Kaempferia Galanga Research Articles

Evaluating the efficacy of Kaempferia Galanga essential oil as a massage medium for accelerating muscle recovery

Recovery following physical exercise is essential for enhancing athletic performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of kencur essential oil (Kaempferia galanga) as a massage medium in accelerating muscle recovery post-exercise. Specifically, the research focused on its potential to reduce lactic acid levels, alleviate muscle soreness, and provide both physical and psychological relaxation. It was hypothesized that kencur essential oil would outperform traditional massage oils due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The method used in this study is an experimental method by giving treatment to three experimental groups of 30 hockey athletes divided into 3 groups. Group A received exercise treatment only, group B received exercise treatment followed by massage with a regular lotion, and group C received exercise treatment followed by massage with kaempferia galanga essential oil lotion. Each group underwent a total of 16 treatment sessions. The results indicated a significant difference in average lactic acid levels among the three groups (p = 0.000; p 0.05), with Group C demonstrating the lowest average lactic acid levels. This suggests that the combination of exercise and massage with kencur essential oil is more effective in reducing lactic acid accumulation in muscles compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, the application of Kaempferia galanga essential oil in massage therapy can significantly accelerate muscle recovery. Future research should explore comparisons with other essential oils, assess the effects across various sports, determine optimal dosing and application methods, and analyze long-term effects and potential side effects. Additionally, it is crucial to investigate muscle recovery biomarkers influenced by this therapy, athletes' acceptance of galangal oil, and the underlying mechanisms that contribute to reduced lactic acid accumulation and muscle fatigue.

Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Kaempferia galanga Extract by Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System and Its Development in Fast Disintegrating Tablet

The increasing global incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) emphasizes the need for effective treatments, particularly for the elderly. Conventional OA treatments pose administration challenges, leading to patient discomfort due to difficulties in administration. Herbal formulations offer an alternative to mitigate these issues. Kaempferia galanga (KG) contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, a compound displaying anti-inflammatory properties that hold promise for OA treatment. This study explores the formulation of a solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) of Kaempferia galanga extract (KGE) and evaluates its anti inflammatory efficacy, subsequently developing it into a fast disintegrating tablet (FDT) dosage form. Initially, a liquid SNEDDS (L-SNEDDS) was prepared with varying surfactant and co surfactant concentrations. The optimal formula of L-SNEDDS (FL2) using tween 80: cremophor RH 40: PEG 400 in a ratio of 1:1:2 demonstrated favorable characteristics, including transmittance of 86.93 ± 1.16%, emulsification time of 28 ± 2.65 s, particle size of 27.79 ± 2.00 nm, PDI of 0.21 ± 0.014, and zeta potential of -12.57 mV. FL2 was solidified using aerosil 200 to produce S-SNEDDS and tested for anti-inflammatory efficacy in vivo using a carrageenan induced rat model. Results showed enhanced anti-inflammatory efficacy of KGE via S-SNEDDS, marked by reduced edema volume. Afterward, FDT S-SNEDDS were prepared using the direct compression method by comparing different types of superdisintegrants. The formulation using the combination of crospovidone and croscarmellose sodium (FT2) demonstrated excellent flow properties, tablet disintegration time of 63 s, wetting time of 34.01 ± 7.87 s, friability of 0.19%, and hardness of 3.53 ± 6.16 kg/cm2. The dissolution test indicated a better dissolution profile for FT2 compared to other formulations. In conclusion, this research presents the potential of FDT S-SNEDDS as a promising drug delivery system for enhancing the therapeutic effects of Kaempferia galanga extract in treating inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Therapeutic potential of freeze-dried Kaempferia galanga herbal formulation in alleviating hyperglycemia in diabetic mice: an in-vivo and in-silico investigation

Therapeutic potential of freeze-dried Kaempferia galanga herbal formulation in alleviating hyperglycemia in diabetic mice: an in-vivo and in-silico investigation

The Milling Method in Formation of Inclusion Complex p-Methoxycinnamic Acid-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin.

