Practical Judgment Research Articles

A sense of risk: Responses to crowdfunding risk disclosures

AbstractResearch SummaryThis paper examines how reward‐based crowdfunding backers respond to risk disclosures. Combining theoretical frameworks from financial accounting with the risk perception literature, we adopt an abductive research approach to explore various nuances that influence backers' tolerance for risk information. In addition to identifying the general dynamics in backers' risk interpretation, we highlight the complexities introduced by differences in the disclosure's semantic content, expressed feelings, and the discloser's background attributes. Relying on a hierarchical Bayesian mixture model, we first identify a positive curvilinear relationship between risk information quantity and crowdfunding success. We then demonstrate the influences of what is disclosed, how it is disclosed, and who discloses it, while emphasizing the context‐bound specificities of individual project types.Managerial SummaryOur study aids entrepreneurs to effectively communicate risks in reward‐based crowdfunding campaigns. We consistently find that entrepreneurs provided substantially less risk information than the optimum amount of information, emphasizing the need for more extensive disclosures. On what to disclose, backers favored information on risks that are consequential to them personally and not those that affect the entrepreneur's project. On how to disclose, expressed feelings had little influence on how much risk information backers preferred. However, who provides the disclosure was crucial, as trust‐enhancing factors increased backers' appetite for risk information. Together, our findings show that, while communicating risks, entrepreneurs should be cognizant that online backers undertake calculative evaluations and have material motivations. Furthermore, our category level results aid entrepreneurs in making practical judgments on context‐specific deviations across project types.

Arduino practice judgment system based on function execution log in virtual execution environment

AbstractRecently, automatic judgment systems have been widely used in various computer science lectures, and these systems are mainly developed for languages with a console‐based practice environment. On the other hand, embedded systems such as Arduino are executed in a hardware‐based environment and their verification is conducted by manually checking the operation of the hardware. Therefore, it is not easy to automatically judge the Arduino system developed by students. In the embedded system, hardware and software have to be developed at the same time, and it increases effort and time for the instructors to teach students, especially in practice‐based learning. The study in this article proposes an Arduino practice judgment system based on the function execution log in virtual execution environment. It performs both Fritzing‐based hardware configuration checking and source code testing based on virtual execution environment, where hardware operations are replaced by mock‐up functions. In addition, more diverse practices are possible by providing an experimental environment where students can freely enter input data and check the results. A case study shows that the developed system can be applied to the lectures and help reduce instructors' work and increase students' understanding through the system.

25 The Relationship between Judgment and Cognitive Performance in a Mixed-Clinical Older Adult Veteran Sample

Objective:Judgment, defined as the capacity to make decisions carefully after consideration of available information, which may entail a variety of sources, has come to be regularly assessed within neuropsychology, and impairment of judgment has been demonstrated across multiple disorders (Rabin, Borgos, & Saykin, 2008). This study aimed to re-examine the relationship between judgment and performance on measure of cognitive functioning including (memory, attention, language, visuospatial abilities, speed, and aspects of executive functioning) in a mixed-clinical sample of older adult veterans.Participants and Methods:Data for this study was collected from the Cognitive Functioning in Older Adult Veteran’s database repository (CFOAV) at a large Veteran Affairs Healthcare System (VAHCS). Participants were veterans seeking treatment in the Neuropsychology Assessment Clinic. Inclusion criteria were that participants must have answered the nine questions from the TOP-J and received a score based on the specific criteria. Participants were excluded if they appeared to lack adequate test engagement or had a serious mental illness. The final sample for the current study consisted of 83 veterans (73% male, n = 76), ranging from 50 to 89 years (m = 72.01, SD = 9.70), with and average of 13 years of education (SD = 3.21). Of the sample, 75% reported that they were White, 7% African American/Black, and 1% Latino/Hispanic, and ICD-10 diagnoses ranged from age-related cognitive decline, mild cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, and dementia in other disease classified.Results:Using SPSS (Version 27), Pearson correlations were conducted to examine the relationship between the TOP-J raw score, demographic variables, and measures of cognitive functioning, including the WTAR, the RBANS index scores, WAIS-DS, TMT A, TMT B, COWAT, and ANT. Missing data were excluded pairwise in the analyses. Correlation analyses revealed a significant small-to-medium correlation between the TOP-J and the. There were small to medium correlations between the TOP-J, WTAR (r = .31, p = .01), TMT A (r = .27, p = .02), WAIS DS (r = .30, p = .01), and RBANS Attention index (r = .35, p = .04). There was a significant large relationship between the TOP-J and the RBANS Immediate Memory index (r = .52, p = .002). There were no significant associations between the TOP-J, demographic variables (e.g., biological sex, age, and education), TMT-B, COWAT, or ANT.Conclusions:The study supported previous decision making research (Moye, Karel, Gurrera & Asar, 2006) that has found the ability to attend to and immediately retain information to be an important foundational component. While the present study did not fully replicate previous findings that the Top-J was correlated to measures of executive functioning, strong correlations did emerge with verbal memory and a measure of crystalized verbal abilities similar to Rabin et al. (2007). Such research informs the assessment practical judgment. It also indicates that one’s ability to acquire and encoded unstructured and contextual verbal information, as well as pre-morbid verbal abilities, may provide potential targets to improve or compensate from decrements in overall practical judgement. This is certainly an areas for future research.

