Clarias gariepinus juveniles. A 40% isonitrogenous diet was formulated ât inclusion levels of T1 (0%), T2 (25%), T3 (50%), T4 (75%), and T5 (100%) MSKM and fed at 3% body weight. One hundred and fifty (150) Clarias geriepinus juveniles average, the weight of 10.00g±0.14 were randomly allocated to Treatments in plastic tanks (49x33.5x33.5cm) at 10 fish per treatment/tank in triplicate. Mean Weight Gain (MWG) was highest in T1 (756.37±13.61g) and significantly differs (P<0.05) from other treatments. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was highest in T4 (1.46±0.18g) and lowest in T1 (0.99±0.01g). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was significantly different in T4 when compared to other treatments. Feed intake and feed cost decreased with the inclusion level of MSKM while net profit was not significantly different (P>0.05) in T1 and T3. Profit index and net profit were significantly compared in T2, T3, and T5. The diet showed no implication on fish survival. In conclusion, the growth performance of Catfish could be improved by substituting MSKM at 50% level without implication on cultured fish.

Effect of dietary supplementation of acidifiers and essential oils on growth performance and intestinal health of broiler

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of combinations of organic, inorganic acidifier and essential oil blends on growth performance and intestinal health of broilers. A total of 1,200 Vencobb 400 male and female chicks were randomly distributed to 6 treatment groups with 10 replicates of 20 birds each. Treatments groups were Control (C) without acidifier, combination of inorganic acid/organic acids (T1), combinations of organic acids (T2), combination of organic acids and essential oil (T3), combination of organic acids and medium chain fatty acids (T4) and double salted organic acid (T5). Corn-soybean diet supplemented with 5% meat and bone meal was fed to provoke challenges on intestinal health conditions. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and livability were measured until 42 d on weekly basis. On d 42, intestinal lesion scoring and ileal microbial populations of birds (Total coliforms, Clostridium perfringens, lactic acid bacteria) were assessed. On d 42, combination of organic acids (T2) and organic acids with essential oil (T3) had shown significantly improved body weight and average daily gain over control (C) (P < 0.05). Combination of organic acids (T2) also showed significantly improved feed conversion by 5 points over control (P < 0.05). In terms of microbiological parameters, all the treatments except T5 had shown significantly lower (P < 0.05) bacterial enteritis lesions and Clostridial populations, over control. Based on the outcome of trial results, combination of organic acids (T2) and combination with essential oil (T3) had shown enhanced performance with better economic return under challenged dietary conditions with animal protein source. The findings of this study shed light on the supplementation of organic acids acidifiers as an able substitute to improve the performance of broilers without the use of feed antibiotics.

PRAKIRAAN HARGA MEAT BONE MEAL (MBM) MENGGUNAKAN JARINGAN SYARAF TIRUAN BACKPROPAGATION

XYZ is a poultry feed producer in Banyuwangi Regency, East Java. The problem in developing poultry feed at PT XYZ was the fluctuating price of poultry feed. Meat bone meal (MBM) or what is called meat flour is one of the raw materials for poultry feed that affects the final price of poultry feed products. The price of MBM was greatly influenced by the exchange rate of the rupiah against the dollar. Forecasting is one way that needs to be done in dealing with MBM price fluctuations. The aim of this study was to estimate the price of MBM using backpropagation neural networks (BNN). The data used in this study was the price of MBM in the period January 2016-October 2018. Based on the results of the study, the best BNN architecture for the estimated MBM price was12-10-1 (12 input nodes, 10 hidden nodes, and 1 output node). This architecture has reached the training target of 0.002 with a MAPE test value of 13.93%. Based on forecasts with the BNN the highest MBM price in May 2019 and the lowest MBM price in January 2019.

Assessment of butylparaben (4-hydroxybenzoic acid butyl ester)-assisted heat treatment against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in meat and bone meal.

