Kaempferia Galanga Research Articles

Analisis Potensi Kandungan Tanaman Obat untuk Menunjang Kesehatan Santri

Research on the potential analysis of medicinal plant content has been carried out to support the health of students at the Nurul Islam Sekarbela Islamic Boarding School, Mataram City. Primary data collection is carried out by involving the community through interviews with local community groups and individual community members. The selection criteria were based on the informants' abilities and traditional medical practices. In data collection, the interview technique used was "open ended". This data collection technique is also used to explore knowledge systems regarding the diversity of types of traditional medicinal plants, management methods, their use, and community interest in medicinal plants using medicinal plants. Then it is enriched through secondary data in research, namely books / literature related to health, medicinal plants, journals, and other readings related to research. Based on the results of the interview, the names of medicinal plants commonly used in the community are obtained, including: Shallots (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum), Betel (Piper betle L.), Ginger (Zingiber officinale), Jatropha leaves (Jatropha curcas L. ), Guava (Psidium guajava linn), Turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora), Lime (Citrus aurantifolia s), Katuk leaves (Sauropus androgynous), Banten (Lannea coromandelica), Kencur (Kaempferia galangal), Lengkuas (Alpinia galangal), Cat whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus), horse whip (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L.), Aloe vera (Aloe vera L), Yellow pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), Papaya (Carica papaya L.), Wuluh starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi), Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), Celery (Apium graveolens), soursop leaves (Annona muricata Linn), and lemongrass (Chymbopogon nardus L.). After analyzing the potential content of medicinal plants from journals, books, and other references related to medicinal plants, it was found that medicinal plants that can treat upper respiratory tract infections are turi leaves (Sesbania grandiflora) and shallots (Allium cepa var. Aggregatum). Medicinal plants that have the potential to treat skin diseases are lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L), Jatropha curcas L), Aloe vera (Aloe vera L.), and cinnamon (Cinnamomi burmannii Blume). Medicinal plants that have the potential to increase the body's immune system include: cat whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus), Betel (Piper betle L.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia s), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), galangal (Alpinia galangal), and kencur (Kaempferia galangal). ). Medicinal plants that have the potential to treat digestive disorders are: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) And soursop leaves (Annona muricata Linn). Meanwhile, medicinal plants that have the potential to treat oral diseases are: celery (Apium graveolens L.), papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.), and Betel (Piper betle L.).

Extraction of Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate from Kaempferia galanga L.

In this study, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) was extracted from Kaempferia galanga L. by different methods. The study results show that vacuum drying process led to a significant decrease in EPMC content in the herb (about 7%); EPMC obtained by water distillation not only had a high purity and yield but could also be applied for both fresh and dried herb; whereas, Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane solvent brought the highest extraction yield (1.99% on dried herb weight) despite lower purity when compared to that by water distillation method.
 Keywords
 Ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, EPMC, Kaempferia galanga L., extraction.
 References
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Pemanfaatan Famili Zingiberaceae Sebagai Obat Tradisional oleh Masyarakat Suku Sasak di Desa Suranadi, Kecamatan Narmada, Kabupaten Lombok Barat

Abstract. One group of plants most used by Indonesians as traditional medicine are plants from the Zingiberaceae family. The aims this study is to assess the level of knowledge and use of the Zingiberaceae family as traditional medicine by the Sasak people in Suranadi Village, Narmada District. This research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory method, which is presented in tabular form. Data collection was carried out by direct observation and semi-structured interviews. Inventory and identification were carried out on the Zingiberaceae family plants found based on observations. Based on the results, it was found that 5 (five) types of medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were used by the Sasak people, namely Jae (Zingiber officinale), Kunyiq (Curcuma longa), Sekoh (Kaempferia galanga), Temu mango (Curcuma amada), Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza)).Keywords: Zingiberaceae family, traditional medicine, Suranadi village.