Misconceptions about Oral Diagnosis and Radiology among Dental Students: A Questionnaire Study.

Misconceptions are learning deficits that may cause clinical judgments in a dental practice to be made incorrectly. This study aimed to identify and look into students' misconceptions regarding Oral Diagnosis and Radiology. The fourth and fifth-grade students at the Altınbaş University Faculty of Dentistry were given a self-administered questionnaire that included multiple-choice questions about Oral Diagnosis/Medicine and Radiology. 106 students participated in the questionnaire and 50.9% of the participants were fourth-grade students, 49.1% of them were fifth-grade students. The questions were classified into two parts: five scenario-based questions and ten knowledge-based questions. Students' replies were evaluated for accuracy and confidence, and when a student was certain of giving an inaccurate response, misconceptions were noted. Two groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney-U test (P = 0.05). A total of 1590 responses were collected. Regarding the question type, scenario-based questions had more misconceptions (19.6%) than knowledge-based questions (18.4%). Depending on the question, the majority of misconceptions were seen in the questions about denture stomatitis (46.2%) and radiographic contrast (38.7%). To prevent misdiagnosis, it is essential to recognize and overcome misconceptions in Oral Diagnosis/Medicine and Radiology. Therefore this study assists students and lecturers in defining misconceptions and organizing precautions to avoid and fix them.

43 Evaluating the Relationship Between Social Support, Executive Function, and Communicative Effectiveness

Objective:Research suggests greater perceived social support is associated with better general cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults. While these findings expand our understanding of the role of social support in healthy aging, further work is needed to investigate the role of social support in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Of particular interest is the relationship between executive function (EF), communicative effectiveness, and social support, as these are common areas of decline and are likely to impact one’s ability to meaningfully interact with others. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between perceived social support, EF, and communicative effectiveness. We hypothesize better EF performance and communicative effectiveness would be associated with higher levels of perceived social support in older adults with MCI.Participants and Methods:One hundred and twenty-one older adults with MCI were included in the current study. All participants were enrolled in Charles and Harriett Schaffer Cognitive Empowerment Program (CEP) at Emory University, a comprehensive lifestyle program for individuals diagnosed with MCI and their care partners. Upon CEP enrollment, participants completed self-report questionnaires, including the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI), and EF assessments including Letter Fluency (phonemic fluency), Digit Span Backward (working memory), and the Test of Practical Judgment (decision making). Additionally, a subset of participants completed the written Trail Making Test - Part B (set-shifting; n = 63). Pearson bivariate correlations were utilized to explore the relationship between MSPSS, CETI, and EF performance.Results:Higher levels of perceived social support were significantly associated with communicative effectiveness (r = .210, p = .021), such that participants who endorsed having more social support also reported greater confidence in their communicative effectiveness. Perceived social support was associated with better working memory performance (r = .342, p < .001), phonemic fluency output (r = .261, p = .041), and shorter time to complete TMT-B (r = -.244, p = .052), indicating individuals with higher perceived social support demonstrated better EF abilities. Finally, greater confidence in communicative effectiveness was associated with better performances in working memory (r = .274; p = .008), phonemic fluency output (r = .213; p = .020) and decision making (r =.192; p = .044), suggesting stronger working memory, phonemic fluency, and practical decision-making abilities support better communicative effectiveness. There was no association between social support and practical decision-making abilities (r = .146, p = .129).Conclusions:The current findings demonstrate a link between higher levels of social support, communicative effectiveness, and EF abilities, particularly in the subdomains of working memory, phonemic fluency, and set-shifting. This link suggests individuals with stronger EF abilities may have greater communicative effectiveness and, in turn, may be better able to maintain social relationships and garner social support. Future research is needed to evaluate the causality in this relationship, as it remains possible those with stronger social support networks maintain communicative effectiveness and EF for longer. Thus, further evaluation of the mechanism(s) underlying the relationships between social support, EF, and communicative effectiveness is needed.