Heat-resistant foodborne pathogens have been a concern in low-moisture foods and ingredients (LMFs). Due to low thermal conductivity of low moisture materials, thermal treatment is not efficient and may cause nutritional loss. This study investigated the enhancement of thermal treatment of meat and bone meal (MBM) at low water activity (aw ) by inclusion of butylparaben (BP) as a model antimicrobial compound. Stationary phase Escherichia coli O157:H7 (Shiga toxin-negative) or Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium was inoculated into MBM containing 0-2000ppm BP and incubated at 55 or 60°C for up to 5 hr. A biphasic inactivation pattern was observed for both pathogens, indicating existence of potentially thermal resistant subpopulations. Addition of 1000ppm BP to MBM (aw =0.4) significantly lowered the D-value at 55°C for E. coli O157:H7 (2.6± 0.5 hr) compared to thermal treatment alone (5.1± 0.6 h) during the treatment after the first 1 hr (p<0.05), indicating that addition of BP accelerated the inactivation of thermal-resistant subpopulation of E. coli O157:H7 in MBM. Interestingly, similar enhancement in thermal inactivation upon addition of BP was not observed in either the sensitive or resistant subpopulation of S. Typhimurium at aw of 0.4 or 0.7, which is likely caused by the higher thermal resistance developed by S. Typhimurium within a low aw environment (aw <0.85). These results suggest that addition of certain antimicrobial compounds can improve the thermal processing efficiency in LMFs, while their efficiency against different pathogens may vary. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Addition of appropriate food-grade compounds may help to improve thermal treatment efficiency in low moisture foods with varied efficiency against different pathogens. This approach has the potential to reduce the required heat treatment intensity while minimizing food safety risk.

Biomarkers and Fatty Fish Intake: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Norwegian Preschool Children.

ABSTRACTBackgroundBiomarkers such as omega-3 (n–3) PUFAs, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), 1-methylhistidine (1-MH), and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been associated with fish intake in observational studies, but data from children in randomized controlled trials are limited.ObjectivesThe objective of this exploratory analysis was to investigate the effects of fatty fish intake compared with meat intake on various biomarkers in preschool children.MethodsWe randomly allocated (1:1) 232 children, aged 4 to 6 y, from 13 kindergartens. The children received lunch meals of either fatty fish (herring/mackerel) or meat (chicken/lamb/beef) 3 times a week for 16 wk. We analyzed 86 biomarkers in plasma (n = 207), serum (n = 195), RBCs (n = 211), urine (n = 200), and hair samples (n = 210). We measured the effects of the intervention on the normalized biomarker concentrations in linear mixed-effect regression models taking the clustering within the kindergartens into account. The results are presented as standardized effect sizes.ResultsWe found significant effects of the intervention on the following biomarkers: RBC EPA (20:5n–3), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.86); DHA (22:6n–3), 0.43 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.66); total n–3 PUFAs, 0.41 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.64); n–3/n–6 ratio, 0.48 (95% CI: 0.24, 0.71); adrenic acid (22:4n–6, −0.65 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.40), arachidonic acid (20:4n–6), −0.54 (95% CI: −0.79, −0.28); total n–6 PUFAs, −0.31 (95% CI: −0.56, −0.06); UIC, 0.32 (95% CI: 0.052, 0.59); hair mercury, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.05); and plasma 1-MH, −0.35 (95% CI: −0.61, −0.094).ConclusionsOf the 86 biomarkers, the strongest effect of fatty fish intake was on n–3 PUFAs, UIC, hair mercury, and plasma 1-MH. We observed no or limited effects on biomarkers related to micronutrient status, inflammation, or essential amino acid, choline oxidation, and tryptophan pathways.The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02331667).

