Karoon River Research Articles

Evaluating sampling locations in river water quality monitoring networks: application of dynamic factor analysis and discrete entropy theory

In this paper, a methodology is proposed for evaluating sampling locations in an existing river water quality monitoring network. The dynamic factor analysis is utilized to extract the independent dynamic factors from time series of water quality variables. Then, the entropy theory is applied to the independent dynamic factors to construct transinformation–distance (T–D) curves. The computation time in the case of using dynamic factors is significantly less than when the raw data is used because the number of independent dynamic factors is usually much less than the number of monitored water quality variables. In this paper, it is also shown that by clustering the study area to some homogenous zones and developing T–D curves for each zone, the accuracy of the results is significantly increased. To evaluate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed methodology, it is applied to the Karoon River which is the most important river system in Iran.

Histomorphological and anatomical study of kidney in berzem ( Barbus pectoralis)

The kidney of the vertebrate is the main organ which balances the body fluid homeostasis.Barbus pectoralis (Cyprinidae) inhabit Karoon River (Southwest Iran). There was no available report on anatomy and histology analysis of B. pectoralis. So in this study, the morphologic and microscopic features of kidney of B. pectoralis were recognized. A total number of 10 young fish freshly prepared from Karoon River in Khouzestan was used. After removing the kidney, it was immediately fixed in Bouin’s solution. Then, 5 to 6 µm sections were made using paraffin embedding techniques and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff. The results reveal that the kidney of B. pectoralis consisted of two lobes that are slender and long. Microscopic studies showed that the kidneys consisted of excretory portion and hematopoietic-lymphoid tissues. Excretory portion of kidney parenchyma consisted of renal corpuscle and urinary tubules. The neck segment consists of a single layer of ciliated cuboidal or low columnar epithelial cells. The proximal tubules consisted of tall columnar cells with well-developed brush border. Two proximal tubule segments were distinguished by the different height of the cells and brush border. The distal tubules had pale columnar epithelial cells and oval nuclei situated in basal area without brush border. The collecting tubules lined with high cuboidal epithelium. The result shows that although the kidney structure of B. pectoralis has many similarities to other fish species kidney like Cetenopharyngodon idella and Barbus sharpeyi, it also has considerable structural differences. Key words: Histology, anatomy, Barbus pectoralis, kidney, hematopoietic, renal corpuscle.

937 Study of Detection Vibrio Cholerae O1 from Karoon River Waters Ahvaz and Role in the Public Health

BackgroundThe watershed of Dez and Karoon rivers located in middle Zagrous mountain with area about 68481-, Thus watershed is a part of Persian gulf watershed. Cholera, an acute intestinal infection...

High potential for the formation of haloacetic acids in the Karoon River water in Iran

The impact of the total organic carbon (TOC), chlorine dosage, water temperature, reaction time, pH, and seasonal variation on the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in the Karoon River in Iran was studied. The results showed that dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were the most detected HAA5. The HAA5 formation potential (HAA5FP) levels in the Karoon River water in spring time, when the water TOC content exceeded 4 mg/L, were 1.38 times higher than during the winter season, when the water TOC content was below 3.5 mg/L. There was not a strong correlation between the HAA5FP and the residence time for the Karoon River water. For the range of the water temperatures studied, there was little variation in the HAA5FP in cold water, but in warmer water, the values of the HAA5FP varied quickly.

An Interval Parameter Model for Cooperative Inter-Basin Water Resources Allocation Considering the Water Quality Issues

In this paper, a new methodology based on interval optimization and game theory is developed for optimal operation of an inter-basin water transfer system considering efficiency, equity and sustainability criteria. A linear version of the agricultural water production function is proposed and used for incorporating deficit irrigation. The interval programming and cooperative game theory are utilized for equitable reallocation of benefits to water users in both water donor and receiving basins. To assess the sustainability of water allocation policies, water quality and environmental flow in the donor basin and groundwater table drawdown in the receiving basin are taken into consideration. The effectiveness of this methodology is examined by applying it to a large scale case study of water transfer from the Karoon river basin in south-west to the Rafsanjan plain in the central part of Iran.