Evaluating Multidisciplinary Approaches within an Integrated Framework for Human Health Risk Assessment

This study explores the multifaceted realm of human health risk assessment, emphasizing the pivotal role of integrated frameworks and multidisciplinary approaches. As environmental challenges and their associated health risks become increasingly complex, traditional, single-discipline methods are often inadequate. A holistic perspective that integrates knowledge and methodologies from various disciplines is essential for comprehensive human health risk assessment. It serves as the initial phase in multicomponent health promotion initiatives. The Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) encompasses five crucial components: hazard identification, risk assessment, risk control, documentation of findings, and control review. Ultimately, scientific risk assessment provides valuable insights to guide decisionmaking related to risk. Establishing comprehensive and robust principles is essential to underpin the risk management framework. These guiding principles provide an ethical foundation for evaluating various factors relevant to risk management decisions. Nevertheless, their practical application requires both flexibility and practical judgment. The study is based on a thorough review of existing global literature.

Reflections of Reason: Kant on Practical Judgement

AbstractMy aim in this article is to provide an account of practical judgement, for Kant, that situates it within his theory of judgement as a whole – particularly, with regards to the distinction between the determining and reflecting use of judgement. I argue that practical judgement is a kind of determining judgement, but also one in which reflecting judgement plays a significant role. More specifically, I claim that practical judgement arises from the cooperation of the reflecting power of judgement with the faculty of reason – the former assisting the latter in the application of its principle. I conclude by considering a possible role for feeling in practical judgement.

Соотношение практической рассудительности (φρόνησις) и мудрости (σοφία) в этическом проекте Аристотеля

This article focuses on the divergence of views on the leading role of wisdom between the young Aristotle and Plato. While Plato unequivocally assignes a dominant role in the entire hierarchy of human abilities to wisdom (σοφία), and therefore believes that only a sage can be happy, Aristotle carefully frees up space for the opportunity to be happy for those people who are not directly involved in philosophy. Subsequently, this project of Aristotle manifests itself in all its force in his Ethics. Based on fragments of the Protrepticus, the earliest text of Aristotle that has come down to us, we follow the Aristotelian strategy of separating wisdom (σοφία) from practical judgment (φρόνησις).

Physical Education and COVID-19: what have we learned?

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to explore what we have learned during the COVID-19 pandemic in the field of Physical Education in three different countries: Argentina, Spain and Sweden. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews, and the concept of field agency is used to make sense of the data. Differences were found among the three countries, regarding the content of the classes, the use of resources, the emotions of teachers, and the use of physical contact. This was also a result of the regulations and resources in place. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the nature of the field of PE had been momentarily disrupted during the pandemic in these contexts. The habitus of both, teachers and students was challenged, and the economic capital of each context determined what was possible to do ‘as PE’. Particular new discourses, such as the risk of getting the COVID-19 virus, interacted through agents to re-shape the field of PE and modify agents’ habitus. The participating teachers enacted agency and expressed their capacity to make practical and normative judgements among alternative possible trajectories of action for their classes, in response to the emerging demands, dilemmas and ambiguities of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Japanese preoccupation with Osamu Dazai in the twenty-first century

