Karyotypic Features Research Articles

Karyotypes of Five Spider Species from Mediterranean and Central Regions of Turkey

Here we present the first data on karyotype structures in five spider species belonging to the families Agelenidae, Salticidae and Thomisidae collected from Mediterranean and central regions of Turkey. An air-drying method was used to obtain mitotic and meiotic chromosomes. The karyotype characteristics including diploid chromosome number and sex chromosome systems were in Salticidae: Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) and Attulus distinguendus (Simon, 1868), 2n♂ = 28, X1X20; Thomisidae: Xysticus lanio C. L. Koch, 1835 and Xysticus ferrugineus Menge, 1876, 2n♂ = 23, X0; Agelenidae: Agelena orientalis C. L. Koch, 1837, 2n♂ = 42, X1X20. Sex chromosomes were identified tentatively. All species contained monoarmed chromosomes and there was a gradual decrease in their total lengths.

Chromosomes of parasitic wasps of the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): An overview.

An overview of the current knowledge of chromosome sets of the parasitoid superfamily Chalcidoidea is given. Karyotypes of approximately 240 members of this group, i.e. just above one percent of described species, are studied up to now. Techniques for obtaining and analyzing preparations of chalcid chromosomes are outlined, including the so-called "traditional" and "modern" methods of differential staining as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Among the Chalcidoidea, the haploid chromosome number can vary from n = 3 to n = 11, with a clear mode at n = 6 and a second local maximum at n = 10. In this group, most chromosomes are either metacentric or submetacentric, but acrocentrics and/or subtelocentrics also can predominate, especially within karyotypes of certain Chalcidoidea with higher chromosome numbers. The following main types of chromosomal mutations are characteristic of chalcid karyotypes: inversions, fusions, translocations, polyploidy, aneuploidy and B chromosome variation. Although karyotype evolution of this superfamily was mainly studied using phylogenetic reconstructions based on morphological and/or molecular characters, chromosomal synapomorphies of certain groups were also revealed. Taxonomic implications of karyotypic features of the Chalcidoidea are apparently the most important at the species level, especially among cryptic taxa.

Abstract 5381: Elevated PD-L1 and HER2 expression on aneuploid carcinoma cells in malignant ascites accelerate stumor cell immune evasion in gastrointestinal cancer patients

Abstract Background Peritoneal dissemination (PD) is a type of metastasis frequently found in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer patients, resulting in the production of massive malignant ascites which associate with poor prognosis. However, the question of how the expression of tumor biomarkers on cancer cells in malignant ascites correlates with PD is yet to be answered. This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of PD-L1 and HER2 expression on malignant ascites disseminated tumor cells (maDTCs) in GI carcinoma patients. Patients and Methods Paired blood and malignant ascites specimens were respectively collected from 24 of metastatic GI subjects, including 15 gastric, 2 pancreatic, 1 esophageal, and 6 colorectal cancer patients. Non-hematologic CTCs and maDTCs were enriched by subtraction enrichment (SE), followed by immunostaining-FISH (iFISH) to co-examine PD-L1 and HER2 expression on aneuploid maDTCs and CTCs. In addition, CD4+, CD8+, Treg and naive T cells in the same cohort of samples were quantified by flow cytometry. Results In situ karyotypic and phenotypic characterization performed by iFISH showed that the average number of maDTCs in the 24 patients was 32755/ml ascites, which was significantly higher than the average number of CTCs detected (3.5/ml blood) (P<0.0001). The number of maDTCs and CTCs exhibited no correlation between each other (Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, R=-0.03, P=0.89). Further examination indicated that PD-L1 was expressed on 50% of maDTCs compared to only 11% for CTCs (P=0.0002). No correlation of PD-L1 expression between maDTCs and CTCs was observed (Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient, R=0.25, P=0.24). Co-expression of PD-L1 and HER2 on CTCs and maDTCs was respectively examined in the recruited 15 gastric cancer (GA) patients. All 15 patients were histopathological HER2 negative (hHER2-). One subject (1/15=6.7%) showed 1 double HER2+/PD-L1+ CTC (1/63 CTCs in 15 GA patients=1.6%). In comparison, 6 patients (6/15=40%) had a total of 290377 HER2+/PD-L1+ maDTCs detected (290377/1306783 overall maDTCs=22%). In addition, flow cytometry analyses revealed that 5% of lymphocytes in malignant ascites were immunosuppression relevant regulatory T cells (Tregs), compared to only 2% of Tregs identified in the paired peripheral blood sample of the same patient. Conclusions Our study suggested that a higher proportion of Tregs in malignant ascites may contribute towards fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment.PD-L1+/HER2+ maDTCs, in such an immunosuppressive microenvironment, might be able to evade immune system attack. Moreover, PD-L1 and HER2 identified on maDTCs could serve as therapy targets with respect to inhibition of peritoneal metastasis, potentially leading to an additional treatment strategy for GI cancer patients with malignant ascites. Citation Format: Yang Chen, Changsong Qi, JiaJia Yuan, Dan Liu, Zhi Peng, Xiaotian Zhang, Jian Li, Pin Peter Lin, Yilin Li, Lin Shen. Elevated PD-L1 and HER2 expression on aneuploid carcinoma cells in malignant ascites accelerate stumor cell immune evasion in gastrointestinal cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5381.