Study of detection Vibrio Cholerae O1 from Karoon river waters and their role in the public health

Methods: The criteria for inclusion in the study were the following findings: infection was suspected when patients had at least 2 of the 4 criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Following these criteria, the Test EAA was performed on 71 patients (29 liver transplant and 42 kidney transplant). Twenty eight patients(39,5%) with EA>0.60 were enrolled in this study and received treatment to remove endotoxins (PMX-DHP). Each treatment was performed for two hours with a blood flow rate of 100mL/min. All the patients were treated with PMX-DHP until an EA<0.4 was found. Results: No relevant adverse events were observed during the 72 treatments performed.Before performing PMX-DHP treatments, the median EA was 0.81(range 0.62-1.25) and 0.73(range 0.610.98) in liver and kidney transplant patients respectively. In liver transplant patients two PMX-DHP treatments were performed on 7 patients [median EA =0.69(0.62-0.76)], three treatments on 4 patients[median EA =0.84(0.77-0.91)] and four treatment on 3 patients [median EA =1.11(0.95-1.25)]. At the end of the endotoxin removal therapy, the median EA level was 0.33[0.22-0.4].The stabilization of hemodynamic and inflammatory frameworks were observed after the PMX-DHP.At 30 days of follow up all patients were alive with a good graft function and low level of endotoxin activity. Conclusion: Given the progress achieved and considering the particular difficulties in the diagnosis of transplant patients, we think that might be useful to determine the endotoxin activity routinely in these patients. Accordingly, larger multicenter clinical trials will be necessary to accurately assess the benefits of EA essay plus DHP-PMX for transplant patients with endotoxemia and suspect of infection.

Removal, preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of picric acid in water samples using modified magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent

A simple, fast and sensitive spectrophotometric method is developed for removal, preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of picric acid in water samples. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) were synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The magnetic nanoparticles were coated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and were applied for fast separation, preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of picrate anion (the ion of picric acid) in an aqueous solution. The separation, preconcentration procedure is fast and will be completed in 2min. Methanol is used for desorption of adsorbed picrate anion. The effects of important parameters such as pH of aqueous medium, CTAB dosage, adsorbent amount, temperature, electrolyte concentration, desorbing solvent and interfering ions on the adsorption of picrate anion were investigated. The method showed good linearity for the determination of picric acid in the concentration range of 0.02–1.00μgmL−1 with a regression coefficient of 0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) is obtained to be 0.007μgmL−1. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 0.03μgmL−1 and 0.8μgmL−1 of picric acid were 3.98% and 1.97% respectively. Picric acid was separated, preconcentrated and determined successfully in spiked samples of Karoon River water.

Accumulation Variations of selected heavy metals in Barbus xanthopterus in Karoon and Dez Rivers of Khuzestan, Iran

The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni and Hg were determined in gill, liver and muscle of Barbus xanthopterus in down streams of Karoon and Dez Rivers during summer 2009. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly, depending on the types of the tissue in fish species. The levels of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Ni and Hg in the Barbus xanthopterus of Karoon River were higher than in Barbus xanthopterus of Dez River (P liver>muscle. The concentration of Hg in Karoon River was in the sequence liver> gill> muscle but, in Dez River, it was in the sequence liver> muscle > gill. Among heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni and Hg), the accumulation of Pb was more than other heavy metals in fish (P<0.05). In both rivers, the accumulation of heavy metals in muscle of fish was higher than the world health organization (WHO) standard.

Comparison Between Active Learning Method and Support Vector Machine for Runoff Modeling

Comparison Between Active Learning Method and Support Vector Machine for Runoff ModelingIn this study Active Learning Method (ALM) as a novel fuzzy modeling approach is compared with optimized Support Vector Machine (SVM) using simple Genetic Algorithm (GA), as a well known datadriven model for long term simulation of daily streamflow in Karoon River. The daily discharge data from 1991 to 1996 and from 1996 to 1999 were utilized for training and testing of the models, respectively. Values of the Nash-Sutcliffe, Bias, R2, MPAE and PTVE of ALM model with 16 fuzzy rules were 0.81, 5.5 m3s-1, 0.81, 12.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. Following the same order of parameters, these criteria for optimized SVM model were 0.8, -10.7 m3s-1, 0.81, 7.3%, and -3.6%, respectively. The results show appropriate and acceptable simulation by ALM and optimized SVM. Optimized SVM is a well-known method for runoff simulation and its capabilities have been demonstrated. Therefore, the similarity between ALM and optimized SVM results imply the ability of ALM for runoff modeling. In addition, ALM training is easier and more straightforward than the training of many other data driven models such as optimized SVM and it is able to identify and rank the effective input variables for the runoff modeling. According to the results of ALM simulation and its abilities and properties, it has merit to be introduced as a new modeling method for the runoff modeling.

THMs assessment in Khuzestan rural water treatment plants

Aims: The trihalomethanes (THMs) concentration was investigated in some of rural water treatment plants in Khuzestan. Materials and Methods: Fifteen of the water treatment plants with the same drinking water source (Karoon river) were selected for analysis of THMs to assess the levels and the relationship between THMs and total organic carbon (TOC), pH, temperature, chlorination dose, and free chlorine residue. Results: THMs ranged from 1.8 to 219 mg/l in winter and 1.7 to 98 in summer, where the level in some treatment plants is higher than the Maximum Concentration Level (MCL). The ratio of total THMs levels was significantly correlated with temperature, pH, chlorination dose, and free chlorine residue, but negative correlation with TOC. Conclusion: Epidemiological studies using total THMs levels should be considered in the analysis of water treatment plant's results, and regulatory check of this parameter with drinking water guidelines.

