Kernel Lipids Research Articles

Comprehensive characterization of the lipid profiles in five mango kernel oils using integrated lipidomics and chemometrics

Lipid profiles of mango kernels may vary with variety. This study aimed to investigate the lipid profiles of five mango kernels and identify differential lipids using a combination of lipidomics and chemometrics. Results showed that 9cC18:1 and C18:0 represented the predominant fatty acids in all sampled oils. The unsaturated fatty acids exceeded saturated fatty acids in Australian mango (AM), Hongyu mango (HYM), Jidan mango (JDM) and Tai mango (TM), whereas the opposite was observed in Qingpi mango (QM). A total of 900 lipids were identified. No significant differences in glycerolipids were observed among the five mango kernels. AM and JDM had the highest glycerophospholipids and saccharolipids contents. Correlation analyses revealed mostly positive correlations among lipid subclasses within the same major group. Furthermore, 175 differential lipid molecules from 25 subclasses were screened. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that glycerophospholipid metabolism was the most influential metabolic pathway, followed by glycerolipid metabolism. These findings provide insights into the nutritional value of mango kernel lipids and offer a theoretical foundation for their application in the industry.

Pre-harvest application of GABA and CaO delays senescence and maintains of physicochemical characteristics of fresh ‘‘Ahmad Aghaei’’ pistachio during cold storage

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of preharvest application of calcium oxide 1% (CaO), gamma-aminobutyric acid 20 mM (GABA), and the combined treatment of CaO and GABA on shelf life and quality of fresh pistachio in cold storage (at 4 ± 1 °C with 85 ± 5% RH) for 75 d. Post-harvest quality and biochemical characteristics of fruits were measured during 0, 25, 50, and 75 d of storage. The investigation results showed that with the increase in storage time, the hull and kernel firmness (63% and 75%, respectively) and kernel lipid (55%) decreased in treated fruits. Still, the phenolic compounds (45%) and antioxidant activity (10%) of the kernel, hull malondialdehyde (66%), and kernel and hull anthocyanin (71%) increased. Fruits treated with CaO 1% (contained the most kernel lipids and flavonoids and the lowest hull), kernel anthocyanin, and kernel carotenoids. As a result, CaO + GABA pre-harvest treatment was recognized as the best treatment by maintaining antioxidant properties, better overall acceptance, and a higher percentage of healthy fruits during storage. However, applying the treatment before harvesting in the orchard takes a lot of time, but water does not accumulate in the pistachio hull, and the treatment is better absorbed.

Widely Targeted Metabolomic Profiling Combined with Transcriptome Analysis Provides New Insights into Lipid Biosynthesis in Seed Kernels of Pinus koraiensis.

Lipid-rich Pinus koraiensis seed kernels are highly regarded for their nutritional and health benefits. To ascertain the molecular mechanism of lipid synthesis, we conducted widely targeted metabolomic profiling together with a transcriptome analysis of the kernels in P. koraiensis cones at various developmental stages. The findings reveal that 148 different types of lipid metabolites, or 29.6% of total metabolites, are present in kernels. Among those metabolites, the concentrations of linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and α-linolenic acid were higher, and they steadily rose as the kernels developed. An additional 10 hub genes implicated in kernel lipid synthesis were discovered using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), gene interaction network analysis, oil body biosynthesis, and transcriptome analysis. This study used lipid metabolome and transcriptome analyses to investigate the mechanisms of key regulatory genes and lipid synthesis molecules during kernel development, which served as a solid foundation for future research on lipid metabolism and the creation of P. koraiensis kernel food.

Lipidomic analyses of five Carya illinoinensis cultivars.

