Kazakh Steppe Research Articles

The Reports of the Russian Empire Officials on the Semirechye Region: A Historiographic Analysis

The paper describes the process of scientific substantiation of the Russian Empire's preliminary preparation for the colonisation of the Kazakh steppes in the second half of the 19th century. The purpose of the paper is to analyse the political, as well as the economic situation (development of animal husbandry and agriculture) in the Semirechye region based on sources compiled with the help of the works of military officials of 19th century tsarist Russia. The paper also provides an assessment and comparative analysis of the subjective characteristics of historical sources on the region development. Considering the study of the region until the end of the 19th century, the authors have found that Semirechye was of interest for the Russian Empire in terms of the presence of important natural resources. Based on the methods of scientific research, we also identified the relationship between the ethnographic, political and economic development of the region. In general, the paper shows the importance of the reports of military officials as valuable primary sources of information.

Роль купечества в формировании городского пространства Петропавловска на рубеже XIX–XX вв.

The article indicates the peculiarities of the development of Petropavlovsk city in the late XIX–early XX centuries, its transformation from a military-strategic fortress into a major trade centre in the north-eastern part of Kazakhstan due to its location on the transit route from Western China, Central Asia to the European part of Russia and further to Europe. The paper presents materials illustrating the development of what had once been a Cossack stanitsa into a large trade centre with trade shops, industrial enterprises for processing livestock raw products, shopping houses, a cinema, a Botanical garden. Founding educational institutions, opening libraries, publishing newspapers show the interest in education in the city. The period in question was characterized by the rapid development of capitalist relations in Russia, which contributed not only to the strengthening and development of economic ties between the metropolis and the Kazakh steppe but also to the inclusion of the region in the unified all-Russian capitalist market. The article considers the evolution of the trade process from barter to money resulting in the emergence of banking in the region. The author uses materials archives and local historians dealing with the development of Petropavlovsk city in the period under study. The data on the contribution of merchants to the construction of buildings and structures that changed the architectural look, as well as to the social and cultural life of the city, are given. The work may serve for further study of the formation of the cultural environment of historical cities and understanding of the features and differences of their development.

А. ВАСИЛЬЕВТІҢ «ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОЧЕРК РУССКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ТУРГАЙСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ» АТТЫ ЕҢБЕГІНІҢ ТАРИХИ ДЕРЕКТІК ЖӘНЕ ТАНЫМДЫҚ МАҢЫЗЫ (Очерктің ІІ және ІІІ бөлімдері бойынша)

Alexander Vasilievich Vasiliev (1861–1943) was a missionary, he worked in the field of organizing education for “inorodtsy” (indigenous people) during the period of the Russian Empire. He was a Turkologist who could speak the Chuvash, Tatar, Kazakh and Arabic languages. He was Chuvash by his origin. A. Vasiliev studied at the Cheboksary Theological School in 1869-1876, then at the Kazan Theological Seminary in 1876-1882, later at the Kazan Theological Academy with a degree in anti-Muslim religion. After graduating from the Kazan Theological Academy in 1886, he taught Greek, missionary subjects, and music at the Orenburg Theological Seminary.After teaching, he works as an official. One of these positions was his work as an inspector of the Turgai region in 1889-1894. In this position, he deeply familiarized himself with the history of the spread of Russian education in the Turgai region. As a result, his historical work “Historical sketch of Russian education in the Turgai region” was published, published in 1896 in Orenburg. Under the influence of the class ideology that prevailed in the Soviet era, this study was “closed” and little known in the scientific community.This research by A. Vasiliev is a valuable historical work based on the works of N. Ilminsky, V. Grigoriev, official letters from the Orenburg administration, government documents, archival materials that were at the forefront of attracting Russian education in the Turgai region. The work contains detailed historical data on the opening of Russian-Kazakh schools in the Turgai region, teachers who worked there, students who received education. The book also contains the first information about the pedagogical activity of the teacher A. Baitursynov. This book is important for understanding the history of the spread of Russian education in the Kazakh steppe.