Isolation and Antibacterial Activity Test of The Extract Ethyl Acetate of Endophytic Fungi from Kencur (Kaempferia Galanga L.)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi jamur endofit yang terdapat pada daun dan rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) serta menguji aktivitas antibakterinya. Isolasi jamur endofit dilakukan dengan kultivasi dan subkultivasi jamur yang tumbuh dari daun dan rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) yang sebelumnya telah disterilkan pada media potato dextrose agar (PDA). Identifikasi jamur endofit dilakukan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis terhadap morfologinya. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi agar. Dari daun dan rimpang kencur diperoleh lima isolat jamur endofit yang diidentifikasi sebagai Torulla sp. (KG001), Mucor sp. (KG002), Fusarium sp. (KG003), Geotricum sp. (KG004), dan Drechslera sp. (KG005). Tiga ekstrak etil asetat jamur endofit Torulla sp. (KG001), Fusarium sp. (KG003), dan Drechcera sp. (KG005) memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram positif (Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio cholera) dan Gram negatif (Bacillus subtilis and Eschericia coli) pada konsentrasi 3.75 %. Jamur endofit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri kuat (diameter hambat 10-20 mm) adalah Torulla sp. (KG001) dan Drechslera sp. (KG005). Sedangkan, jamur endofit yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri sedang (diameter hambat 5-10 mm) adalah ekstrak etil asetat jamur Fusarium sp. (KG003). Aktivitas antibakteri terbesar ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etil asetat isolat jamur Drechslera Sp. dengan diameter hambat 16 mm terhadap bakteri uji Vibrio cholera.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT: a Preliminary Test on Five Medicinal Plants on Bangkalan

This study is preliminary research of secondary metabolite potential from medicinal Herb Madura. This study aims to know the medicinal plants used in the medicinal herb Madura and the phytochemical content contained in these medicinal plants. The method used in this study is a survey to know the kinds of medicinal plants used in Madura Herb. Then a phytochemical screening test for the medicinal plant was performed. The phytochemical screening test used are alkaloids, steroids, saponins, and flavonoids. Based on the research, it is found that 66 medicinal plants are widely used for "Ramuan Madura” in Bangkalan. Of the 66 plants selected, Madura five medicinal plants widely used by the Madurense; Parameria laevigata, Kaempferia galanga L., Curcuma domestica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, dan Punica granatum. Then the preliminary phytochemical test to determine the secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolite content obtained include alkaloids, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids.

Determination of epms content and anti-inflammatory test rhizome extract Kaempferia galanga, L by inhibition of protein denaturation method

Kencur ( Kempferia galanga, L) is one of the rhizomes that is often used as a constituent component in traditional medicinal formulas. One of the kencur 's pharmacological activities is anti-inflammatory. The active compound as an anti-inflammatory is ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). This study aims to determine the content and ascertainment of EPMC compounds and the anti-inflammatory activity of kencur rhizome extract. Kencur extract can be obtained by the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The EPMC content determination was held using the TLC-densitometry method, while the EPMC compounds were confirmed using the GC MS method. The anti-inflammatory activity test was done using inhibiting protein denaturation methods. The extract results obtained 12.67% yield. The result of EPMC content in kencur extract was 10.05 ± 4.57. The GCMS kencur extract results showed an abundance of EPMC compounds at a retention time of 7.088 with a peak area of 72290779. The results of IC 50 anti-inflammatory for the standard substance (EPMC) were 5.306 ± 5.028. The results of IC 50 anti-inflammatory the sample ( kencur extract) was 303.487 ± 1.201. Ethanol extract of kencur contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting protein denaturation.

The aromatic ginger Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae) essential oil and its main compounds are effective larvicidal agents against Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculatus without toxicity on the non-target aquatic fauna

Kaempferia galangal L. (Zingiberaceae), also known as aromatic ginger, is used in the food and cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and maquillage materials, as well as in the traditional Indian medicine. The essential oil (EO) obtained from its rhizome by hydrodistillation is of economic interest and contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate as the main component, which is used as an anticancer, antimicrobial, skin protector and whiteneing and nematicidal agent. To our knowledge, the mosquitocidal properties of the aromatic ginger EO have hitherto been poorly investigated. Therefore, in the present work, we tested this EO and its major chemical constituents (MCCs), namely ethyl p-methoxycinnamate, trans-ethyl cinnamate and trans-cinnamaldehyde for their larval toxicity on Aedes vittatus and Anopheles maculatus. The EO chemical composition, studied by GC-MS analysis, was made up of 39 compounds, with ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (30.6%), trans-ethyl cinnamate (26.8%) and trans-cinnamaldehyde (11.5%) as the major constituents. The EO and its MCCs showed LC50 values of 39.22, 10.36, 28.26 and 36.35 μg/ml on Ae. vittatus, and of 41.36, 12.56, 30.23 and 38.47 μg/ml on An. maculatus third instar larvae, respectively. The ecofriendliness of EO and MCCs on the aquatic fauna was demonstrated as they were safe to Anisops bouvieri, Acilius sulcatus and Gambusia affinis. Our findings showed that the K. galanga rhizome EO and its MCCs are promising larvicidal agents without affecting non-target organisms (NTOs). They also give news insights into the potential economic exploitation of this EO and its MCCs in the fabrication of effective and eco-friendly mosquitocidal formulations.