Effective valorization of agro‐waste of castor oil extraction industry as feedstock for sustainable fish production

AbstractCastor protein isolate (CPI) was prepared by aqueous solubilization of defatted castor kernel meal under alkaline conditions (pH 12.0), with precipitation at the isoelectric point (pH 5.0) followed by heat treatment. Five experimental diets were prepared by substituting soybean protein isolate (SPI) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with CPI based on protein equivalent basis. The diets were assigned as control, PI25, PI50, PI75, and PI100, respectively. A 60‐day feeding trial was conducted following a completely randomized design. Results revealed significant improvement in growth rates, feed conversion, and protein retention in Labeo rohita fingerlings (P &lt; 0.05) at 124.50 g CPI kg−1 diet (PI75). However, these were similar between control and PI100 (P &gt; 0.05). Dietary CPI did not alter the hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index, survival, carcass composition (except crude protein), and digestive enzymes (P &gt; 0.05). The metabolic enzymatic profile of rohu fingerlings was significantly affected due to dietary treatments (P &lt; 0.05) but oxidative stress enzymes were not affected by feeding of CPI. The activity of the aminotransferases, lactate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between control and PI100. The preparation of protein isolate is therefore a way forward for the effective valorization of toxic castor meal and could be used at 164.0 g kg−1 inclusion (complete substitution of soybean protein isolate) in the diet of L. rohita. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.

Organoleptic Quality of Tuna Porridge Canned with Fortified Tuna Bone Meal

Porridge is a cereal based meal which may be combined with tuna meat and bone meal for improved nutritional content, particularly calcium. Good quality tuna porridge canned must be beneficial to health, of high nutritional value and acceptable to sensory organs. This research aims at obtaining a formulation of tuna porridge canned product with fortified tuna bone meal with good organoleptic quality and acceptable to the society. The use of completely randomized design with fortification treatments 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% and three repetitions in the research method is expected to present an overview of the organoleptic quality of tuna porridge canned. The research result shows that fortified tuna bone meal significantly influences the organoleptic quality of taste and texture and does not significantly influence the organoleptic quality of color and smell. The analysis using the Bayes method results in the best product of tuna porridge canned with fortified tuna bone meal 1%.

The Effect Levels of Cassava Leaf and Palm Kernel Meal Fermented Used Bacillus amylolicofaciens in Laying Duck Feed

This study aims to determine the level of administration of a mixture of cassava leaves and palm kernel meal fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in rations on egg index, shell thickness, shell strength and color index of duck egg yolk. This study used 160 laying ducks aged 14 months and weighing ± 1500g. This research method is an experimental method using a completely randomized design (CRD), with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment is feed that uses a mixture of cassava leaves and fermented palm kernel cake (CLPKCF). The treatments were Ration A 0% CLPKCF, Ration B 6% CLPKCF, Ration C 12% CLPKCF and Ration D 18% CLPKCF, each experimental unit consisted of 10 laying kamang ducks. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the application of the CLPKCF mixture in the ration of laying ducks had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the egg index, shell thickness, shell strength and color index of duck egg yolk. The conclusion of this research is the use of CLPKCF ration up to 18% level in the ration can maintain the quality of duck eggs. In this condition, the egg index was 0.80, the shell thickness was 0.28, the shell strength was 4.73 kg / mm and the egg yolk color index was 14.83.

Effect of partial replacement of Palm Kernel powder, Oyster Mushrooms and commercial enzyme instead of corn in the diets on the blood traits of common carp fingerling fish (Cyprinus carpio L.)