ХІХ ҒАСЫРДЫҢ ЕКІНШІ ЖАРТЫСЫНДАҒЫ ҚАЗАҚСТАНДАҒЫПРАВОСЛАВИЕЛІК МИССИОНЕРЛЕРДІҢ ҚЫЗМЕТІ

The article analyzes the activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Kazakh steppe in the second half of the XIX century on the basis of documents from fund 64 and 44 of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article describes the conversion to Christianity and baptism of Kalmyks who migrated from China in the 60s of the XIX century in the settlements of Sarkan, Kapal, Koksu, Verny, Turgen in the Zhetysu region. The work of the missionary school, open for Chinese emigrants in Sarkand, the funds allocated for it, the activities of the missionary based on archival sources are considered. The work reveals the work performed by Diamid Chernyavsky, who was appointed a missionary of the Sarkand area, the content of his reports, letters sent to the Governor-General. Describes the daily campaign work and events experienced by the priest Vasily Pokrovsky. Difficulties and obstacles in the work of a missionary are shown in comparison with missionary activities in other regions of Kazakhstan. The question of the inclusion of Christians in the social group of the Cossacks is analyzed, which in a timely manner received great attention. The events related to the change of the names and surnames of the newly baptized in Verny are considered. On specific facts, the payment of benefits, training in crafts, pieces of land, etc. are systematically shown. The annual report on the annual work done by the Tomsk mission of the Altai and Kyrgyz dioceses is analyzed as historical material. The campaigning work of missionaries to involve Kazakhs in the Christian religion and their various actions in attracting local residents to the Orthodox religion are outlined.

Historical Memory of the Kazakhs in the “Materials on Kyrgyz Land Use”

The statistical survey of the territories of Kazakhstan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the results of which were reflected in the “Materials on Kyrgyz (Kazakh) Land Use”, reflected not only the economic condition of Kazakh society but also the traditional historical memory. Historical legends reflect the time of their settlement in certain territories. These legends record the earlier settlements of the Kazakhs in the territories of Northern Kazakhstan — in the 14th–16th centuries. However, a number of written sources contradict the historical memory of the Kazakhs and point out the appearance of the Kazakhs in this territory only in the 17th–18th centuries. The reason for this is that Kazakh communities which declared their autochthonous origin were not part of the political system of the Kazakh Khanate until the 17th century and were known under the collective names “Nogai” and “Siberian Tatars”. “Materials” are an important source on the ethnic and political history of the Kazakh steppes in the 14th–18th centuries.

ШЕРНИЯЗ ЖАРЫЛҒАСҰЛЫ ШЫҒАРМАЛАРЫНЫҢ ТЕКСТОЛОГИЯСЫ

The article discusses the principles of collecting, preserving and publishing the works of the famous poet and orator Sherniyaz Zharylgasuly, who lived in the West Kazakhstan region in the 19th century, as well as the artistic side of the poet's poems, textual studies and methods of determining the author of texts. For the study, materials were used that were published since 1924 in the magazines "Saule" I. Dzhansugurov, "Kyzyl Kazakhstan" H. Dosmukhameduly, and in the newspaper "Lenin Tuy" O. Akhmetov, as well as works included in the 3rd volume under the title "Sherniyaz" of the multivolume works of poets and writers of Atyrau "Kazyna", published in 2001 by the publishing house "Arys". Due to the wide distribution of Sherniyaz's poems in the Kazakh steppe, some artistic techniques, individual phrases and texts were later reflected in the works of such poets as Suyunbai, Zhanak, Kulmambet and others. In particular, the conditions set by the khan during the visit of akyn Suyunbay Tezek tore and the answer given to him by Suyunbay resemble the actions and words of Sherniyaz during his visit of Sultan Baimagambet. And then the question arises: “Why are the texts of dedication to the sultans of these two poets practically the same, because one of them lived in Western Kazakhstan, and the other in Semirechye, and what does the similarity of the conditions set by the khans mean, as if they had agreed in advance? Who owns this original text? " Therefore, we compared versions of poems in previously published collections and manuscripts stored in the manuscript collections of the Central Scientific Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Institute of Literature and Art named after M.O. Auezov, a textual analysis was made in an attempt to determine and establish the authorship of the poems by Sherniyaz Zharylgasuly.