Pengaruh Pemberian Ekstrak Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) terhadap Peningkatan Zona Hambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus

The prevalence of infectious diseases in Indonesia is still relatively high, for example Infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesia has many traditional plants that can be used for herbal treatments containing tannins, flavonoids, and essential oils which have relatively high antibacterial activity by forming inhibitory zones in the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria which are the cause of skin infections food poisoning to systemic infections. Thereforekencur can be used as an alternative medicine. This study was intented to determine the effect of giving kencur extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) In inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study was experimental laboratory used plate diffusion method of “Postest Ony Control Group Design” design. There were 7 groups, 5 treatment groups and 2 control groups. The concentration of treatment group was 100%, 50%, 25%, 12,5%, 6,25% while for positive control using amoxicillin 25μg and aquadest as negative control. The bacterial used were Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that kencur extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) had an antibacterial effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.With a value of p = 0.001 or p <α. kencur extract (Kaempferia galanga L.) has an antibacterial effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

An Efficient Directly Conversion of the Ethyl p-Methoxycinnamate into N,N-dimethyl-p-Methoxycinnamamide and study the structure-activity relationship on anti-inflammatory activity

Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) (1) is a major natural ester found in the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. Some of the structural modification of this compound has been carried out in order to study the structure-activity relationship on its anti-inflammatory activity. In the present study, we report a new, simple and efficient procedure in the conversion of the ethyl p-methoxycinnamate into N,N-dimethyl-p-methoxycinnamamide (5) and then study the structure-activity relationship on its anti-inflammatory activity. The reaction was carried out through a microwave-assisted direct amidation between (EPMC) (1) with dimethylformamide (DMF) in the basic condition. The mixture was irradiated by using unmodified microwave-oven at 300 W for 1 minute to obtain compound (5) in 88.8% yields. The extensive analysis of the GCMS and NMR data supported that the product of synthesis is N,N-dimethyl-p-methoxycinnamamide (5). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of compound 5 by using anti-denaturation of heat bovine serum albumin (BSA) assay indicated that N,N-dimethyl-p-methoxycinnamamide (5) still have anti-denaturation activity. Compound 5 has an amide functional group which is more slowly hydrolyzed if compared to 1. Hence, the reaction has successfully produced a more stable compound which still has anti-inflammatory activity

Cytotoxic polyoxygenated isopimarane diterpenoids from the edible rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga (kencur)

Kaempferia galanga (Family Zingiberaceae) is a widely distributed Asian medicinal plant and cultured crop. Several traditional uses of the rhizomes of this plant have been reported with widely using as flavors and spice in cooking. The present work concerned the isolation and identification as well as antiproliferative activity of metabolites of the rhizomes of K. galanga. Three new polyoxygenated isopimarane diterpenoids, kaemgalangols B-D (1-3), were isolated and identified in addition to 20 knowns (4-27), one monoterpene (28), and five known phenolic compounds (29-33). The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established mainly based upon the spectroscopic analysis such as FT-IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HRMS. The antiproliferative activity of all isolates was screened against CCRF-CEM leukemia cells using a fixed concentration of 30 μM. Dose response curve of compounds 19 and 20 showed IC50 values of ≤ 50 μM against CCRF-CEM, MDAMB-231-pcDNA and HCT116 (p53+/+). Compound 20 showed the most potent activity against three tested cell lines with IC50 values of 35.28, 61.60, and 42.77 μM, respectively.

Ultrasonication assisted extraction of total flavonoids from Kaempferia galanga L. and its antioxidant activity

Ultrasonication assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract total flavonoids (TF) from Kaempferia galanga L. (KGL) roots. Single-factor experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of the process parameters (solvent-to-material ratio, ethanol concentration, extraction time, ultrasonic power, and extraction temperature) on the TF yield and the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimum conditions to obtain the maximum TF yield were solvent-to-material ratio, 25; ethanol concentration, 62%; extraction time, 27.0 min; extraction temperature, 50℃ and ultrasonic power, 225 W. The yield of TF under these conditions reached 3.22 ± 0.12 mg/g of dry root. The analysis of variance and validation test indicated that the proposed method is useful and reliable. The antioxidant capacities of TF of KGL was determined by DPPH· and ABTS+· methods, which revealed that it has good antioxidant activity in both systems.