This paper considers the underlying factors that dictated Osamu Dazai's adaptation of Hamlet in 1941, The New Hamlet, alongside the intellectual background against which he rewrote the play. Despite his reference to the critique of the Romantic interpretations of the play, Dazai's protagonist is represented as an indecisive man who is seized by what Carl Schmitt called ‘Romantic irony’, namely an impulse to suspend practical judgements. Underlying such a representation of Hamlet is Dazai's lack of a criterion of justice (or belief systems), which can be seen as a tragedy not only for Dazai and his contemporary young people but also for young people living in twenty-first century Japan.

Sporazum o deobi zajedničke imovine i ugovor o podeli zajedničke imovine – zaštita poverilaca i(li) sloboda raspolaganja supružnika

In the area of property law, divorce has consequences not only for the spouses, children and members of the extended family, but also for some third parties – the spouse’s creditors. For the creditor, it is not the same whether one spouse will receive all the marital property, and the other spouse, who is a debtor in some relationship with the creditor, will not receive anything, which will prevent the creditor from collecting of the debtor’s spouse propriety. Creditors could seek to invalidate the agreement on the division of joint property due to the intention of the spouses to cheat the creditors in this way. Thus, Family Law does not provide any special type of creditor protection, but creditors can request potential protection based on the provisions of the Law on Obligations, which regulate the refutation of the debtor’s legal actions. The application of the institution of refutation of the debtor’s legal actions in the agreement on the division of joint property would not be possible in practice, which is also confirmed by the fact that there is still no judgment in domestic judicial practice that would refer to this issue. Acknowledgment of active legitimation to creditors can be done in the form of Paulian lawsuit, where it is required that the creditor has only a due claim, and it is not necessary for that claim to be determined by a legally binding and enforceable judgment. Another way of refutation of harmful agreements of the spouses by the creditor is to establish their nullity. Creditors who request the refutation of an agreement on the division of joint property, or contract on division of joint propriety will have the burden of proof to prove that an impermissible motive signifcantly infuenced the decision of one spouse or extra marital partner to conclude such an agreement and, if it is the other contracting party (spouse or extra marital partner) knew or should have known, the agreement will be void.

Education and the Cultivation of the Early Modern Self: Cultura Animi as Self-Care in Juan Luis Vives

AbstractDoes the modern self still need self-care? Pierre Hadot, Michel Foucault and others suggested that self-care mostly disappeared with the advent of modernity. How this happened, or whether self-care instead took on new forms, is still not well understood. This article examines the Renaissance appropriation of the concept of a “culture of the soul” (cultura animi) as a marker for how self-care was adapted to modernity. After detailing how Cicero used cultura animi as a metaphor for self-care, I study the appropriation of this concept by the humanist Juan Luis Vives (1493–1540), who made it into a central notion for his educational reform. I argue that, for Vives, self-care does not consist in the following of rules, precepts or “technologies of the self”; it is not a philosophical “art of living”. Instead, “culture” stands for an organic way of learning, a practice of absorbing multifarious experience, especially though the study of historical literature. Accordingly, the “self” to be cultivated is not one’s individual ego or transcendent soul, but one’s practical judgment. Education, centered on the cultivation of practical wisdom, is essential for self-care and for the flourishing of community.

Crea reflexión: experiencias de aprendizaje en prácticas clínicas

Objective: to design and incorporate a structured instrument for reflective record of clinical practices in e-portfolio format for Nursing Degree students in paediatric clinical practices. Method: a quanti-qualitative prospective longitudinal study; subjects: fourth year Nursing Degree students. Instrumentalization: reflective diaries, rubrics, California Critical Thinking Disposition Scale, Emotional Intelligence Assessment Scale, Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Bem Sex-Role Inventory, academic-formative tutoring. Sample characteristics will be described with central tendency and dispersion, according to their type and distribution. The assessment of effectiveness will be estimated through the change in scores compared with the patterns of reference of the status previous to training in reflective practice, and the status with training and experience on reflective practice. The tests used for hypothesis testing in these analysis will be bilateral, with a p< 0,05 significance level. Data processing will be conducted with SPSS 25.0. Codes, emerging categories and categorization rules will be identified for the content analysis of records, in order to generate creation of concepts. The AtlasTi-8 program will be used.Expected results: methodological guidelines for reflective practice, evaluation rubrics, digital portfolio. Development in skills on office tools for friendly records and deepening into the knowledge of reflective practice and critical judgment in Nursing Degree students within the setting of paediatric clinical practices

Cost supervision mining from EMR based on artificial intelligence technology.