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch, nuts are a renowned health food. However, there are many cultivars of this nut tree, and their mature kernel lipid composition has not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, we used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to analyze the lipid composition of mature nuts of five C. illinoinensis cultivars. In the mature kernels of all cultivars, there were 58 lipid types which were mainly composed of glycerolipids (c. 65%) and phospholipids (>30%). Triacylglycerol (TG) accounted for the largest proportion of mature nuts of all cultivars, exceeding 50%; and diacylglycerol (DG), ceramide (Cer), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were also relatively high. Additionally, nuts contain fatty acids, mainly oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Our research provides a new perspective for the processing and utilization of plant and edible oils, and for the use of C. illinoinensis kernels in the development of medicine and food science.

Lipidomics reveals temporal changes in pecan kernel lipids during storage with or without sodium erythorbate treatment

Pecan nuts are rich in lipids that often degrade during storage; however, the progressive transformation of lipids in this process is still unclear. Therefore, high-throughput lipidomics was carried out based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q Exactive MS). A total of 1451 lipid species from 5 classes and 24 subclasses were identified. Oxidized (Ox) phospholipids, fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids, and N-oleoyl leucine were identified in pecan for the first time. The intensities of all diacylglycerols, phosphatidic acids (PAs), fatty acids, and fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids increased obviously with pecan storage. Lipid hydrolysis was prevalent in both the control group and the treatment group during storage. Oxidation mainly did not occur on glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids in pecan. Lipids might be hydrolyzed first and released free fatty acids, which were then oxidized. Sodium erythorbate treatment could effectively delay the increase in peroxide value and the degradation of triacylglycerols. Differentially abundant lipids (DALs) were selected and could be used as markers for evaluating the deterioration of pecan during storage. Possible mechanisms of lipid degradation in pecan oil bodies during storage were also proposed.

Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Fatty Acid and Lipid Biosynthesis in Developing Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Seed Kernels from Qinghai Plateau.

Walnut (Juglans regia) is an important woody oil-bearing plant with high nutritional value. For better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of its oil accumulation in the Qinghai Plateau, in this study we monitored walnut fruit development, and 15 cDNA libraries were constructed from walnut seed kernels collected at 72, 79, 93, 118 and 135 days after flowering (DAF). The candidate genes were identified using sequencing and expression analysis. The results showed that the oil content in the kernels increased dramatically in late July and reached the maximum value of 69% in mature seed. More than 90% of the oils were unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and linoleic acid (18:2) was the predominant UFA accumulated in mature seed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 15 KEGG pathways of lipid metabolism were detected. We identified 119 DEGs related to FA de novo biosynthesis (38 DEGs), FA elongation and desaturation (39 DEGs), triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly (24 DEGs), oil bodies (12 DEGs), and transcription factors (TFs, 6 DEGs). The abundantly expressed oleosins, caleosins and steroleosins may be important for timely energy reserve in oil bodies. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that AP2/ERF and bHLH were the key TFs, and were co-expressed with ACC1, α-CT, BCCP, MAT, KASII, LACS, FATA, and PDCT. Our transcriptome data will enrich public databases and provide new insights into functional genes related to the seed kernel lipid metabolism and oil accumulation in J. regia.

Effect of Exogenous Application of Methyl Jasmonate on the Lipid and Carbohydrate Content and Composition of Winter Triticale ( Triticosecale Wittm.) Grain and the Severity of Fungal Infections in Triticale Plants and Grain.

Kernels of winter triticale ( Triticosecale Wittm. cv. Dinaro) were analyzed. In the autumn of 2015, the effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on the germination of triticale kernels and the development of triticale seedlings was analyzed in a laboratory before kernels were sown in experimental plots. Kernels harvested from plots in August 2016 were analyzed to determine their lipid and carbohydrate content and composition and the severity of fungal infections. Triticale grain was harvested at full maturity. The plots were sprayed with MJ at concentrations of 10-6 to 10-3 M in the stem elongation stage (200 L/ha) and in the early milk stage (300 L/ha). Other preventive treatments, fungicides, pesticides, or foliar fertilizers were not applied. Lipids of triticale kernels contained 20 fatty acids (FAs) with the highest proportion of linoleic acid. Methyl jasmonate did not exert a significant effect on the FA composition of kernel lipids treated with the plant hormone during the growing season. Statistical analysis did not reveal significant ( p < 0.05) differences in the total content of soluble carbohydrates in control kernels and in the kernels collected from triticale plants treated with MJ. Methyl jasmonate applied at a concentration of 10-3 M in BBCH stages 54 and 73 reduced the prevalence of stem base, leaf, and spike diseases. However, the severity of grain infections caused by mycotoxin-producing fungi increased in treatments where MJ was applied at a concentration of 10-5 M relative to the control treatment. The study describes the results noted in naturally infected plants and provides valuable inputs for agricultural practice, but further research is required to validate the presented findings.