STUDYING OF ABU NASR AL-FARABI’S TREATISE “RYSALA FI-S SYASA”

The article presents the historical and chronological order of the scientific study of the work of the Kazakh thinker Abu Nasr al-Farabi (260/870 AH - 339/950 AH) "Risala fi-s Sias" (Treatise on Politics). Since the time of gaining independence by the Kazakh people, great changes have taken place in the spiritual life of the people. Projects such as: “Cultural Heritage” (2003), “People in the Stream of History” (2013), “Seven Edges of the Great Steppe” (2018), implemented within the framework of independence, as well as in 2020. with the support of international organizations such as UNESCO, ISISCO, an event was held on the occasion of the 1150th anniversary of the birth of Abu Nasr al-Farabi. Thanks to such organized events, there was a great opportunity to restore the written heritage of scientists and thinkers. Despite the fact that many eastern scientists, including Abu Nasr al-Farabi, were born and raised in the ancient Kazakh steppes, they spent most of their lives outside the Kazakh steppes. The rarest manuscripts of al-Farabi were preserved in foreign libraries and archives. This made it possible to investigate and return scientific works and manuscripts to their native lands. As part of the “Year of Farabi” (2020), Kazakh scientists conducted comprehensive research in the field of searching for the written heritage of the thinker, preserved in world archives, collecting manuscripts, reading, and researching. Numerous scientific conferences and symposiums have been held to analyze, interpret, recognize and popularize the heritage and ideas of the scientist. After the Republic of Kazakhstan gained historical independence (1991) by decree of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Kazakh National University (KazNU) named after Abu Nasr al-Farabi organized the search, collection, study, translation and scientific description of al-Farabi's manuscripts in the world archives. As part of this project, manuscripts of the work of the scholar Risala fi-s Siasa (Treatise on Politics) under various titles were found in the world's archives and rare collections.

Russian Colonialism in Central Asia: to Determine Time and Place

The article is a brief overview of Russian legislative practices in the Central Asian region. Kazakh, Turkestan and Transcaspian lands are considered as a single region, as it was understood by the Russian imperial administration. The administration models implemented in it had a different nature and their own specifics. In this case, the time factor was of paramount importance. Russia had not yet formulated its agenda in relation to its southeastern periphery at the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, St. Petersburg perceived the Kazakh steppe as the outer territory of the empire (colony) and consistently implemented methods of indirect and direct control towards it. The situation changed in the middle of the 19th century. The complication of the foreign policy situation in Europe provoked the intensification of Russia in Central Asia. Active advancement towards the Afghan border entailed the transformation of the Kazakh lands into the inner territory of the empire wanting administrative assimilation with the rest of the state. At the same time, a “non‑colonial” view of the empire’s national outskirts prevailed in the Russian capital. The trend towards the spread of general imperial administrative-political and socio-economic norms and approaches to Central Asian possessions has become the leitmotif of the state policy. The system of military-public administration became manifestation of this policy, introduced in the Kazakh steppe, Russian Turkestan and the Transcaspian province in the second half of the 19th century.

The Concept of "Perfect Man" and its axiological meaning

The article discusses the concept of "Perfect Man", which has recently been revived in Kazakhstani society. The idea of ​​a perfect man, which originated with such Muslim thinkers as Ibn Arabi, occupies a special place in the teachings of Sufism and existed in the Kazakh steppes before Abai. The definitions of the concept of a perfect person by Muslim thinkers, the features of various aspects of this concept, the meaning in Sufism, the importance of revealing the general axiological value are given. To what extent can the concept of the “Perfect Man” contribute to the prevention of such problems of modern society as the loss of human qualities, religious intolerance, the loss of spiritual and moral values, human degradation, and so on? Along with the answer to this question, the image of a person deprived of humanity is considered, as well as the image of a spiritually filled person, their significance for society. Saying that the "Perfect Man" leads the world and society in the right direction, also condemns bad habits among people, but rather promotes order in the life of every person. Here, issues related to the formation of a new life were discussed in detail, thereby focusing on the background of a good knowledge of objects and phenomena. The task of a perfect person is to delve into the phenomena of the universe, to form life skills based on truth. Key words: Perfect Man, Ibn Arabi, tasawwuf, Muslim thinkers, Islam

The Kazakh Steppe and its Political Elite in the Conditions of Revolutionary Transit in Eurasia at the Beginning of the 20th century