p-methoxycinnamic acid (pMCA) is a substance with several pharmacological activities, derived from the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga Linn. The solubility of pMCA can be increased by the formation of inclusion complexes (IC) using hydroxypropyl-βcyclodextrin (HPβCD) compounds. IC are obtained through the milling method, which is a simple, environmentally friendly, and low-cost manufacturing method. The process involves the pounding of material with a certain speed and impact force. This research aims to characterize the pMCA-HPβCD IC made using the milling method. Milling the mixture of pMCA and HPβCD using a ball mill is a common technique to enhance the formation of the inclusion complex. The IC’s physical characteristics were analyzed in terms of their morphology, particle size, crystallinity, and thermal properties. The dissolution profile was also performed using paddle-typed dissolution apparatus (Type II) with 500 mL distilled water as dissolution medium. The amount of pMCA dissolved was determined using UV spectrophotometry. The dissolution parameter was determined as dissolution efficiency at 60 minutes (DE60). The IC particles were irregular in shapes and porous. The size was reduced as compared to the individual components. The XRD revealed that the ICs were amorphous. The DE60 of IC increased by a factor of 4.3 compared to the pure pMCA. In conclusion, the milling method successfully formed complex of pMCA-HPβCD with different characteristics from the initial compound and was significantly increased the percentage of the dissolved pMCA.

Kaempferia galanga L. alleviates the expression of COX-2 and NF-kappaB-p65 in the oral mucosa ulcer of Wistar rats and exhibits no irritation toward the vascular membrane of chicken eggs and the skin of albino rabbits

The global incidence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis in 2018 reached 5–66 % of the population, while in Indonesia 8 %. Moreover, the prevalence of oral mucosal fibrosis and recurrent aphthous stomatitis among male doctors and nurses in China was 21.24 % and 24.27 %, respectively. Our previous study has shown that the ethanol extract of Kaempferia galanga L. rhizome (EKGR) revealed an accelerated wound-healing effect in the oral mucosa ulcer of Wistar rats. This study aims to explore the effects of EKGR on the expression of NF-kappaB-p65 and COX-2 in the tongue tissue of male Wistar rats by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry technique, its safety towards the vascular membrane of the egg chorioallantoic membrane, and its single-dose application on the skin of male rabbits. The rats were randomly assigned into 7 groups: the normal control; the negative control; the positive control (treated with triamcinolone acetonide); and 4 treatment groups of EKGR (0.5 %; 1 %; 2 %; 4 %). Western blot and immunohistochemistry methods were used to measure the expression of NF-kappaB-p65 and COX-2. The hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane assay was employed to predict the safety of EKGR towards the vascular membrane. Moreover, the effect of 200 mg/kg BW EKGR application on the dorsal skin of male albino rabbits was also evaluated. EKGR inhibits the expression of NF-kappaB-p65 and COX-2 as proven by WB and IHC results. In the HET-CAM assay, all concentrations of EKGR do not induce irritation responses, which elicits the safety of EKGR. The administration of EKGR causes mild irritation to the dorsal skin of male rabbits but does not induce erythema and edema, no significant changes in BW, no toxic effects on organ macroscopic examination or histopathology, and does not induce abnormalities in the hematological profile of male albino rabbits. EKGR has confirmed its anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing the expression of COX-2 and NF-kappaB-p65 in the oral mucosa ulcer of Wistar rats. EKGR is safe as it does not exhibit irritating potential and harmful effects.

Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants among the Karo Tribe in Kuala Sub-district, Langkat District, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Gani ARF, Hastuti US, Sulisetijono S, Setiowati FK. 2024. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants among the Karo tribe in Kuala Sub-district, Langkat District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2960-2968. Indonesia has a high diversity of plants. One area of Indonesia with a high diversity of plants is Kuala Sub-district, Langkat District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The Karo tribe inhabits Kuala Sub-district, and they still apply the ethnomedicine knowledge in their life; this study aims to: (i) document ethnomedicine knowledge of the use of medicinal plants in Kuala Sub-district, (ii) Analyze the use value and cultural significance index to determine the level of use of medicinal plants by the Karo people in Kuala Sub-district. Ethnomedicine data were collected for eleven months, from October 2022 to April 2024. The data sources in this research were 205 informants (25 key informants and 180 additional informants). Data from 25 key informants was used to determine the cultural significance index, while data from 180 additional informants was used to determine use value (UV). ICS data was collected by conducting focus group discussions with key informants, while UV data collection was carried out using survey techniques. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews to determine various medicinal plants' quality, intensity, and exclusivity. This research shows 49 plants used in medicinal practice, and the highest significant cultural index and use value is Kaempferia galanga. The part of the plant that is most widely used is the leaf. The most common disease experienced by the Karo people in Kuala Sub-district is flatulence and many medicinal plants are used to treat this disease.