Effect of kaempferol on IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in C57BL/6 mice and LAD2 cells

BackgroundImmunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated mast cell (MC) activation is crucial in multiple allergic diseases. Parkinson disease protein 7 (DJ-1) and Lyn kinase were reported as the receptor-proximal events in IgE receptor (FcεRI) signals in human MC. Kaempferol, a natural flavonol mainly derived from the rhizome of traditional Chinese herb Kaempferia galanga L. (Zingiberaceae), has been known to inhibit allergic reactions, but it was limited to the receptor-distal signals on rat basophilic leukemia cells. A thorough investigation of the inhibitory effects of kaempferol on human MC has not been done. PurposeTo investigate the inhibitory effects of kaempferol on IgE-mediated anaphylaxis in vivo and in human MCs, as well as the mechanism underlying its effects, especially the receptor-proximal signals. MethodsIgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and systemic anaphylaxis model were applied to elucidate the antiallergic activity of kaempferol in vivo. The degranulation assay, calcium imaging, the release of cytokines and chemokines on the laboratory of allergic disease 2 (LAD2) cells were used to evaluate the antiallergic effect of kaempferol in vitro. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate the DJ-1/Lyn signaling pathway and downstream molecules. Kinase activity assay, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking were conducted to confirm the influence of kaempferol on DJ-1/Lyn molecules. ResultsKaempferol dose-dependently attenuated ovalbumin/IgE-induced mice paw swelling, primary MC activation from paw skin, as well as rehabilitated the hypothermia, and reduced the serum concentrations of histamine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1. Additionally, kaempferol suppressed IgE-mediated LAD2 cell degranulation and calcium fluctuation. Remarkably, kaempferol was found to bind with DJ-1 protein, and initially prevented DJ-1 from translocating to the plasma membrane, thereby inhibited full activation of Lyn, and eventually restrained those receptor-distal signaling molecules, involved Syk, Btk, PLCγ, IP3R, PKC, MAPKs, Akt and NF-κB. ConclusionKaempferol could be used as a DJ-1 modulator for preventing MC-mediated allergic disorders through attenuating Lyn activation.

PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS STERILAN DAN WAKTU PERENDAMAN TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN STERILISASI EKSPLAN DAUN KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga L) PADA TEKNIK KULTUR IN VITRO

This study aims to determine the effect of sterile and immersion duration on the success of sterilization of kencur (Kaempferia galanga L) leaf explants using in vitro culture techniques and to find out the types of contaminants that emerge. The study was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019, located at the Basic Agrotechnology Laboratory and Plant Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Muhammadiyah Purwokerto. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 15 treatments. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The treatments were the immersed in 6% chlorine for 10 minutes (S1), for 15 minutes (S2), for 20 minutes (S3), the immersed in 0,1 g/ml HgCl2 for 1 minute (S4), for 3 minutes (S5), for 5 minutes (S6), the immersed in HgCl2 0,2 g/ml for 1 minute (S7), for 3 minutes (S8), for 5 minutes (S9), the immersed in HgCl2 0,3 g/ml for 1 minute (S10), for 3 minutes (S11), 5 minutes (S12), immersed in dithane 2 g/l for 1 hour (S13), for 12 hours (S14), for 24 hours (S15). The results showed that the treatment of Dithane sterile 2 g/l water with an immersion duration of 1 hour (S13) significantly affected the percentage of contamination and succeeded in reducing contamination by 44.44%, while the use of chlorine sterile and HgCl2 had no significant effect. The types of contaminants that appear are Macrophomoina sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., And Pseudomonas sp.

Hydrodistillation based multifaceted value addition to Kaempferia galanga L. leaves, an agricultural residue

Kaempferia galanga (aromatic ginger) is a valuable crop in the flavour and fragrance industries due to its aromatic rhizome and the essential oil therein. The aerial part of this herb is considered as an agricultural residue and of no significant commercial value till date. In the current study, the fresh leaves of K. galanga were utilized for three-way value addition through hydrodistillation technique. The process produced fragrant distillate (essential oil and hydrosol) as a unique flavouring agent. The residual hydro-extract (decoction) in the distilling flask had the reducing capability that was demonstrated through the bio-reduction of Pd(II) to Pd(0) nanoparticle. A three-way value addition to the agricultural residue of an aromatic crop through hydrodistillation and a synthetic utilization of the residual decoction thereof was reported for the first time.