Constituents of the Essential Oil and Fatty Acid from Rare and Endangered Plant Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot

:Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot., is a rare and endangered plant. The essential oils were obtained using hydrodistillation from peel and aril, and fatty acids were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Essential oils and fatty acids were analyzed by GC/MS. Results showed that the yield of essential oil was 0.10%, and twenty- two compounds was identified., main constituents included cis-β-ocimene (30.80%), p-menth-1-ene (17.76%), α-terpinene (10.15%), β-myrcene (7.03%), and α-terpineol (5.18%) and so on in the peel. Yield of essential oil was 4.91%, and the major constituents included cis-β-ocimene (56.03%), β-phellandrene (10.96%), α-terpinene(6.37%), α-phellandrene(6.16%), and β-myrcene (6.04%) in the aril. Cis-β-ocimene was the highest concentration both in the peel oil and aril oil. The yield of lipid was 33.00% from aril obtained, and 11 fatty acids were identified, main fatty acids were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid 49.52%, hexadecanoic acid 32.27%, octadecenoic acid 10.24% and octadecanoic acid 4.49%. Yield of lipid was 33.00% from kernel obtained, main fatty acids were 9,12-octadecadienoic acid 56.91%, hexadecanoic acid 25.27%, octadecenoic acid 12.09% and octadecanoic acid 5.63%. The content of unsaturated fatty acids was 62.22% in aril lipid and 69.03% in kernel lipid.

Fruit position within the canopy affects kernel lipid composition of hazelnuts.

The aim of this research was to study the variability in kernel composition within the canopy of hazelnut trees. Kernel fresh and dry weight increased linearly with fruit height above the ground. Fat content decreased, while protein and ash content increased, from the bottom to the top layers of the canopy. The level of unsaturation of fatty acids decreased from the bottom to the top of the canopy. Thus, the kernels located in the bottom layers of the canopy appear to be more interesting from a nutritional point of view, but their lipids may be more exposed to oxidation. The content of different phytosterols increased progressively from bottom to top canopy layers. Most of these effects correlated with the pattern in light distribution inside the canopy. The results of this study indicate that fruit position within the canopy is an important factor in determining hazelnut kernel growth and composition. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterization of Mesocarp and Kernel Lipids from Elaeis guineensis Jacq., Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, and Their Interspecific Hybrids.

Morphological traits, total lipid contents, and fatty acid profiles were assessed in fruits of several accessions of Elaeis oleifera [Kunth] Cortés, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., and their interspecific hybrids. The latter featured the highest mesocarp-to-fruit ratios (77.9-78.2%). The total lipid contents of both E.guineensis mesocarp and kernel were significantly higher than for E.oleifera accessions. Main fatty acids comprised C16:0, C18:1n9, and C18:2n6 in mesocarp and C12:0, C14:0, and C18:1n9 in kernels. E.oleifera samples were characterized by higher proportions of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. Saturated medium-chain fatty acids supported the clustering of E.guineensis kernels in multivariate statistics. Hybrid mesocarp lipids had an intermediate fatty acid composition, whereas their kernel lipids resembled those of E.oleifera genotypes. Principal component analysis based on lipid contents and proportions of individual fatty acids permitted clear-cut distinction of E.oleifera, E.guineensis, and their hybrids.