Pregnancy in a Patient With Mosaic Turner Syndrome: A Case Report

Turner Syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal sex disorder, phenotypically characterized by short stature, webbed neck, cubitus valgus, and rarely with slight intellectual disability. A majorityof TS patients (95%-98%) have infertility due to ovarian failure. Pregnancy in TS patients is an unusual case; however, pregnancy could rarely occur in mosaicism TS patients withoutany assistance. Pregnancy in such patients is associated with high risks of maternal mortality, spontaneous abortion, as well as the congenital and karyotype abnormalities of the fetus. A30-year-old pregnant woman has referred to our genetics lab with a history of polyabortivity. Her menarche occurred at the age of 13 years and her menstruation was claimed to be in aregular cycle. The patient’s two first pregnancies resulted in stillbirth, whereas the third one was delivered through caesarian surgery, but spoiled after 8 days. Our case was characterizedby mosaicism 45, X/45, XX, after referring as a multi-abortion case. The fourth pregnancy has happened at the age of 31 years and a healthy embryo with normal heart function wasdiagnosed by sonography in 17 weeks of gestation. The result of amniocentesis confirmed a healthy female embryo with 46, XX karyotype. Spontaneous pregnancy is regarded as aprecarious situation terrifying by abortion or malignancy; also, chromosomal abnormalities, like trisomy 21 and TS, are prevalent in offspring. Therefore, it is strongly recommended tohave cohort studies based on karyotype characterization to decrease the patient’s concerns as well as to follow more practical clinical approaches.

Combined detection of aneuploid circulating tumor-derived endothelial cells and circulating tumor cells may improve diagnosis of early stage non-small-cell lung cancer.