This study was conducted at Al-Anbar University/College of Agriculture/Department of Animal Production / Fish Laboratory for the period from 19/11/2018 to 27/1/2019 to know the effect of adding different levels of Crude palm kernel meal powder and which treated with oyster mushrooms and commercial enzyme mixed as a substitute for corn to the diets of common carp on the hematological parameters blood traits, In the experiment used 20 glass of aquariums basins with dimensions of 70 x 40 x 30 cm with a capacity of 84 liters and it filled with 70 liters were used, in which 140 fish were randomly distributed at a rate of individual weight 2 g ± 19.5 to 10 different treatments and by tow replicate per treatment (7 fish / repeated). The Fish were fed with 4% of their body weight on a pellets diameter of 4.5 mm, on the diets were made in laboratory with a protein content of 27.44% - 30.82%. T2, T3 and T4 coarse dates of raw palm kernel meal 33%, 66%, and 100% respectively were used instead of corn 25%. T5, T6 and T7 dates were treated with Oyster mushrooms with 33, 66, and 100% respectively instead of corn 25%. T8, T9, and T10 dates powder cores were treated with commercial enzymes mixture of 33, 66, and 100% respectively, instead of corn 25%. The results of the study showed, through statistical analysis of the percentage of Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hb) significantly increased (P≤0.05) for T8 (45.50%) compared to T1, T2 and T5, which recorded 38.00, 35.00 and 35.00%, respectively. As for white blood cells, the highest value was in T9, which achieved a rate of 985 ×10³ cells/mm3. For red blood cells, treatment T8, which reached 3,830 106 cells / mm3, recorded a significant increase (P≤0.05) compared to T9 (2.930 106 cells/mm3), no significant differences were recorded with other treatments, and a significant increase (P≤0.01) was observed for T3, recorded at 81.50 ×10³ cells / mm3 In comparison with other treatments, there was also a significant increase (P≤0.01) for the T5 and T6, as it recorded 38.50 and 38.00×10³ cells / mm3, respectively, compared to the T2, T3 and T9, a significant superiority (P≤0.05) was achieved for the Monocyte for T4 and T8 coefficients that recorded 7.5 ×10³ cells/mm3 respectively, compared to T6, T7 and T9, The lowest value, which numbered 4.0 ×10³ cells / mm 3, was recorded for each treatment and no significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed with T1, T2, T3, T5 and T10. As for the level of ALT enzyme in the blood plasma, significant elevation (P≤) was observed. 0.01) for the T5 and T7 treatments, as it recorded 32.00 IU / L, 33.0 IU / L, respectively, compared to the T1, T2, T3, T4, T9, and T10 coefficients. As for the efficacy of the AST enzyme in the blood plasma, it was found that the T7 It was significantly superior (P≤0.01), as it reached 35.00 IU / liter, compared to the rest of the other treatments. We conclude from the study that there is a positive role for adding Crude palm kernel meal powder treated with the commercial enzyme mixed to the diet to improve blood traits and health status of common carp fish.

Utilization of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) as activated charcoal to remove organic pollutants

Palm kernel meal (PKM) is a waste product from the palm oil industry. The objectives of this study are to synthesize activated charcoal from palm kernel meal and apply its ability to adsorb organic matter in water. Charcoal was prepared and activated by pyrolysis without the flow of the inert gasses method and characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR), estimation surface area, and their adsorption of organic compounds such as oxalic acid and methylene blue. The product has polar and basal sites with hydroxy and carboxyl groups on the surface. The highest estimation surface area is 523 m2/g with 350 °C temperature pyrolysis. Adsorption data fit the Freundlich isotherm model for oxalic acid and Langmuir isotherm model for methylene blue that indicates interaction of active site on the surface charcoal with adsorbates. The absorption capacities of activated charcoal were 38.03 mmol/g absorbent and 12.49 mmol/g absorbent against methylene blue and oxalic acid, respectively. Therefore, PKM waste can be used to be a potentially viable activated charcoal for removing organic pollutants from aqueous solutions.

EFFECTS OF PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION OF FISHMEAL BY SEA CLAM (SENILIA SENILIS)MEAT MEAL ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, FEED EFFICIENCY, SURVIVAL, AND WHOLE-BODY COMPOSITION OF THE NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS, L.1758)