Effect Of Drying Methods And Extraction Time-Temperature Regime On Mango Kernel Lipids

In this study, effect of drying method and time temperature regime of extraction on quality of mango kernel lipid was evaluated. Hot air drying required drying of seeds for long intervals and exposure to higher temperature, where as microwave drying was found to be quick due to heating induced at the molecular level. The drying time under optimized conditions for microwave was reduced by 34 folds when compared with hot air drying. Parameters including drying temperature, extraction time, lipid yield and fatty acid profile were evaluated. The study shows that modification of extraction method for lower temperature and lesser time does not alter the quality and quantity of lipids from mango kernel (10.8%). Structural changes induced due to drying were studied using scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis showed that drying conditions and extraction conditions affected the lipid yield. The further comparison between two methods was done in terms of fatty acid profiles and oxidative stability. The stability of lipid was estimated by measuring the ratio of linoleic acid to palmitic acid for all extraction conditions. The ratio of C18:2/C16 was similar for microwave irradiation when compared to hot air dried samples (1.0 - 1.2). It was concluded that mild microwave power level (180W) helps in quick drying of kernels. The structure was found to be intact with minimal damage to starch granules. Lower microwave power level helped in retention of the lipid yield and quality while higher microwave power levels significantly affected the unsaturated fatty acids.

Influence of deficit irrigation strategies on fatty acid and tocopherol concentration of almond (Prunus dulcis)

The effects of deficit irrigation on almond fatty acid and tocopherol levels were studied in a field trial. Mature almond trees were subjected to three levels of deficit irrigation (85%, 70% and 55% of potential crop evapotranspiration (ETo), as well as control (100% ETo) and over-irrigation (120% ETo) treatments. Two deficit irrigation strategies were employed: regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). Moderate deficit irrigation (85% RDI and 85% SDI) had no detrimental impact on almond kernel lipid content, but severe and extreme deficiencies (70% and 55%) influenced lipid content. Unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents fluctuated under these treatments, the oleic/linoleic ratio increased under moderate water deficiency, but decreased under severe and extreme water deficiency. Almond tocopherols concentration was relatively stable under deficit irrigation. The variation between years indicated climate has an effect on almond fruit development. In conclusion it is feasible to irrigate almond trees using less water than the normal requirement, without significant loss of kernel quality.

EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON ALMOND KERNEL CONSTITUENTS

The effects of deficit irrigation on almond fatty acid and tocopherol levels were studied in a field trial. Mature almond trees were subjected to three levels of deficit irrigation (85, 70 and 55%), compared to control (100%) and over-irrigation (120%). Two deficit strategies were used: regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and sustained deficit irrigation (SDI). Results from two harvest years showed moderate deficit irrigation (85% RDI and 85% SDI) had no negative impacts on almond kernel lipid content. Moderate to severe deficiency, 70 and 55% had variable impacts on lipids. USFA and SFA fluctuated under the treatments and no fatty acid was resistant to water deficiency. γ-Tocopherol levels were relatively stable under deficit irrigation but not α, β-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol. The variation between years indicated climate has an effect on almond fruit development. We concluded it is feasible to irrigate almond trees using less water than the normal requirement, without the loss of kernel nutrition quality.

Utilization of Mango Kernel Lipid Fraction to Replace Normal Shortenings in Cereal Baked Products