Evolution of a new surface water quality index for Karoon catchment in Iran

Water quality standards are developed worldwide by national and international agencies for pollution control decision-making. Use-based water quality classification criteria and Water Quality Indices (WQIs) also play an important role in the assessment of the suitability of water resources for various applications. The present study proposes a better overall index for water quality in Iran and its application in Karoon River by exploring the behavior and limitations of conventional methods for quality evaluation. For this purpose, six variables were employed. Water quality determinants of the new index include Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, Nitrate, Fecal coliform and pH. Besides, the mathematical equations applied to transform the actual concentration values into quality indices have been formulated. This study compares a new index called the Iranian Water Quality Index with other pre-existing indices such as NSFWQI, Oregon, CPCB WQI, MDOE WQI, Kaurish and Younos WQI, and Ahmed Said WQI. Results revealed that the overall quality of the surface water falls under the 'good' class. A case study of Karoon River is made to illustrate the application of this new index system.

English

&nbsp; Determination of the status of water quality of a river or any other water source is highly indeterminate. It is necessary to have a competent model to predict the status of water quality and to show the type of water treatment that would be used to meet different demands. By exploring the behavior and limitations of conventional methods for quality evaluation, a better overall index for water quality in Iran and its application in Karoon River is proposed. Six variables are employed for the quality assessment. Numerical scales relating to the degree of quality are established for each variable to assess variations in quality and to convey findings in a comprehensive manner. The unit operates in a fuzzy logic mode including a fuzzification engine receiving a plurality of input variables on its input and being adapted to compute membership function parameters. A processor engine connected downstream of the fuzzification unit will produce fuzzy set, based on fuzzy variable namely dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, nitrate, fecal coliform and pH. It has a defuzzification unit which operates to translate the inference results into a discrete crisp value of water quality index. The development of the fuzzy model with one river system is explained in this paper. Water quality index in most countries is only referring to physico-chemical parameters due to great efforts needed to quantify the biological parameters. This study ensures a better method to include special parameters into water quality index due to superior capabilities of fuzzy logic in dealing with non-linear, complex and uncertain systems. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Water quality index, fuzzification, monitoring, inference system.

More Investigations on Kalman Filter Correction of Muskingum and ARMA Methods in Flood Routing on Karoon River Data

Noise causes to decrease the performance of simulation models. Data disturbance and inefficient simulation models are two important roots of noise. Data disturbance is resulted by errors which occur in observations and measurements. Kalman's approach in filtering the data disturbance is well-known method to reduce the noise of modeling procedure. Nowadays, the extended Kalman filters are applied to both linear or nonlinear state space and arbitrary data disturbance. In this paper, the authors applied the Kalman filter to improve two classical classes of run-off routing methods in a reach with 63.2 Km length, between Bamdej and Harmaleh stations in Khouzestan province. The results of comparing two approaches, fully adaptive and Kalman filter, showed noticeable improvement in application of filtering regarding to run-off simulation and reducing the error of computation versus observation.

Fast Removal and Recovery of Methylene Blue by Activated Carbon Modified with Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

AbstractA magnetic adsorbent was synthesized by modification of activated carbons with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (AC‐MIONs). The preparation method is fast and could be carried out in an ordinary condition. The AC‐MIONs were used as quite efficient adsorbents for separation of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution in a batch process. The effect of different parameters such as pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration, contact time and interfering ions on the removal of MB were studied. The adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and a maximum adsorption amount of 47.62 mg g‐1 and a langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of 3.0 L mg‐1 were obtained. The obtained results revealed that AC‐MIONs were effective adsorbents for fast removal of MB from different aqueous solutions. This adsorbent was successfully used for removal of MB from Karoon River water.

MODELLING DRAINAGE WATER SALINITY FOR AGRICULTURAL LANDS UNDER LEACHING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS

ABSTRACTIn this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) method was applied to model the electrical conductivity (EC) of drainage water, based on the effects of irrigation water quality parameters such as HCO3‐, Cl‐, SO42‐, Ca2+, Ma2+, Na+, area information (leaching area and planted area), weather conditions (temperature, evaporation and precipitation) and time (days and years of system in operation). Data (312 sets) for the years 2001–2008 were available from a site located in Shoeibieh, south‐west Iran. About 70% of these data were applied to train the model, 20% for verification and about 10% were used for a final test of the ANN model produced. Many runs were carried out with different combinations of the parameters. Comparison of the results obtained for the training, validation and test patterns with the corresponding measured values showed relatively good agreement between both sets of EC values. It was also found that the most important parameters for EC simulation were the years after leaching started and the water salinity of the Karoon River, the main water supply for these lands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Water Resources Allocation Using Solution Concepts of Fuzzy Cooperative Games: Fuzzy Least Core and Fuzzy Weak Least Core