BackgroundMany tumor‐derived endothelial cells (TECs) are shed into the blood and turn into circulating TECs (CTECs). Rare circulating non‐hematologic aneuploid cells contain CTCs and CTECs, which are biologically and functionally different from each other. CD31 is one of the most representative endothelial cell (EC) markers, yet CD31 alone is not sufficient to detect malignant CTECs due to the existence of abundant normal ECs in circulation. Aneuploidy of chromosome 8 (CEP8) is an important criterion for the identification of malignant cells. Combined in situ phenotypic and karyotypic characterization, which includes an examination of both protein expression and aneuploid chromosomes, has demonstrated its unique advantage for both effective distinguishing and comprehensive detection of CTCs and CTECs.MethodsA total of 98 subjects were recruited in the current study, including healthy donors and patients with benign disease and early‐stage non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SE‐iFISH was performed to quantitatively analyze diverse subtypes of aneuploid CD31+ CTECs and CD31− CTCs classified upon the ploidy of chromosome 8 and tumor marker expression in the specimens collected from the recruited subjects.ResultsCD31− CTCs primarily consist of triploid CTCs with a small cell size (≤5 µm) and large hyperploid CTCs (≥ pentaploid), whereas CD31+ CTECs are mainly comprised of large hyperploid cells. Enumeration of the total numbers of both CTCs and CTECs might help identify malignant nodules with a high sensitivity, whereas quantification of tetraploid CTCs and CTECs specifically exhibited a high specificity for the identification of malignant nodules.ConclusionsCombined detection of the specific subtypes of aneuploid CD31+ CTECs and CD31− CTCs may help to effectively identify malignant nodules with a higher sensitivity and specificity in early stage NSCLC patients.

<p><strong><em>Allium</em> <em>schisticola</em>, a new species with peculiar morphological characters and an unexpected phylogenetic position</strong></p>

Allium schisticola is described from West Azarbaijan (Iran) as a new species. It is closely related to A. sabalense and A. sahandicum in having a similar flower color but differs by leaf, filament, and tepal characters. We investigated the phylogenetic relationship of the new species based on sequences of the chloroplast trnL-trnF and nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions in A. subg. Melanocrommyum compared with 109 accessions of this subgenus. Our results confirm its placement in A. subg. Melanocrommyum. However, the ITS tree showed that the new species should belong to A. sect. Melanocrommyum despite the fact that it represents many morphological characters of A. sect. Acanthoprason. Most peculiar for the new species are obtuse tepals broadest near the tip (vs. very narrowly lanceolate up to triangular tepals in A. sect. Acanthoprason), with adaxially inconspicuous median vein (vs. conspicuous median vein in sect. Acanthoprason). The new species is diploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 16. Karyotype features and meiotic chromosomes behavior are presented for the new taxon. A detailed morphological description, illustrations, and a distribution map of the new species are given.

Phylogenetic relationships based on nuclear and plastid DNA sequences reveal recent diversification and discordant patterns of morphological evolution of the Chilean genera of Gilliesieae (Amaryllidaceae: Allioideae)

Abstract Gilliesieae are a South American tribe of Amaryllidaceae characterized by high floral diversity. Given different taxonomic interpretations and proposals for generic and specific relationships, a representative phylogenetic analysis is required to clarify the systematics of this group. The present study provides a framework for understanding phylogenetic relationships and contributing to the development of an appropriate taxonomic treatment of Gilliesieae. Molecular analyses, based on nuclear (ITS) and plastid DNA sequences (trnL-F and rbcL), resolve with strong support the monophyly of the tribe and the differentiation of two major clades. Clade I comprises the genera Gilliesia, Gethyum and Solaria and Clade II includes Miersia and Speea. These well-supported clades are mostly congruent with vegetative and karyotype characters rather than, e.g., floral symmetry. At the generic level, all molecular analyses reveal the paraphyly of Gilliesia and Miersia. Gethyum was found to be paraphyletic, resulting in the confirmation of Ancrumia as a distinct genus. Several instances of incongruent phylogenetic signals were found among data sets. The calibrated tree suggests a recent diversification of the tribe (Pliocene–Pleistocene), a contemporary process of speciation in which instances of hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting could explain patterns of paraphyly and incongruence of floral morphology.

Sex Chromosomes and Internal Telomeric Sequences in Dormitator latifrons (Richardson 1844) (Eleotridae: Eleotrinae): An Insight into their Origin in the Genus.