Comparison Study of Synthesis p-Methoxycinnamoylhydrazide by Conventional Thermal Heating and Microwave Irradiation

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) have a lot of bioactivities, such as analgesic and anti inflamation by inhibiting COX. It is promising to be modified as a COX-2 selective inhibitor, due to its characteristic structure. In this study, EPMC as the starting material was isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. and being reacted with hydrazine hydrate to obtain p-methoxycinnamoylhydrazide. This synthesis was carried out using conventional thermal heating and microwave irradiation. Microwave irradiation was one of the methods that could reducing reaction time and increasing yield. The product was purified by column chromatography to give a purified product, which was analyzed using TLC test, melting point test, IR, 1H-NMR, and UV spectroscopies to determine its structure. It can be concluded that the product was not p-methoxycinnamoylhydrazide, but 3-(4-methoxyphenyl) propanehydrazide with 0,76% yield by conventional thermal heating and 7,90% yield by microwave irradiation.

ISOLATION OF ETHYL TRANS-P-METHOXYCINNAMATE FROM Kaempferia galanga L. RHIZOMES BY USING N-HEXANE

Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes contain ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate as a major secondary metabolite compound and biomarker. Various extraction methods with different solvents can isolate ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate with potential bioactivities. This paper reported the isolation of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate from two varieties of K. galanga L. rhizomes by maceration in n-hexane. The small and large varieties of K. galanga samples produced ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate in 1.43% and 1.84% yields, higher than other methods and polar solvents of previous research. Structural elucidation of the obtained ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was performed by FTIR, MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopies.

Anti-Inflammation Effectiveness of Ginger (Kaemferia galanga l.) and Shallots (Allium ascalonicum l.) Extract Combination on Sprague-Dawley Male Rat

Inflammation can be caused by various stimuli which include physical injury, infection, heat and antigen antibody interactions. Ginger (Kaempferia galanga L.) and Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are medicinal plants that are often used by Indonesians as an alternative to natural medicine and have been studied to have good anti-inflammatory properties because they contain quercetin. This study aims to determine the effective dose of the combination of Ginger ethanol extract and Shallots as anti-inflammatory with a smaller dose. This study was carried out using male rats in 5 treatment groups, consisting of negative control (CMC-Na 0.5 %), control positive (diclofenac Na tablets 0,1 mg/kg body weight rat), and 3 combination doses of Ginger extract: Shallots extract, dose combination I (3 mg/kg body weight Rat: 2 mg / kg body weight Rat), dose combination II (6 mg / kg body weight Rat : 1 mg/kg body weight Rat), and the dose combination III (6 mg/kg body weight Rat: 2 mg kg body weight Rat) using Carrageenan Method on Rat's Feet. The results of the anti-inflammatory activity test showed that all the dose combination treatment groups had anti-inflammatory. The dose combination III was significantly different from the negative control group and showed the most effective dose of combination. The formulated combination shows a synergistic effect between ginger and shallots as an anti-inflammatory. Average percentage (%) of edema inhibition combination III is 71,08 %.

The Effectiveness of the Α-Amylase Enzyme Inhibition by Several Traditional Medicinal Ingredients Black Turmeric, Aromatic Ginger, Black Cumin, Forest Bee Honey and Sweet Leaves in Ready to Drink Formulation

The inhibition of α-amylase enzymes can delay the remaining carbohydrates in the small intestine and reduce the travel of postprandial blood glucose, therefore the content of compounds in the form of tannins, flavonoids, saponins and terpen is believed to be able inhibit the α-amylase enzymes. Knowing the effectiveness of α-amylase enzyme inhibition by some traditional medicine ingredients (Curcuma caesia, Kaempferia galanga, Nigella sativa, Apis dorsata, and Stevia rebaudiana) and organoleptic properties of the ready to drink formulation. This study is an experimental study using the design "Pretest-Posttest with control Groug" on the sample in the form of liquid extracts. Plant liquid extract is tested for its inhibition of α-amylase and used as a formulation of herbal drink ready to drink. The result IC50 values of black turmeric extract (6.46 mg/ml), aromatic ginger (6.10 mg/ml), black cumin (7.36 mg/ml), forest bee honey (2.59 mg//ml) and sweet leaves (4,85 mg/ml). The results of IC50 formulations 1 (8.03 mg/ml) and 2 (14.18 mg/ml) and glibenclamide values are (2.53 mg/ml). Conclusion the effectiveness of α-amylase inhibition of sweet leaf extract is better than other extracts and formulation 1 is better than formulation 2.