To effectively monitor medical insurance funds in the era of big data, the study tries to construct an inpatient cost rationality judgement model by designing a virtuous cycle of inpatient cost supervision information system and exploring a complete set of inpatient cost supervision methods. To lay the foundation for applying artificial intelligence (AI) technology in medical insurance cost control supervision and provide feasible paths and available tools for medical insurance cost control managers. By way of collecting and cleaning electronic medical record (EMR) data from 2016 to 2018 of a city in East China, focusing on basic patient information and cost information, and using a combination of machine learning modeling and information system construction, the study tries to form a feasible inpatient cost supervision method and operation path. The set of the regulatory method, applied in nursing homes of a city in East China, is compelling. The accuracy rates of rationality judgement in different main diseases are stable up to 80%, the false positive rate is steady within 10%, and rehabilitation fee days of hospitalization, and the number of complications are important factors affecting the rationality of the inpatient cost. The model construction and optimization method combining machine learning and information system can make practical cost rationality judgement on medical institution's inpatient cost data, which can directly reflect the key influencing factors of relevant inpatient costs, and achieve the effect of guiding medical behavior and improving the efficiency of medical insurance fund use.

Bayesian Practical Inference

AbstractIn this essay, we will try to provide a formal analysis of practical inference, attentive to the various phases in which it is articulated, and being so capable of explaining both the logical conclusiveness of the inference and the probabilistic nature of its conclusion. An innovative purpose of this article is to show how the final deliberation leading to action—the ultimate practical judgment—takes place according to a logic consistent with the use of Bayes’ theorem. This is why we refer to Bayesian practical inference in the title of this essay.

Effectiveness of Self-instructional Module (Sim) on Knowledge Regarding Human Rights of Mentally Ill among 3rd Year B.Sc. Nursing Students

The science and practice of providing protective, therapeutic, supporting, physical, and social care to those who are too unwell to fully manage their own behavior is known as psychiatric nursing. The primary health care provider and primary mental health care nurse for patients in mental hospitals and other institutional settings is the psychiatric nurse. A young profession is nursing. The professional nurse exhibits special abilities, engages in critical analysis and methodical research, and applies discretion and judgments in practice. The results showed that the comparison of overall knowledge score between pre test and post test. In the pre test mean score was 11.18 with SD 2.82 whereas in post test mean score was 23.23 with SD 3.03. Difference in score is 12.05. There is large difference between pre test and post test knowledge score and it is statistically significant. Differences between pre test and post test score was analyzed using paired t-test and it was 25.81 which were found highly significant at 0.05 levels. This indicates that the self-instructional module was effective in increasing the knowledge on human rights of mentally ill among 3rd year B.Sc. Nursing students.

Implanting rich autobiographical false memories: Meta–analysis for forensic practice and judicial judgment making