The freshwater fish species Dormitator latifrons, commonly named the Pacific fat sleeper, is an important food resource in CentralSouth America, yet almost no genetic information on it is available. A cytogenetic analysis of this species was undertaken by standard and molecular techniques (chromosomal mapping of 18S rDNA, 5S rDNA, and telomeric repeats), aiming to describe the karyotype features, verify the presence of sex chromosomes described in congeneric species, and make inferences on chromosome evolution in the genus. The karyotype (2n = 46) is mainly composed of metacentric and submetacentic chromosomes, with nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) localized on the short arms of submetacentric pair 10. The presence of XX/XY sex chromosomes was observed, with the X chromosome carrying the 5S rDNA sequences. These heterochromosomes likely appeared before 1 million years ago, since they are shared with another derived Dormitator species (Dormitator maculatus) distributed in the Western Atlantic. Telomeric repeats hybridize to the terminal portions of almost all chromosomes; additional interstitial sites are present in the centromeric region, suggesting pericentromeric inversions as the main rearrangement mechanisms that has driven karyotypic evolution in the genus. The data provided here contribute to improving the cytogenetics knowledge of D. latifrons, offering basic information that could be useful in aquaculture farming of this neotropical fish.

Karyotype structure and polymorphism peculiarities of Chironomus nuditarsis Keyl, 1961 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from natural populations of North Caucasus.

The study presents data on the karyotype characteristics and features of chromosomal polymorphism of Chironomus nuditarsis Keyl, 1961 (Diptera, Chironomidae) from seven natural populations of Caucasus (Northwest, Central and East Caucasus). We found 16 banding sequences in the Caucasian populations. We observed inversion polymorphism almost in all chromosome arms except for arms C and E. The genetic distances between all the studied populations of Ch. nuditarsis were calculated using Nei criteria (1972). In spite of relative geographic proximity, the genetic distances between populations of the Caucasus are quite big, and they do not form a single cluster of Caucasian populations. The population of the Northwest Caucasus goes to European cluster; the populations of Central and East Caucasus form their own separate clusters. The principal component analysis (PCA) shows the similar picture. We suggest that such a clear separation of Caucasian populations in distinct clusters is a result of differences of collection sites in terms of geography and climate (complex diverse terrain and microclimate conditions). Four of the Caucasian populations do not follow Hardy-Weinberg expectation. In two populations, there being a marked deficiency of heterozygotes in arms B, F and G. In two other populations, there being a marked excess of heterozygotes in arms B and G. One can suggest that observed pictures could be a reflection of multi-directional selection of heterozygotes in different populations. The populations of Ch. nuditarsis from different parts of the Caucasus possibly diverged from each other at the level of subspecies. All the obtained data are indicative of the complex genetic structure of Caucasian populations of Ch. nuditarsis and total complexity of microevolution processes occurring in the Caucasus region.

Karyotype Analysis of Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer

Taking the testis of male adults of Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer as the experimental materials, the chromosome number and morphology of C. buqueti were observed by acetic acid magenta tabletting method, and the karyotype characteristics were analyzed in this study. The results showed that the chromosome number of C. buqueti was 2n = 22, including 10 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, all of which were centromeres of middle/sub middle, NF = 22. The sex determination mechanism of C. buqueti was Xyp type, and the karyotype formula was 2n = 22 = 16m + 4sm + Xyp. The percentage of chromosome with the longest chromosome to the shortest chromosome ratio greater than 4∶1, and the percentage of chromosome with the arm ratio greater than 2∶1 was 0.1. So the karyotype of C. buqueti was 2C type, and no secondary constriction and satellite characteristics were observed. The results supplemented the blank of the basic research on the classification characteristics of C. buqueti chromosome.