The present study assessed the effects of incorporating sea clam (Senilia senilis)meat mealas a partial replacement for fishmeal on the growth performance, survival and whole-body composition of Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fry(0.2 g).Three iso-proteins (26%) and iso-caloric (11%) diets where fishmeal was substituted withclam meat meal at 0% diet A,10% diet B, and 15% diet C were prepared.The experiment was conductedfor 12 weeks. The stocking density was 15 fish per tank in an isolated system consisting of 9 plastic tanks of 80L each. Each treatment was administered in triplicates, and fish were fed three times per day (09 :00h, 13 :00h, and 17 :00h). The daily ration corresponded to 10% of the fishs live weight during the first month and was reduced to 8% and then 6% for the second and last month of the trial period.The results of this study showed that the incorporation of clam meat meal in the diet of Nile Tilapia fry has benefited growth in fish fed the tested diets. The best growth performance was obtained in the fish fed with diet B containing 10% clam meat meal: 10.57g for absolute mean weight gain 4.75% /d for SGR 0.82 for FCR 2.14 for PER, followed by diet A.Diet C has the lowest growth performance: 8.37g for weight gain,4.44%/d for SGR,0.99 for FCR, and 1.75 for PER. The best survival rate was obtained by diet C (93.33%), followed by diet B (80%), and the lowest by diet A (71.11%). The protein contents of the tested fish were moderately higher than that of the initial fish. No big difference was observed among the tested diets. The ash content is reduced sharply after two months feeding. The lipid content of the tested fish decreasedslightly in comparison to the initial fish. At the end of the study, fish fed with diet B showed the best growth performance among other diets. These results indicatethat clam meat meal can be included up to 15% in the tilapia diet without affecting the nutritional quality of the feed.

Performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed autoclaved mango seed kernel diets

Human and livestock population increase has led to escalating prices of energy feed stuffs used in aquaculture. There have been some researches on various inexpensive agro-industrial by-products as substitutes for maize in fish diets with varying degrees of success. This study investigated the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed with autoclaved Mango seed formulated fish diet as a dietary energy source at different inclusion level. 150 Oreochromis niloticus juveniles with mean weight of 10.24±0.05g were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5). The fish were acclimated for two weeks and were allotted to five treatments in plastic tanks (26x46x20cm). Each treatment contained 10 fish per tank. The fish were fed experimental diets at T1:0%, T2: 25%, T3: 50%, T4: 75% and T5: 100% Mango Seed Kernel Meal (MSKM) inclusion levels respectively. The highest Mean weight Gain (MWG) and lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was recorded in Treatment 2: 25% (48.93±4.88); (0.91±0.07) while the lowest MWG and highest FCR was recorded in Treatment 5: 100% (27.30±3.99); (1.47±0.16). Specific Growth Rate (SGR) was lower in Treatment 5: 100% when compared to other treatments. Feed intake followed a decreasing order. The blood samples collected showed that there was significant differences (p0.05) In conclusion, growth performance and haematological activity could be best improved by substituting mango seed kernel meal at 75% with no implication on growth and fish health.

Aquafeed value chain analysis of striped catfish in Vietnam

The Vietnamese striped catfish (pangasius) production sub-sector is characterized by intensive pond production technology and high-quality production inputs. In 2014, annual production of pangasius was 1,143,797 t. The key actors in the value chain comprise input suppliers, including feed ingredients suppliers, feed manufacturers, and hatchery operators (seed producers), along with fingerling and grow-out farmers, fish processors, exporters, consumers and service providers. The pangasius production sector is centred in ten provinces of the Mekong Delta. The value chain analysis revealed that in 2014, there were 109 hatcheries in operation producing 23.6 billion larvae per annum. Hatchery-reared larvae were distributed across 2683 nurseries with a combined annual production of 2.58 billion fingerlings per annum. The grow-out sector comprised 5089 ponds operated as 143 enterprise farms (3389 ha ponds), 1490 family-run farms (1572 ha ponds), and 11 cooperatives (209 ha ponds). In grow-out production, the highest production cost was for feed, which accounted for about 81% of the total production cost. A total of 78 registered feed ingredient-trading companies supply an estimated 1.6 million tonnes of feed ingredients to feed manufacturers. 50.9% of feed ingredients used in aquatic and terrestrial animal feed in Vietnam are imported. The majority of imports comprise high quality protein sources such as fishmeal, poultry meal, meat & bone meal, blood meal, and soybean and canola oil seed meal. In addition, many of the feed additives used in the formulated feed are also imported. There are 48 commercial aquafeed manufacturers supplying the pangasius sector with high quality floating extruded feed. These facilities have an installed production capacity of 5,232,500 t/annum, with an average production capacity of 10,900 t/annum/manufacture. The feed manufacturing sector is centred in Dong Thap province where 26 of the 48 feed manufacturing facilities of the sector are located. Overall, the facilities operate below the installed capacity. In 2014, commercial feed production was estimated at 1,830,075 t (34% capacity), with a mean production cost of USD0.511 ± 0.03/kg based on the grower feed formulation. Profit margins accruing to the feed manufacturing sector were estimated at 4.7%. The study found that farm-made feed production was negligible at (<10,000 t/annum). Feed is distributed through 882 feed wholesalers and retailers, registered as suppliers of pangasius feed. On average, wholesalers traded 643 t of feed per annum, with 94% supplying between 10 and 1000 t per annum. Profit margins for suppliers was estimated at 4.1%.