The author examines the political situation in Kazakh society in the conditions of revolutionary transit at the beginning of the 20th century, taking into account the influence of foreign policy factors on it. The Great War forced the Kazakh political elite to analyse more closely the place of their region in the world and the fate of the peoples of Eurasia in the international context. Tomohiko Uyama and other authors draw attention to the international context of the Central Asian revolt of 1916. The role of foreign political forces in the events of the October Revolution and Civil War in the Kazakh steppe, as well as political orientations of the Kazakh political elite in the early 1920s, were not yet accurately taken into account. The author believes that the involvement in all-Russian processes determined the main reference points of the Alash autonomist movement in the conditions of revolution and Civil war, as well as the indifferent attitude of foreign political forces towards the Kazakh steppe. The aim of the article is to analyse the evolution of perceptions and initiatives of national figures involved in the process of Sovietisation of the region, regarding the strengthening of their power positions using the idea of world revolution. The study draws on new sources and the results of contemporary historiography of the history of the Alash movement. For Bolshevik foreign-policy strategy, the recognition of Soviet power by the Alash Orda was one of the stages in the drive towards world revolution in the colonial East. At the same time, the idea of the world revolution itself played an ambiguous role in the Bolshevik strategy. The author demonstrates that different groups of local Bolsheviks, as well as representatives of the central government, used it to achieve quite practical objectives. With the consolidation of Soviet power, the Kazakh Bolsheviks attempted to introduce the factor of the world revolution into the local political context. This was also reflected in Turar Ryskulov's project to create a Turkic Republic and a Turkic Communist Party.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ НАРОДНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В КАЗАХСТАНЕ В СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ КОНЦА XIX — НАЧАЛА XX ВЕКА

This research examines the social conditions of Kazakhstan in the development of education in the late XIX — early XX centuries. Socio-political conditions determined the trends in the development of education in the Kazakh steppe: the desire to preserve the national historical heritage of the culture, language and literature of the Kazakh people, the formation of national identity and the desire for a universal beginning in education, expressed in the study of Russian culture, history, language as a means of familiarization with world civilization. The authors took into account the socio-political conditions at the heart of schools and pedagogy for teaching children in the Kazakh steppe. The turning point in the social progress of the Kazakh people was prepared by the most important political events in his life, which influenced the formation of education in Kazakhstan. The authors also derived some historical data of the education system of the Kazakh people during the completion of the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia. Historical facts reveal the social conditions, origins and features of the formation and transition to the system of public education. The popular education of that time tried to ensure the future of the people through education. In order to effectively implement the new educational program, active work was underway to create new textbooks and train qualified teaching staff. As a result, there have been certain shifts in the field of public education towards increasing schools and other educational institutions, eliminating illiteracy in Kazakhstan.

ЦЕНТРАЛЬНО-АЗИАТСКИЙ РЕГИОН РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ: ОБЩНОСТЬ ВНУТРЕННЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ЧЕРЕЗ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНОЙ ПРАКТИКИ

The article examines the legislative practice of the Russian Empire in relation to the southeastern possessions (Kazakh Steppe, Russian Turkestan and the Transсaspian region). Based on the analysis of the current legislation, the validity of the use of the regional approach to the study of the history of the Russian Empire is confirmed. The imperial legislation on the Kazakh steppe convinces that during the 18th century it was a colonial possession and consistently experienced methods of indirect and direct rule. From the middle of the 19th century, when Russia became more active in the direction of Afghanistan and China, it came to an understanding of the need to integrate not only Kazakh, but also newly conquered lands into a common state space as ordinary provinces. The approaches used in this direction were the same for all three sub-regions of the Empire’s Southeast. This gives grounds to assert that the Russian leadership perceived them as part of a single geopolitical space. The 18th and 19th centuries Russian legislation makes it possible to highlight the main parameters of administration unification. They allowed the Empire to assimilate a different civilization space confidently. The main instrument was the system of military-and-people’s administration, tested in another region of the Empire (in the Caucasus). It was implemented in special administrative-territorial units (Governorates-General). Their boundaries and composition changed depending on foreign policy circumstances and the solution of another important task — the adaptation of the population to the All-Russian order.