ObjectiveThe implanting of rich autobiographical false memories is crucial for judicial decision–making, and the forensic evaluation of a testimony. In order to assess this issue, a meta–analytical review of the probability of implanting rich autobiographical false memories was performed. MethodA total of 30 primary studies analysing the probability of implanting rich autobiographical false memories were retrieved. Random–effects meta–analyses correcting the effect size for sampling error were performed. ResultsThe results revealed a significant, positive, generalizable (the lower limit for the 80% credibility value was d = 1.13), and more than large mean effect size (d = 1.43[1.33, 1.53]) for the implanting of false memory. The moderating effects of stimulus type showed that the effect of the probability of implanted false memory was significantly higher in experienced events (d = 2.03[1.63, 2.43]) than in false narratives (d = 1.35[1.23, 1.47]), and in doctored photographs (d = 1.29[1.06, 1.52]). A similar effect for memory implantation was observed in both the underage (d = 1.44[1.29, 1.59]), and in adults (d = 1.36[1.22, 1.50]). The moderator techniques for implanting false memories revealed a significantly lower probability of implanting false rich memory with non–directive instructions (d = 0.90[0.53, 1.27]) than with guided imagery (d = 1.45[1.32, 1.58]), or with pressure to answer (d = 1.56[1.17, 1.95]) instructions. The event emotional valence moderator exhibited the same effect for positive (d = 1.27[1.09, 1.45]) and negative valence events (d = 1.30[1.17, 1.43]). ConclusionsThe implications of the results for forensic testimony evaluation, police interrogations, and judicial cross–examination are discussed.

BTDM: A Bi-Directional Translating Decoding Model-Based Relational Triple Extraction

The goal of relational triple extraction is to extract knowledge-rich relational triples from unstructured text. Although the previous methods obtain considerable performance, there are still some problems, such as error propagation, the overlapping triple problem, and suboptimal subject–object alignment. To address the shortcomings above, in this paper, we decompose this task into three subtasks from a fresh perspective: entity extraction, subject–object alignment and relation judgement, as well as propose a novel bi-directional translating decoding model (BTDM). Specifically, a bidirectional translating decoding structure is designed to perform entity extraction and subject–object alignment, which decodes entity pairs from both forward and backward extraction. The bidirectional structure effectively mitigates the error propagation problem and aligns the subject–object pairs. The translating decoding approach handles the overlapping triple problem. Finally, a (entity pair, relation) bipartite graph is designed to achieve practical relationship judgement. Experiments show that our model outperforms previous methods and achieves state-of-the-art performance on NYT and WebNLG. We achieved F1-scores of 92.7% and 93.8% on the two datasets. Meanwhile, in various complementary experiments on complex scenarios, our model demonstrates consistent performance gain in various complex scenarios.

상계항변과 기판력

Article 216 of the Civil Procedure Act stipulates that in paragragh 1, a final judgement has res judicata only if it is included in the order. Even if the judgement is confirmed, if the judgement in the grounds of judgement is not binding, the dispute may be reproduced and the judgements in the grounds of judgement may be contradictory, so it is a question of whether to recognize the res judicata in the grounds of judgement. On the other hand, as an exception, the determinatioin of whether or not a claim claiming offset in paragragh 2 is established is determined to have res judicata only for the amount opposed to offset. The purpose of acknowledging the res judicata in the court’s judgement on the offset claim is that if the res judicata is not recognized, the dispute over the existence of the plaintiff’s claim will be transformed into a dispute over the existence of the counterclaim filed in another lawsuit, preventing the counterclaim from double exercising the counterclaim. Therefore, in order to understand the legal principles according to the purpose in detail, this paper examined the res judicata power of the countervailing defense. First, the requirements for recognizing res judicata will be divided into automatic bonds and passive bonds. In the former, we will examine whether the court's practical judgement on automatic bonds is necessary, whether the precedent (suspension condition theory) that the judicial effect of the countervailing defense is appropriate, and whether the expression of intention to set off, which is the originally effective time, reaches the other party (revocation condition theory). In the latter case, the existence of passive bonds and whether the passive claims are claims judged as litigation items (or equivalent thereto) are problematic. And, in the case where the defendant makes a defense of set-off, we will review whether it is lawful for the plaintiff to submit a set-off (namely, litigation set-off and non-litigation set-off) as a re-defense. This will be considered in consideration of not only the substantive legal aspect that passive claims must exist, but also the litigation policy aspect of maintaining the stability of the litigation process and eliminating complexity. In addition, we examine the objective scope of the substrate power recognized in countervailing defense, especially if the automatic bond exceeds the passive bond amount, and if the court recognizes only a part of the claim (manual) bond amount, some of the multiple automatic bonds are recognized and some are not recognized. Furthermore, we will look at the positive and negative theories on whether res judicata are recognized in countervailing disputes other than litigation.

A Critique of Principlism

A Critique of Principlism