Gonadal Dominance and Internal Genitalia Phenotypes of Patients with Ovotesticular Disorders of Sex Development: Report of 22 Cases and Literature Review

This study aimed to delineate internal genitalia phenotypes in patients with ovotesticular disorders of sex development (OT-DSD). Therefore, a cohort of 22 OT-DSD patients admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from March 1977 to August 2019 was analyzed retrospectively. The characteristics of karyotype, gonad type and location, and internal genital organs were reviewed and compared to 242 pooled cases from the Chinese literature. As a result, the most common karyotype was 46,XX (68.2% in 22 cases of our hospital, 60.8% in the domestic literature). The combination of gonads was separated (ovary-testis, 45.1%), unilateral (ovotestis-ovary, 17.4%; ovotestis-testis, 13.0%), and bilateral (ovotestis-ovotestis, 24.5%). All the cases in our hospital had a uterus on the side of the ovary or ovotestis. Among the 19 female patients, 5 had a hysterectomy due to genital tract obstruction, 9 had vaginal dysplasia, 3 had premature ovarian failure, and only 2 women gave birth to a child. In conclusion, OT-DSD is a typical model of unilateral gonadal determinism: the uterus is present on the side of the ovotestis and ovary and the internal genital organs predominantly exhibit female characteristics. However, combined reproductive tract malformation and ovarian function of premature failure are not uncommon.

Study on interspecific hybridization between tulip cultivars and wild species native to China

The interspecific hybridization was performed between five tulip cultivars, including ‘Judith Leyster,’ ‘World’s Favorite,’ ‘Heart of Poland,’ ‘Crispa Fabio’ and ‘Jumbo Pink,’ and five wild species, including Tulipa thianschanica Regel, T. sinkiangensis Z. M. Mao, T. altaica Pall. ex Spreng, T. buhseana Boiss. and T. schrenkii Regel., to explore the cross-compatibility between tulip cultivars and wild species. In this experiment, pollen size and germinability, pollen storage life, stigma receptivity, fruit-setting, hybrid seed germination and bulblet formation were observed. The chromosome count and karyotype of hybrids were also examined. The results showed that T. altaica and five cultivars had closer genetic relationship than the other four wild species. Among the five wild Tulipa species T. altaica has the largest pollen and the highest germination rate (65.23%) compared with any other four species. The pollen viability of all five pollen parents decreased slowly across all stages at − 20 °C and decreased rapidly at 25 °C and 4 °C. A total of 1066 hybrids were obtained from interspecific hybridization combinations, including ‘Heart of Poland’ × T. thianschanica, ‘Heart of Poland’ × T. altaica, ‘Crispa Fabio’ × T. altaica, ‘Jumbo Pink’ × T. altaica, ‘Crispa Fabio’ × T. schrenkii and ‘Jumbo Pink’ × T. schrenkii. According to the chromosome count, approximately 20% and 12% aneuploidy hybrids were produced from ‘Heart of Poland’ (2n = 3x = 36) × T. thianschanica (2n = 2x = 24) and ‘Heart of Poland’ (2n = 3x = 36) × T. altaica (2n = 2x = 24), respectively, and the any other hybrids were diploid (2n = 24) in these two crosses. All the hybrids from crosses of diploid parents were diploid (2n = 24). Meanwhile, the karyotype characteristics of six parents and their six progenies were also elaborated, which had similar 3A and 3B karyotypes. The results of this study may facilitate tulip interspecific hybridization in the future.

Karyotype characterization and evolution of chromosome number in Cactaceae with special emphasis on subfamily Cactoideae

ABSTRACT Cactaceae species are karyotypically well-known with x = 11 and chromosome number variation due mainly to polyploidization. However, both assumptions are based on descriptive observations without taking an evolutionary framework of Cactaceae into account. Aiming to confirm these hypotheses in an evolutionary context, we obtained chromosome numbers for 20 species of Cactoideae, performed an extensive review of chromosome number for the family, and analyzed these data using a phylogenetic approach. The karyotypes presented here were characterized by CMA/DAPI banding, and for six species 5S and 45S rDNA sites were located. Our data, along with a survey of the literature, reinforce the long-standing hypothesis of a x = 11 as the base chromosome number for Cactaceae. They also reinforce the relevance of polyploidy in karyotype evolution of cacti, although polyploidy was important just after the diversification of subfamilies Maihuenioideae and Pereskioideae. Despite the homogeneous chromosome complements observed among cacti, chromosome banding and FISH techniques revealed informative characteristics, allowing the identification of chromosome synapomorphies, such as proximal CMA+ bands in Melocactus and proximal 5S rDNA in Pilosocereus, indicating the taxonomic potential of chromosome characterization in cacti.