Medical Geography and Civil Society in the Russian Empire

In the intellectual construction of empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, one of the principal building blocks was medical geography. A discipline located at the boundary of medicine, ethnography, sociology, and geography, medical geography devoted itself to understanding the social and environmental factors that neo-Hippocratic medicine thought determined public health. Thanks to A History of Medicine and Medical Geography in the Russian Empire, co-written by a team of researchers under the direction of E. Vishlenkova and A. Renner, there exists for the first time a study of the role played by medical geography in the development of the Russian Empire. The book begins by discussing what it calls the infrastructure of Russian medico-geographic research: the top-level medical agencies, the system of Baltic maritime quarantines, the training and career paths of physicians, and the development of medical associations. Then it examines the findings of medico-geographic researchers, discussing the climate theories of early modern European medical thinkers and the development in Russia of the three principal forms of medico-geographic writing — statistics, mapmaking, and narrative “medico-topographical descriptions”. The final section offers a series of casestudies from spaces as diverse as Lithuania, the Kazakh steppe, the Arctic shipping route, and global voyages of the vessels of the imperial Russian navy. Systematically placing Russia in the comparative framework of European empires and alternating in its perspective between St Petersburg and distant frontiers, the book explores how medical geography and its practitioners connected Russia with Europe and helped simultaneously to form the imperial state, the Russian nation, and a nascent civil society.

Ел тағдырын екшеген тарлан тарихшы

Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honorary Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences of Kazakhstan, Honorary Head of the Department of al-Farabi KazNU, Director of the Republican Center for the Study of Traditional Civilizations of Central Asia Talas Omarbekuly Omarbekov (1948-2021) left a brilliant mark on the scientific and social life of the Republic.T. Omarbekov was one of the first Kazakh scientists to turn to the study of the so-called «blank page» in the national history at the beginning of independence. On the basis of previously unknown 139А.М. Азмұханова Turkic Studies Journal 2 (2022) 130-140archival documents and new methodological approaches, he managed to convey to the general public the truth about the tragic events of the period of forced collectivization and anti-Soviet uprisings. The study of the causes and consequences of the great famine of 1932-1933 in the Kazakh steppe takes a special place among his scientific works.The next direction of scientific research of T. Omarbekov were the problems related to ancient and medieval history of Kazakhstan. He made a great contribution to the research of the history of the origin of the Kazakh people, the emergence and formation of its statehood. Thanks to the enormous efforts he made when he was at the head of the historical research center «Alash», the basic monographs «History of Kazakh clans and tribes», «Ethnic history of Kazakhs», «Kazakh statehood: the history of kaganates, ulus and khanates», «Kazakh khans» and others were published. T. Omarbekov devoted the last decade of his life to the study of the ethnic history of the Turkic peoples of the Great Steppe. He headed several research projects in this direction and later was the head of the Republican Center for the Study of Traditional Civilizations of Central Asia. As a result of the fruitful work of the team of the scientific institution headed by him, he managed to publish the monograph «History of the Civilization of the Nomads of Central Asia», a collection of essays «Questions of the History of Traditional Civilization in Central Asia», a four-volume textbook «History of Kazakhstan», as well as several teaching aids.T. Omarbekov combined the qualities the qualities of a remarkable historian, a talented publicist and a public figure, which is reflected in his active cooperation with the media and numerous publications in journals. The scientist’s works were published not only in Kazakhstan, but also in foreign research journals.T. Omarbekov was an excellent mentor and managed to establish his own scientific school. Under his guidance, 7 Doctors of science and 34 Candidates of science defended their dissertations, as well as about a dozen PhDs in the field of history.

ИНСТИТУТ ВОЕННОГО ГУБЕРНАТОРСТВА В УПРАВЛЕНИИ ОРЕНБУРГСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИЕЙ В КОНЦЕ XVIII — ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ XIX В.