Administration of Palm Kernel Meal and ß-Mannanase on Laying Hens Productivity

The aim of this research was to observe the influence of palm kernel meal and ß-Mannanase on laying hens. Laying hens up to 2500 birds were reared in opened-house cage fed with commercial feed substituted with palm kernel meal and ß-Mannanase. All hens were divided into five groups in an order P0 as control group, groups without enzyme which are P1 with 7% palm kernel meal and P2 with 14% palm kernel meal, groups with ß-Mannanase which are P3 7% palm kernel meal and P4 with 14% palm kernel meal. The observed variables are feed intake, feed cost, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, hen day production, and mortality rate. The results indicated that threr are no significant difference from all variables. The percentage of palm kernel meal for 14% with ß-Mannanase cannot give any influence on laying hens productivity.

Maggot Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Nutritional Content Using Various Culture Media

Maggot black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is an insect that is environmentally friendly and can be mass produced and does not compete with humans. In addition, insect cultivation can reduce organic waste that has the potential to pollute the environment. Maggot black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has a high crude protein content of 42.1%. The length of the life cycle and the high and low nutrient content of the maggot are influenced by the maggot growing media used. In this study using EM4 as a bio-activator for fermentation of rice bran, coconut dregs, tofu dregs and palm kernel cake. The function of this fermentation is to increase the nutrients contained in this material which will later be used as a growing medium for maggot and maggot is one of the alternatives to feed protein sources from fish meal. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) 5 treatments and 4 replications, with the weight of each experimental unit the media content is 1 kg and filled with 1 g of BSF eggs and the media size is 37 cm long, 26 cm wide and 10 cm high. The parameters of this study consisted of maggot production and maggot nutritional content, namely moisture content, ash content, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrates. Based on research results P0 (100% fermented rice bran) obtained an average maggot production of 525g, KA maggot 8,16%, KAb maggot 7,83%, PK maggot 44,82%, LK maggot 21,62% and 17.58% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P1 (50% fermented rice bran + 50% fermented coconut dregs) obtained an average maggot production of 467.5g, KA maggot 9,57%, KAb maggot 9,03%, PK maggot 44,68%, LK maggot 20,51% and 16.20% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P2 (50% fermented rice bran + 50% fermented tofu dregs) obtained an average maggot production of 545.25g, KA maggot 9,02%, KAb maggot 8,32%, PK maggot 44,74%, LK maggot 18,57% and 20.09% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P3 (50% fermented rice bran + 50% palm kernel cake) obtained an average maggot production of 542g, KA maggot 9,16%, KAb maggot 9,22%, PK maggot 43,72%, LK maggot 19,87% and 18.02% maggot carbohydrates respectively. P4 (25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented tofu dregs + 25% fermented coconut dregs + 25% palm kernel cake) obtained an average maggot production of 831.5g, KA maggot 9,08%, KAb maggot 9,35%, PK maggot 44,38%, LK maggot 17,01% and 20.18% maggot carbohydrates respectively. From the research results, it can be concluded that the use of culture media with a combination of 25% fermented rice bran + 25% fermented coconut dregs + 25% fermented tofu dregs + 25% fermented palm kernel meal is the best combination where the production reaches 831.5 g bsf and 20 carbohydrates. , 18% but could not increase moisture content, ash content, crude protein and crude fat.