Study on the Effect of Kaempferia galanga L.Extract on the Quality of Oyster Enzymatic Hydrolysate

Study on the Effect of Kaempferia galanga L.Extract on the Quality of Oyster Enzymatic Hydrolysate

Exploring the In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Aging, and Cytotoxic Properties of Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome Extracts for Cosmeceutical Formulations

Exploring the In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Aging, and Cytotoxic Properties of Kaempferia galanga Linn. Rhizome Extracts for Cosmeceutical Formulations

Six new phenylpropanoids from Kaempferia galanga L. and their anti-inflammatory activity

Kaempferia galanga L. is an aromatic medicinal plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. Its rhizome has been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine and a flavor spice for a long time. In this study, six previously undescribed phenylpropanoids, including four [2+2]-cycloaddition-derived cyclobutane natural products (1-4), and two phenylpropanoids (5-6) were isolated from the rhizomes of K. galanga L. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR calculation, and ECD spectra calculation. These cyclobutane derivatives were isolated from K. galanga for the first time. Furthermore, compounds 1-6 were evaluated for the potential inhibitory activities on NO production and NF-κB nuclear translocation in LPS-triggered RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that the isolated compounds have a moderate anti-inflammatory activity measured on their potency to inhibit NO production and the expression of iNOS and COX-2. Additionally, compound 2 effectively suppressed NF-κB nuclear translocation at a concentration of 40 μM.

Ethnobotany of Zingiberaceae in the Tamiang tribe, Aceh Province, Sumatra

Tamiang is one of the unique tribes from Aceh Province because it is descended from the Sriwijaya Kingdom. This tribe is located in eastern Aceh. Research on the ethnobotany of Zingiberaceae plants in the Tamiang tribe aims to identify species, know the parts used, and classify uses. The method used in this research is Purposive Sampling and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. This research was conducted in 30 villages from seven selected sub-districts, namely Bendahara, Seruway, Karang Baru, Rantau, Kejuruan Muda, Bandar Pusaka, and Sekerak sub-districts. The respondents selected were the tribal elders, traditional leaders, owners of family medicinal plants, vegetable traders, and housewives. The results showed that there were 10 Zingiberaceae plant species utilized, namely Curcuma longa, Curcuma zanthorrhiza, Curcuma zedoaria, Zingiber officinale, Zingiber officinale var. rubrum, Zingiber cassumunar, Alpinia galanga, Alpinia purpurata, Kaempferia galanga, and Etlingera elatior. The most widely used part of the plant is the rhizome. Zingiberaceae plants are used as cooking spices, traditional medicines, traditional ceremonies, health drinks, food preparations, food fragrances, and in the beauty and economics fields. The ways to utilize and use Zingiberaceae plants are boiling, soaking, grinding or pounding, steaming, mixing in cooking, selling, consuming, and direct use.

Ethnobotanical Study of Efficacious Plants in Urban Communities

Indonesia’s biodiversity provides many benefits for the people of the archipelago, one of which is as an Efficacious Plant. They are renewable biological natural resources that have high economic prospects in the future. Traditional knowledge or wisdom community in the utilization of natural resources, especially plants (ethnobotany) is a cultural wealth that needs to be explored for management the tradition is not lost. The purpose of this research is to make an inventory of the types of Efficacious Plants that have been used by the family. The research method was carried out by observing the Efficacious Plant used by the community. The field data collection technique is observation field and semi-structured interviews or interviews deep Efficacious Plant grown to meet family needs will be made by themselves or sold to consumers. According to an ethnobotanical study at the research site, 21 useful plant species were found that were often used by the local population. Among these plants are Curcuma sp., Kaempferia galanga, Andrographis paniculata, Alpinia galanga and Zingiber sp. Is predominantly from the Zingiberaceae family. Parts of Efficacious Plant that are often used are leaves, fruit, bark, and rhizomes. Biological natural resources in the form of Efficacious plants have a large enough function to meet human health needs.

Antibacterial Test Of Ethanol Extract Gel Preparation Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia Galanga) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the bacteria that causes acne. infections can be treated by using natural antibiotics. galangal rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) contains chemical compounds including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids/steroids where these active compounds have an antibacterial function that can overcome acne problems on the surface of the skin. Galangal rhizome ethanol extract gel preparations were made with 3 variations of concentration (10%, 15% and 20%). The aim of this research was to determine whether the ethanol extract gel preparation of kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and to determine the physical quality of the gel preparation. The method used is an experimental laboratory which is useful for determining the effect of ethanol extract of kencur rhizomes with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% on Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in gel preparations. The antibacterial test was carried out using the well diffusion method. The antibacterial test results with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% respectively were 13.68; 13.60 ; 14.24 mm has an influence on the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The research results showed that a concentration of 20% had the highest bacterial inhibitory power.