Особенности кариотипов супружеских пар с проблемами репродуктивной функции в Казахстане

Особенности кариотипов супружеских пар с проблемами репродуктивной функции в Казахстане

The clinical characteristics of patients with acute leukemia or stem cell transplantation exhibiting immune based platelet refractoriness

BackgroundTo investigate the related factors influencing immune platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR) in acute leukemia (AL) from induction to consolidation and compare management for immune PTR, so as to improve the Platelet increment in AL. MethodsThe primary analysis included 890 patients with AL, 225 of whom were the immune PTR (25 %).They are patients in our center from induction to consolidation or transplantation in the past 10 years. Flow cytometry, karyotype characteristics and other basic information were compared between the immune PTR vs control (no-PTR) groups. We analyzed the treatment outcomes of immune PTR including matched platelets, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), increasing apheresis platelet does. Results: Immune PTR is more likely to occur in patients with poor prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (P = 0.01).There is a relation between NPM1 mutation and occurrence of immune PTR (P = 0.029).The incidence of PTR at 35-59Y was higher than that at <35Y(OR = 0.68, 95 % CI = 0.48-0.96) and ≥60Y(OR = 0.49,95 % CI = 0.28-0.83), and the difference was statistically significant(P = 0.03, P = 0.01).The Platelet increment with 1 unit (u) was 47.12 %, 2 u increased to 71.14 %, and the matched 2 u (75.11 %) had the best effect. IVIG improved the Platelet increment, but there was no difference between 0.4 g/kg IVIG and 1 g/kg IVIG. Immune PTR is more likely to occur in the ages of 35–60 years. ConclusionThere are specific AL patient characteristics which predispose to the phenomenon of immune based PTR. Meanwhile, increasing the IVIG dose could not improve Platelet increment obviously.

Karyotypic analyses and genomic affinity among Argentinean species of Passiflora

Abstract The genus Passiflora (Passifloraceae) has more than 500 species, nineteen are native to Argentina. By their austral distribution, these species were included in breeding programs to obtain ornamental varieties tolerant to low temperatures. The aim of this work was to know the cytogenetic characteristics of Passiflora genotypes present in a working collection, as an indispensable knowledge for the development of a breeding plan. Chromosomal preparations were performed and karyotypic characteristics, rDNA sites by FISH and affinity among subgenera by GISH were studied. Chromosome counts in fourteen Argentinean species confirmed the basic chromosome numbers previously published: x = 6 for subgenus Decaloba, x = 9 for subgenus Passiflora and x = 10 for Dysosmia. The karyotypic parameters (karyotype, haploid chromosome length and asymmetry indices) and genomic affinities among the subgenera, clarify most of the chromosomal evolution of the genus. The results obtained strongly suggest that the basic number x = 6 would be the original one and that x = 9 was originated by processes of polyploidy and descendent dysploidy. Since subgenus Passiflora possesses the largest genomes, it is postulated that evolutionary process leading to x = 9 was accompanied by unequal distribution of non-coding repetitive DNA, mainly transposable elements. These processes could explain the asymmetrical karyotypes of species of subgenus Passiflora.