Management of agro-industrial waste is an important area of study for researchers with multifarious objectives. Conversion of such wastes into useful food products has emerged as a bountiful industry e.g. mango seed kernel. It contains appreciable quantities of edible oil thus holds various food applications due to presence of higher amount of oleic and stearic acid. In the present research, the lipid fraction from mango kernel were extracted and explored for their potential to replace (varying from 5 to 25%) normal shortenings in cereal baked products. In the first phase, lipid fraction was characterized for various physical and chemical traits. Later, the products were evaluated for their textural and color profile along with physical and chemical characteristics. Lastly, trained taste panel was hired to assess the suitability of product for commercialization. The results were quite conclusive that the lipid fraction melts at normal temperature (26.2°C) thus can be used to replace normal biscuits shortening. The results further indicated that addition of mango kernel lipid fraction influenced physical characters of cookies significantly, while chemical parameters remained insignificant. However, peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values decreased showing the improved oxidative stability and reduced free radical production. The sensory panelists were of the view that cookies containing 15 & 20% mango kernel lipid fraction are suitable for human consumption. In the nutshell, extraction of mango kernel lipid fraction and its utilization in baked products can results in saving millions of foreign exchange reserves for Pakistan thus contributing food security in edible oil sector.

Chemical Constituents from the Base Leaves of Caryota Urens (Palmae)

Triterpenes named as Lupeol, Myricadiol, -sitosterol along with two carboxylic acids named as Tetracosonid and Ursolic acid, have been isolated from leaves of Caryota Urens. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and physical data (IR, UV, 1 H-NMR, and Mass spectra). ascorbic acid 3 , fatty acids, Kernel lipids 4 and sugarsin. 5 Medicinal importance and scanty work on this plant accelerated our interest to carryout the comprehensive study of the plant Caryota urens. The present discussion deals with the isolation and characterization of following compounds. From base leaves of Caryota urens. 1. Triacontane 2. Lupeol 3. Myricadiol 4. -sitosterol. 5. Tetracosonid 6. Ursolic acid

Effect of main process parameters on extraction of pine kernel lipid using supercritical green solvents: Solubility models and lipid profiles

Supercritical fluid extraction of pine kernel lipids from Pinus pinea L. using green solvents (only CO2 or mixed with ethanol) was performed in a laboratory scale extraction system. For the first time in this study the effect of main operating parameters [i.e. pressure (20–50MPa), temperature (40–60°C), CO2 flow rate (0.061–0.259kgh−1), entrainer concentration (2.5 and 5vol.%) and average particle size (362.5 and 725μm)] on extraction yield, initial extraction rate and the solved contents of pine kernel lipid in CO2 or its solubility was investigated systematically. Experimental results showed that extraction yields (from 0.477 to 0.488g PKLg−1 dry PK) obtained from supercritical CO2 extraction over 30MPa of operating pressure was better than extraction yield (0.472g PKLg−1 dry PK) obtained from organic solvent extraction. It should be noted that the extraction yield obtained using 5vol.% of ethanol reached to 0.487g PKLg−1 dry PK in 90min under a suitable operating condition such as 30MPa, 40°C and 0.194kgh−1 of green solvent flow rate. The crossover effect of pine kernel lipid was determined approximately at 23MPa of operating pressure. The experimental solubility data, determined by the dynamic method, of pine kernel oil in supercritical CO2 were correlated by some empirical models such as Chrastil, del Valle–Aguilera, Adachi–Lu, and Sparks models. Adachi–Lu and Sparks models made a lower error in the prediction of solubility. Lipids extracted by supercritical green solvents extraction contain more unsaturated fatty acids than those extracted by Soxhlet with in the n-hexane extracts.

Inhibition of Citral Degradation by Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Combined with Antioxidants

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions combined with six different natural antioxidants on the stability of citral. Acidic emulsions (lecithin-stabilized palm kernel lipid in pH 3 buffer) containing 1000 ppm citral and 1000 ppm antioxidants (black tea extract, ascorbic acid, naringenin, tangeretin, β-carotene, and tanshinone) were stored at 25 and 50 °C, respectively. The emulsions with and without antioxidants were analyzed by solid phase microextraction gas chromatography (SPME-GC) to monitor the degradation process of citral and the formation of different off-flavor compounds, such as α,p-dimethylstyrene and p-methylacetophenone. The results suggested that encapsulation of citral in emulsions and the addition of the appropriate antioxidants (β-carotene, tanshinone, and black tea extract) could greatly enhance citral's chemical stability during storage.

Distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols from ungrafted Desi Mango (Mangifera indica) kernel lipids

The lipids of ungrafted ‘Desi’ mango (Mangifera indica) kernel were extracted with chloroform/methanol, purified and triacylglycerols (82.6%) were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The pure triglycerides are fractionated into five bands by 25% silver nitrate-impregnated thin layer chromatography (Ag-TLC). The composition and position of fatty acids at α, α′ and β-positions of fractionated/unfractionated triacylglycerols were determined by the use of pancreatic lipase, sodium tetraborate-impregnated thin layer chromatography (borate-TLC) and gas liquid chromatography (GLC). The highest percentage of the most saturated band was 55.6% which comprised of sn-1,3-disaturated-2-oleoglycerols and sn-1(3)saturated-2,3(1,2)-dioleoylglycerols. The oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids occupied β-position depending upon comparatively higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in specific fraction.

Fatty Acid, Triacylglycerol, Phytosterol, and Tocopherol Variations in Kernel Oil of Malatya Apricots from Turkey

The fatty acid, sn-2 fatty acid, triacyglycerol (TAG), tocopherol, and phytosterol compositions of kernel oils obtained from nine apricot varieties grown in the Malatya region of Turkey were determined ( P<0.05). The names of the apricot varieties were Alyanak (ALY), Cataloglu (CAT), Cöloglu (COL), Hacihaliloglu (HAC), Hacikiz (HKI), Hasanbey (HSB), Kabaasi (KAB), Soganci (SOG), and Tokaloglu (TOK). The total oil contents of apricot kernels ranged from 40.23 to 53.19%. Oleic acid contributed 70.83% to the total fatty acids, followed by linoleic (21.96%), palmitic (4.92%), and stearic (1.21%) acids. The s n-2 position is mainly occupied with oleic acid (63.54%), linoleic acid (35.0%), and palmitic acid (0.96%). Eight TAG species were identified: LLL, OLL, PLL, OOL+POL, OOO+POO, and SOO (where P, palmitoyl; S, stearoyl; O, oleoyl; and L, linoleoyl), among which mainly OOO+POO contributed to 48.64% of the total, followed by OOL+POL at 32.63% and OLL at 14.33%. Four tocopherol and six phytosterol isomers were identified and quantified; among these, gamma-tocopherol (475.11 mg/kg of oil) and beta-sitosterol (273.67 mg/100 g of oil) were predominant. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the data from lipid components of apricot kernel oil in order to explore the distribution of the apricot variety according to their kernel's lipid components. PCA separated some varieties including ALY, COL, KAB, CAT, SOG, and HSB in one group and varieties TOK, HAC, and HKI in another group based on their lipid components of apricot kernel oil. So, in the present study, PCA was found to be a powerful tool for classification of the samples.

Evaluation of Operating Conditions for Surface Lipid Extraction from Rice Using a Soxtec System

ABSTRACTThe degree of milling (DOM) of rice is a measure of how well the germ and bran layers are removed from the surface of rice kernels during milling. Because the majority of rice kernel lipids are found on the surface, measuring the surface lipid content (SLC) of rice after milling may be one way to quantify the DOM of rice. While there are several methods to measure the lipid content (LC) of rice, there is not an established standard method for determining the SLC of milled rice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the primary operating variables of a Soxtec apparatus in measuring the SLC of milled rice. This was accomplished by varying the preextraction drying, boiling, rinsing, and postextraction drying durations, as well as the solvent used for extraction, to achieve the maximum extraction of lipids from rice. Experiments were performed on stored Oryza sativa L. ‘Cypress’ and ‘Bengal’ rice milled for 10, 30, and 60 sec. Results showed that durations of 1 hr of preextraction, 20 min of boiling, 30 min of rinsing, and 30 min of postextraction drying provided the maximum lipid extraction from milled head rice with petroleum ether. Of the three solvents tested, petroleum ether, and ethyl ether yielded similar extraction results.