At the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century, the Orenburg province was a vast frontier region in the southeast of the Russian Empire. The border position on the border with the Kazakh steppe, the presence of a defensive line on which irregular troops served, the motley ethno-confessional composition of the population were the differences between this territory and the “internal provinces”. The specifics of the Orenburg province led to the formation of a special regional administration. Its center was the institution of military governorship, which had the features of a special administration. The status of the military governor, as a “chief of the province”, was determined by the law of appointment; the possibility of direct appeal to the emperor; principles of selection for the position; powers for military border management, management of the Separate Orenburg Corps, management of the civilian part of the province. He had the right of administrative initiative, control and supervisory functions in relation to provincial institutions. The government showed interest in the stable functioning of the institute of military governorship. This was reflected in the expansion of the staff of the office, the adaptation of its structure to the functions performed, and the increase in the employees’ salaries. Officials on special assignments were among the most trusted persons of the military governor. They took a real part in the administration of the region. The regional model of governance of the Orenburg province at the end of the 18th — first half of the 19th century solved the problems it faced. It ensured stability and unity of government in the vast border region.

West Alash and its role on the way to the idea of the Kazakh State

In the modern development of independent Kazakhstan, despite the global economic crisis, the pandemic, and other difficulties, scientists pay special attention to the problem of differentiation of the pages of our history that have not yet been opened and thoroughly studied. And particular importance among them is attached to famine in Kazakhstan in the 1920s and 1930s and the history of Alash Orda. In connection with the new requirements for the social sciences and increased access to previously closed archival documents, historians make a significant contribution to the elimination of «white spots» in the history of Kazakhstan. In recent years, as a result of activities of the creative community of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the names of many social, political and cultural figures, unreasonably punished during the period of Stalin’s cult of personality, have been returned. The leaders of the national movement in the early 20th century were the leaders of Alash Odra, who defended justice, equality, and national statehood in the Kazakh steppe. The main goals of the Alash movement were the following: preservation of the Kazakh nation, ensuring its integrity, preventing its division into classes and groups; the revival of the Kazakh statehood; return of the seized lands of the Kazakh peasantry; establishment of complete equality of all the nations living in the territory of Kazakhstan; creation of a national military detachment, etc Complete and realistic reconstruction of the past history is one of the main tasks of historical sciences today, including the history of national movements of the late 19th and early 20th centuries that occupies a significant place. This relates, first of all, to the Alash movement in Kazakhstan. In this article, the authors describe West Alash, which was Alash Orda’s part, and Zhahansha Dosmukhamedov, who was one of its leaders, and his hard work on the way to realizing all these goals.

История создания музея-заповедника «Бозок»

In 2018, a decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the establishment of the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve «Bozok» in the structure of the Ministry of Culture and Sports was issued. The road to this event took 20 years. The idea of preserving the archaeological site and creating a Museum-Reserve on its basis came from its first researcher K.A. Akishev. Bozok is a unique monument of historical and cultural heritage on the territory of Central Kazakhstan. The history of its discovery and exploration involved a chain of significant circumstances. It could not have been opened earlier, although it has existed for more than a thousand years. Bozok is a kind of message received at a special symbolic moment of the turn of the millennium, which coincided with remarkable events: independence, the transition to a new phase of state building, the establishment of the capital in a new place. All these significant circumstances were confirmed by the discovery of the deep historicity and significance of the Kazakh steppe as the center of the Eurasian continent. It turns out that historical events of a political and creative nature took place here, that there was an accumulation and development of new cultural and technological achievements that influenced the ethno-genesis of the Kazakhs, which formed the genetic code and mentality of the Kazakh ethnos. In ancient times, in the history of the steppe space, there were significant periods of awakening, invention and spread of innovations in the vast areas of the ecosystem of the Ancient East, Central Asia. The article deals with a brief history of the discovery and exploration of the mediaeval settlement of Bozok. The first results of archaeological research have shown the importance of this historical monument. Its origin dates back to the ancient Turkic era of the 7th – 8th century. The archaeological site of Bozok serves as a confirmation of the ethno-genetic memory of the ancient Turkic-speaking population in choosing a site for urban space and shaping it in the tradition of the steppe mentality