The effect of herbal supplement feeding and different stocking density on the growth rate of striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878)

Striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) has a high economic value and relatively fast growth, so that optimum stocking density and supplement of natural ingredients, such as Curcuma domestica Val., Kaempferia galanga Linn., and Curcuma xanthorriza Robx. can increase growth and immunity. This study aimed to obtain the optimum stocking density and herbal supplement dosage in feed to increase the growth and survival rates of striped catfish. An experimental method by applying factorial design was used, i.e. the dose and stocking density factors. The dosage of herbal supplements used were 100 mL kg-1 feed (D1), 200 mL kg-1 (D2) and 300 mL kg-1 (D3). Stocking density used was 50 m-3 (P1) and 75 m-3 (P2). The fish used were 8.5±0.5 cm long and weighed 7.5±0.3 g, kept in floating cages of 1 m x 1.5 m x 1 m. Fish maintenance was carried out for 60 days with feeding frequency of three times a day, as much as 10% of body weight. The results showed that the treatment of 200 mL kg-1 dosage and 75 m-3 stocking densities was the best treatment. This treatment showed that specific growth rate, absolute weight, absolute length and feed efficiency were 4.86%, 119.07 g, 15.45 cm, 82.93%, respectively. A supplement dose of 200 mL kg-1 in feed and stocking densities of 75 m-3 could increase growth rates, survival, and feed utilization efficiency of striped catfish.

Clinical trials on pain lowering effect of ginger: A narrative review.

Ginger has a pain‐reducing effect and it can modulate pain through various mechanisms: inhibition of prostaglandins via the COX and LOX‐pathways, antioxidant activity, inibition of the transcription factor nf–kB, or acting as agonist of vanilloid nociceptor. This narrative review summarizes the last 10‐year of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), in which ginger was traditionally used as a pain reliever for dysmenorrhea, delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), osteoarthritis (AO), chronic low back pain (CLBP), and migraine. Regarding dysmenorrhea, six eligible studies suggest a promising effect of oral ginger. As concerned with DOMS, the four eligible RCTs suggested a reduction of inflammation after oral and topical ginger administration. Regarding knee AO, nine RCTs agree in stating that oral and topical use of ginger seems to be effective against pain, while other did not find significant differences. One RCT considered the use of ginger in migraine and suggested its beneficial activity. Finally, one RCT evaluated the effects of Swedish massage with aromatic ginger oil on CLBP demonstrated a reduction in pain. The use of ginger for its pain lowering effect is safe and promising, even though more studies are needed to create a consensus about the dosage of ginger useful for long‐term therapy.

Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) pada Ketinggian Tempat yang Berbeda

Galanga (Kaempferia galanga L.) is one of the potential medicinal plants with high demand. Therefore, galanga cultivation was still quite promising. To obtain the optimum growth and high rhizome production, the superior galanga accessions are required. The optimal growth and high production of galanga accessions will be obtained if cultivated at the area with appropriate altitude. The purpose of the study was to obtain galanga accession with a better growth and high yield at the area with a suitable altitude. This study used split-plot design; altitude as a main plot and accession as a subplot. The location as a main plot consisted of altitudes of 214 and 780 masl. This study used seven accessions i.e., accession of PBG (Purbalingga), CLP (Cilacap), PWJ (Purworejo), KRA (Karanganyar), PCT (Pacitan), MAD (Madiun), and GAL2 (Galesia 2) as control. The results showed that different altitudes significantly affected the total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate, dry weight, and rhizome yield. The number of leaves was influenced by altitude and accession of galanga. The interaction between altitude and accession of galanga significantly affected the leaf area and the soluble sugar concentration in the galanga rhizome. The rhizome yield at low altitude was higher than in high altitude. PBG (Purbalingga) and PWJ (Purworejo) accessions have the potential to be developed in locations with an altitude of 214 masl. Keywords: altitude, Kaempferia galanga, rhizome

In vitro cytotoxic and toxicological activities of ethanolic extract of Kaempferia galanga Linn. and its active component, ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate, against cholangiocarcinoma