In this paper, two new solution concepts for fuzzy cooperative games, namely Fuzzy Least Core and Fuzzy Weak Least Core are developed. They aim for optimal allocation of available water resources and associated benefits to water users in a river basin. The results of these solution concepts are compared with the results of some traditional fuzzy and crisp games, namely Fuzzy Shapley Value, Crisp Shapley Value, Least Core, Weak Least Core and Normalized Nucleolus. It is shown that the proposed solution concepts are more efficient than the crisp games. Moreover, they do not have the limitation of Fuzzy Shapley Value in satisfying the group rationality criterion. This paper consists of two steps. In the first step, an optimization model is used for initial water allocation to stakeholders. In the second step, fuzzy coalitions are defined and participation rates of water users (players) in the fuzzy coalitions are optimized in order to reach a maximum net benefit. Then, the total net benefit is allocated to the players in a rational and equitable way using Fuzzy Least Core, Fuzzy Weak Least Core and some traditional fuzzy and crisp games. The effectiveness and applicability of the proposed methodology is examined using a numerical example and also applying it to the Karoon river basin in southern Iran.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction of rose bengal using iron oxide nanoparticles modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (C-MIONPs) was investigated for the separation, preconcentration and determination of Rose Bengal (RB) in aqueous solutions. The influences of different analytical parameters such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, volume of desorbent solvent, amount of adsorbent and interfering ions in the adsorption of RB on C-MIONPs were investigated. The RB adsorption on C-MIONPs follows Langmuir isotherm. The sizes of C-MIONPs were in the range of 20–80 nm. The method was capable of determining RB concentration in the range of 0.01–1.20 μg ml−1. The limit of detection (LOD) of RB based on three times the standard deviation of the blank (3Sb) was found to be 5.91 × 10–3 μg ml−1 (n = 8). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 0.3 μg ml−1 and 0.8 μg ml−1 of RB were 4.1% and 1.1%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of RB in Brucella Antigen solution and water samples from the Karoon River.

Investigation of trihalomethanes formation potential in Karoon River water, Iran

Organic matters in raw water have a potential to generate harmful disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) during the chlorination process. The objectives of this study were to investigate the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) in Karoon River water and to determine the effect of several factors including total organic carbon (TOC), pH, chlorine dosage, water temperature, and seasonal variation. The results showed that, among all factors, TOC and water temperature have a remarkable effect on THMFP. The experimental results from batch studies indicated that increasing of pH value yielded a greater THMFP concentration for Karoon River water. THMFP levels of Karoon River water in summer times, when water temperature exceeded 26°C, were 1.2-1.6 times higher than in the spring and fall seasons, when water temperature was below 15°C. It was found that the measured THMFP at Karoon River water in the spring and fall seasons were very rarely higher than 100 μg/L.

Sequential quadratic programming and analytic hierarchy process for nonlinear multiobjective optimization of a hydropower network

AbstractIn this paper, an optimal annual scheduling for power generation (i.e. rule curves and volume of water releases) in serial or parallel hydropower plants is developed. Multiobjective programming and weighted sum method are used to convert a multiobjective problem to a single objective one. Furthermore, to obtain viable alternatives under existing uncertainty, some random weight vectors in the whole weighting space are generated and for each weight vector an optimal solution is found using sequential quadratic programming (SQP). Then, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to select the best solution according to a given criterion, and determine the most preferred one. Besides, this method does not require choosing a priori preference for the objective function, thus making an ideal tool for handling complicated multiobjective models and easy to use with the aid of computer programs. Combination of multiobjective optimization and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) is an integrated methodology that is capable of dealing with complex water management problems. Various scenarios for dry, median, and wet years are assumed based on stochastic flows from external sources (e.g. flooding rivers, unexpected rains, etc.) coming into each reservoir, and turbine power generation is obtained from hill diagrams provided by the manufacturer. The application of this methodology is illustrated in a case study for optimal scheduling of Karoon River Basin, where the decision support system and optimization routines are implemented in MATLAB. The total energy productions for 10 optimized solutions under dry, median, and wet scenarios (generated from forty‐year historical inflow records) are calculated, and specific water consumption for each reservoir is obtained in different months. This can significantly help decision makers to have an optimal and more intelligent management over energy productions in hydropower plants and associated thermal power plants. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Impact of wastewater discharge on water quality of karoon river in iran

Impact of wastewater discharge on water quality of karoon river in iran