19-20세기 초 러시아 제국의 중앙아시아 식민통치와 행정 구획의 지역별 특징

The purpose of this study is to show that the colonial policy implemented after the annexation of Central Asia by the Russian Empire in the 19th century was applied in different ways in the Kazakh steppe and West Turkistan, which are two regions that compose Central Asia. For this purpose, the process of the annexation of the Kazakh steppe and West Turkistan into the Russian Empire, the implementation system of political, economic, social, religious and cultural policies, and differences in administrative divisions were examined. And as a result, we came to the following conclusions:<BR> Firstly, although the Kazakh steppe and West Turkistan had historically interacted for a long time, there was no experience of integrating these regions into one space before the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century.<BR> Secondly, at the beginning of the 19th century, the Tsarist Empire regarded the Kazakh nomadic settlements that had been served Russia and paid tribute(yasak) since the beginning of the 18th century as the territory where the suzerainty of the empire was established. Based on this recognition, the imperial government demarcated the Kazakh Steppe into administrative divisions according to the Russian system, and focused on spreading Russian culture and Orthodox Christian beliefs.<BR> On the other hand, thirdly, in Western Turkistan, which was conquered by the Russian expeditionary force in the middle of the 19th century, it showed a change in the introduction of a protectorate system along with the demarcation of Russian administrative divisions. In addition, in the social and religious aspects, a relatively moderate policy of colonial rule was pursued, such as acknowledging some of the power of the indigenous elites and implementing a policy of ‘disregard (игнорирование)’ which implicitly acknowledged Islamic beliefs.<BR> Fourthly, despite these differences, what the Russian Empire was trying to establish in Central Asia was a European colonial system. As a result, the foundation for the formation of Central Asia as a space and Central Asians as a community, which had never appeared in the past, was laid in this region in the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century.

ҚАЗАҚ ТАРИХЫНДАҒЫ КЕНЕСАРЫ ХАННЫҢ БАТЫРЛЫҚ ТҰЛҒАСЫ

The history of the Kazakh statehood will undoubtedly be of great importance in the current political situation of Kazakhstan and the development of the national idea, strengthening the support of the country. The Kazakh people were recognized as a heroic people – there were many heroic personalities in its history. In Kazakh history, the study of political, heroic activity and personal qualities of khans and biys, leaders and batyrs, generals has always been relevant. One of the topics that became a big scientific problem in Kazakhstani historiography was the political activity of the last Kazakh Khan Kenessary Kassymuly, his heroic activity in Kazakh society. The article examines the history of the national liberation uprising of the Kazakh people led by Kenessary Kassymuly, his socio-political activities and his personal characteristics, as well as examines the political measures implemented by Kenessary Kassymuly in the Kazakh steppe, gives a historical assessment of the actions of a national character.

Akhmet Baitursynov's principles of primary school education

The article analyzes the position of the teacher of the nation, Akhmet Baitursynov, in primary school education. In the article «Еlementary school» by Akhmet Baitursynov the conclusions and principles were outlined, the concept of the alphabet and the subjects were studied at the initial stage, and were compared with the system of knowledge, provided by the updated program at the modern initial stage. The features and contradictions of the native language and the alphabet were analyzed in Baitursynov’s work. It was indicated that textbooks published before the thirties were developed in accordance with the nature of the language. Akhmet Baitursynov himself taught at the school for fourteen years, on the basis of this experience he wrote a textbook of the alphabet. He was a great reformer who not only enlightened the people, but also created knowledge about what needs to be learned. By this time, forty different alphabets had been published. The «Alphabet» of Akhmet is being used these days. The Kazakh school lost its way a little, dropped the «Alippe» («Alphabet») and «Ana tili» («Mother tongue»), and released the subject «Sauat ashu» (Literacy) (textbook) as part of the updated program. In the first year of school, one needs to learn his native language. The modern native language is a real integrated subject, which in the second grade is divided into literary reading and the Kazakh language. It is wrong to teach it in the second half of the first grade with the Kazakh language of instruction. Today, there are many unnecessary subjects in the first class (self-knowledge, knowledge of the world, natural science, English, Russian). We prove that we integrate the subjects that give the child a real functional education (ABC + native language + Kazakh). The importance of conducting disciplines at the origins only in the Kazakh language is proved. The quality of transmitted functional knowledge in primary subjects in modern schools is analyzed. The ideas of his contemporaries and other scientists about Akhmet Baitursynov are taken as a basis, the viability and suitability of textbooks and methodological manuals published by scientists to the modern education system is proved. It is shown that Akhmet Baitursynov brilliantly analyzed the then situation in the Kazakh steppe, the two systems of education in it, their benefits and harms. Unlike Russian schools, its everyday problems and the fact that the knowledge gained from it in modern language is not functional can be compared with today's.