ObjectiveTo evaluate the cytotoxic, apoptotic, mutagenic and immunomodulatory activities of Kaempferia galanga Linn. (KG) extract and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) in vitro. MethodsThe present study investigated the cytotoxic [using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide test], apoptotic (using a mitochondrial membrane potential assay), mutagenic (using a micronucleus test) and immunomodulatory (using flow cytometry) activities of the ethanolic extract of KG and its bioactive component, EPMC, against two cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines, CL-6 and HuCCT1, and one normal human cell line, OUMS-36T-1F. ResultsBoth KG extract and EPMC exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against both CCA cells. The cytotoxic activity was supported by their concentration-dependent induction of apoptosis. CL-6 was most sensitive (3–4 fold) and selective to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), compared with KG extract and EPMC [median half inhibiting concentration (IC50) and selectivity index (SI) were 23.01 μg/mL and 17.32; 78.41 μg/mL and 4.44; 100.76 μg/mL and 2.20, respectively for 5-FU vs. KG extract vs. EPMC]. HuCCT1 was relatively more sensitive and selective to 5-FU and EPMC than KG extract [median IC50 and SI were 66.03 μg/mL and 6.04; 60.90 μg/mL and 3.65; 156.60 μg/mL and 2.23, respectively for 5-FU vs. EPMC vs. KG extract]. EPMC produced relatively potent cytotoxic activity against polymorphonuclear cells (IC50 = 92.20 μg/mL). KG extract and EPMC exhibited concentration-dependent mutagenic activity, as well as inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6. ConclusionConsidering cytotoxic, apoptotic, immunomodulatory and mutagenic activities, further development of KG as a drug candidate is likely to focus on the oral pharmaceutical formulation of a standardized KG extract rather than isolated compounds.

Pembollo’: a concept of plant-based traditional medicine among kaluppini indigenous people

Traditional healing practice is a common practice among indigenous peoples in Indonesia and strongly influenced by their indigenous health system. They have traditional knowledge about diseases, traditional medicines that they employ in daily life as well as traditional practices concerning maternal and childcare. With a qualitative approach, this study aimed to explore traditional medicine applied among mothers in Kaluppini indigenous people. This study found that Kaluppini people applied traditional medicine to cure their sick children. Mothers give Pembollo’, kinds of traditional medicines, like first aid. Kunyi’ (Curcuma longa), daun paria (Momordica charantia), ca’ku (Kaempferia galanga), kaju canning (Cinnamomum verum), kariango (Acorus calamus Linn.) and panini (Zingiber Purpereum Roxb) are commonly used as pembollo’. They mixed them with wai (water) or wai nyio (coconut water) or cani’ (honey). Mothers will employ Ma’pasibali, a concept of combining traditional and modern medicines if the children are still sick. The findings indicate that Kaluppini people have a high belief in traditional medicines to cure their children and it is very important to conserve the biological diversity in their indigenous area.

Screening of chemical composition, anti-arthritis, antitumor and antioxidant capacities of essential oils from four Zingiberaceae herbs

Because of massive applications of Zingiberaceae herbs in cosmetics, health care products and medicines, essential oils from herbs have also attracted more and more attention. In this study, chemical compositions and bioactivities of four genuine Zingiberaceae herbs essential oils from Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. (AOEOs), Kaempferia galanga L. (KGEOs), Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep.(AKEOs), and Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd (AGEOs) are evaluated. More than 45 components have been identified from four essential oils, and cineole (0.21–58.35 %), ethyl cinnamate (1.28–29.4 %), β-pinene (1.14–16.98 %), α-terpineol (0.16–13.89 %), α-pinene (0.03–11.42 %), p-cymene (4.11–6.93 %), and α-caryophyllene (0.04–5.46 %) are the dominants. Moreover, theses essential oils exhibit remarkable anti-inflammatory activities via markedly down-regulating the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 (IL-1) in adjuvant arthritis rats. Especially, KGEOs have the most excellent anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, four essential oils also reveal marked cytotoxicity against LNCaP cells (IC50, 18.42–113.76 μg/mL) and B16 cells (IC50, 54.11–101.31 μg/mL), and KGEOs possess the greatest cytotoxic activity. Additionally, four essential oils display comparable antioxidant activities from its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50, 7.93–13.83 μg/mL) to Trolox C (IC50, 13.27 μg/mL) according to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability, and KGEOs (IC50, 7.93 μg/mL) are the optimum candidate for antioxidant. Therefore, these results have indicated that the four Zingiberaceae herbs essential oils have outstanding but different bioactivities, making them ideal additives for natural functional nutrition and medicine like for antitumor, antioxidant and anti-arthritic drugs.