Comparative cytogenetic survey of the giant bonytongue Arapaima fish (Osteoglossiformes: Arapaimidae), across different Amazonian and Tocantins/Araguaia River basins

Abstract The South American giant fishes of the genus Arapaima, commonly known as pirarucu, are one of the most iconic among Osteoglossiformes. Previously cytogenetic studies have identified their karyotype characteristics; however, characterization of cytotaxonomic differentiation across their distribution range remains unknown. In this study, we compared chromosomal characteristics using conventional and molecular cytogenetic protocols in pirarucu populations from the Amazon and Tocantins-Araguaia river basins to verify if there is differentiation among representatives of this genus. Our data revealed that individuals from all populations present the same diploid chromosome number 2n=56 and karyotype composed of 14 pairs of meta- to submetacentric and 14 pairs of subtelo- to acrocentric chromosomes. The minor and major rDNA sites are in separate chromosomal pairs, in which major rDNA sites corresponds to large heterochromatic blocks. Comparative genomic hybridizations (CGH) showed that the genome of these populations shared a great portion of repetitive elements, due to a lack of substantial specific signals. Our comparative cytogenetic data analysis of pirarucu suggested that, although significant genetic differences occur among populations, their general karyotype patterns remain conserved.

Novel insights into chromosome evolution of Charadriiformes: extensive genomic reshuffling in the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana, Charadriiformes, Jacanidae).

The order Charadriiformes comprises three major clades: Lari and Scolopaci as sister group to Charadrii. Until now, only three Charadriiformes species have been studied by chromosome painting: Larus argentatus (Lari), Burhinus oedicnemus and Vanellus chilensis (Charadrii). Hence, there is a lack of information concerning the third clade, Scolapaci. Based on this, and to gain a better understanding of karyotype evolution in the order Charadriiformes, we applied conventional and molecular cytogenetic approaches in a species belonging to clade Scolopaci - the wattled jacana (Jacana jacana) - using Gallus gallus and Zenaida auriculata chromosome-specific probes. Cross-species evaluation of J. jacana chromosomes shows extensive genomic reshuffling within macrochromosomes during evolution, with multiple fission and fusion events, although the diploid number remains at high level (2n=82). Interestingly, this species does not have the GGA7-8 fusion, which was found in two representatives of Charadrii clade, reinforcing the idea that this fusion may be exclusive to the Charadrii clade. In addition, it is shown that the chromosome evolution in Charadriiformes is complex and resulted in species with typical and atypical karyotypes. The karyotypic features of Scolopaci are very different from those of Charadrii and Lari, indicating that after divergence, each suborder has undergone different chromosome rearrangements.

Chromosome diversity in species of the genus Arachis, revealed by FISH and CMA/DAPI banding, and inferences about their karyotype differentiation

The species of the genus Arachis (Leguminosae) are ordered into nine sections. The assignment of genome types in this genus has been based on cross-compatibility analysis and molecular cytogenetic studies. The latter has also allowed karyotypically establishing well-defined genomes and reassigning the genome of several species. However, most of these studies have been focused mainly on the sections Arachis and Rhizomatosae. To increase the knowledge about the chromosome diversity of the whole genus, here we performed a detailed karyotype characterization of representative species of most of the sections and genomes of Arachis. This characterization included chromosome morphology, CMA/DAPI chromosome banding, and chromosome marker localization (rDNAloci and one satDNA sequence) by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Based on the data obtained and other previously published data, we established the karyotype similarities by cluster analysis and defined eleven karyotype groups. The grouping was partly coincident with the traditional genome assignment, except for some groups and some individual species. Karyotype similarities among some genomes were also found. The main characteristics of each karyotype group of Arachis were summarized. Together, our results provide information that may be beneficial for future cytogenetic and evolutionary studies, and also contribute to the identification of interspecific hybrids.

Karyotype features based on diploid number and sex chromosome system of Steatoda grossa (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Turkey

In this study, karyotypic investigation of Steatoda grossa belonging to the family, Theridiidae was carried out to contribute cytogenetic relationships of the family. A standard air-drying method was used to obtain chromosome slides including three main steps as hypotonisation, fixation and staining. As a result, the diploid number and sex chromosome system was determined as 2n♂=22 (X1X2). All chromosomes were telocentric and gradually decreased in size. Sex chromosomes were positively heteropycnotic in the stages of meiosis I, and isopycnotic in meiosis II. The results showed the similarity with the previous investigations obtained from different populations.