Kaempferia galanga (L.): An Updated Overview of In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Properties

Kaempferia galanga L. (K. galanga) locally called aromatic ginger or “kencur" in Bahasa is traditionally for the treatment of various diseases related to antioxidants such as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immunomodulator. This paper aims to provide a critical review of the current antioxidant activity of K. galanga using in vitro and in vivo assays. The information and data of K. galanga were collected from various resources such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The results showed that K. galanga plays a role in defense systems against oxidative stress. Several in vitro assays have been used to measure the antioxidant activity of K. galanga, namely,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reduction of antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Whereas, the parameter in vivo antioxidant assay of K galanga including lifespan, survival life, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and antioxidant enzyme activities: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Based on the findings, it can be indicated that K. galanga has powerful antioxidant activities and, therefore could have the potential as a natural antioxidant.

Effect of Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) Ethanolic Extract Treatment on Cerebral Caspase-3 Expression in Traumatic Brain Injury Rat Models.

Traumatic brain injury is one of the most common forms of trauma and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) ethanolic extract is known to contain substances that could theoretically inhibit unfavourable cellular processes, including oxidative stress and inflammation. This research aimed to study Kencur's anti-apoptosis activity through the inhibition of caspase-3. This is a true experimental post-test-only group design study, using male Wistar rats (Ratus novergicus) with weight-drop-induced traumatic brain injury. The subjects in this study were divided into four groups: two Control groups (Groups A and B) and two Therapy groups (Groups C and D). Groups C and D differed in the dose of Kencur ethanolic extract administered (600 mg/kgBW/day and 1,200 mg/kgBW/day, respectively). The Therapy groups were then subdivided into those receiving therapy for 24 h (C-24 and D-24) and those receiving therapy for 48 h (C-48 and D-48). Caspase-3 expression in brain tissue was evaluated at the end of the therapy using immunohistochemistry. All groups were subjected to a Kruskal-Wallis comparison test and the investigation continued with a Mann-Whitney U test to compare the two groups. In traumatic brain injury rat models treated with Kaempferia galanga L. ethanolic extract at doses of 1,200 mg/kgBW/day within 48 h of therapy (D-48) compared to those who were not treated, there was a significant change in the cerebral expression of caspase-3 (P = 0.016). There was also a significant difference between the two doses of intervention (C-24 at 600 mg/kgBW/day and D-48 at 1,200 mg/kgBW/day; P = 0.016). With a minimum of 48 h of treatment split into two doses, Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) ethanolic extract can decrease caspase-3 expression in rats with traumatic brain injury.

Dual action effects of ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate against dengue virus infection and inflammation via NF-κB pathway suppression

Dengue virus (DENV) infection can lead to severe outcomes through a virus-induced cytokine storm, resulting in vascular leakage and inflammation. An effective treatment strategy should target both virus replication and cytokine storm. This study identified Kaempferia galanga L. (KG) extract as exhibiting anti-DENV activity. The major bioactive compound, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC), significantly reduced DENV-2 infection, virion production, and viral protein synthesis in HepG2 and A549 cells, with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values of 22.58 µM and 6.17 µM, and impressive selectivity indexes (SIs) of 32.40 and 173.44, respectively. EPMC demonstrated efficacy against all four DENV serotypes, targeting the replication phase of the virus life cycle. Importantly, EPMC reduced DENV-2-induced cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and chemokines (RANTES and IP-10), as confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoblot analyses, indicating inhibition of NF-κB activation. EPMC's role in preventing excessive inflammatory responses suggests it as a potential candidate for dengue treatment. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) and drug-likeness for EPMC were predicted using SwissADME and ProTox II servers, showing good drug-like properties without toxicity. These findings highlight KG extract and EPMC as promising candidates for future anti-dengue therapeutics, offering a dual-action approach by inhibiting virus replication and mitigating inflammatory reactions.

Profile of chemical compounds and potency of galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) essential oils from Kemuning Village, Karanganyar District, Central Java, Indonesia

Profile of chemical compounds and potency of galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) essential oils from Kemuning Village, Karanganyar District, Central Java, Indonesia