Journalistic Sources Research Articles

Unsustainable fishing in Amazonian Ecuador involving agrochemicals and explosives detected by media surveys and stakeholder perception

Illegal fishing with agrochemicals and explosives is an uncontrolled problem that is causing long-lasting, irreversible damage to the aquatic ecosystems. The present investigation was carried out based on cases reported by journalistic sources, which provided an overview of this unpleasant practice nationwide in Ecuador. To validate journalistic information, 102 surveys were conducted in the Ecuadorian Amazon in six population groups: students, anglers, UPMA (The Environmental Police Unit) police officers, Agrocalidad, MAATE (Ministry of the Environment, Water and Ecological Transition) staff, and Amazon residents, categorized by their respective provinces. The survey results confirmed that 49% of participants knew about the illegal use of agrochemicals and dynamite in Amazonian fishing. Predominantly riverside communities were known to carry out this practice during the dry season. The identified agrochemicals, ranked by frequency of use were as follows: Rotenone (26%), Palmarol (l9%), Nuvan (3%), Methavin (2%); as well as Dynamite (9%); which were used to increase the fish catching rates. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test, the frequency of annual fishing with agrochemicals or explosives was significantly differ between the Amazonian provinces; attributed to differences in the sources and level of incomes between the provinces. Therefore, a strong relationship between the economic status of fishermen and the unsustainable fishing (using agrochemicals-explosives)was evidenced by the Spearman coefficient, with a Rho of 0.985(p ≤ 0.005). In summary, the use of agrochemicals and explosives is a common fishing method in the Ecuadorian Amazon. This practice is associated with their sources of income, such as mining, and agriculture. It is linked to the difficulty of controlling the commercialization of agrochemicals and dynamite, either through contraband or the inclusion of the active ingredient in a wide range of pesticides. Given the irreversible adverse impact of illegal fishing aquatic ecosystems, stringent action plants are greatly warranted by the Ecuadorian government and environmental agencies to protect the aquatic flora and fauna.

Permanences and Mutations in the French and German Media Systems during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed journalistic practices and media roles in France and Germany. Analysis: As part of the Journalistic Role Performance Project (JRP), 9,438 articles published in France and Germany in 2020 were analyzed to determine trends in journalistic sources and the presence of six professional roles (watchdog, loyal facilitator, interventionist disseminator, service, infotainment, and civic) in news coverage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusions and implications: Professional roles in French and German media production are similar despite the countries having distinct media systems. However, notable differences exist in terms of journalistic practices. German media are characterized by the use of sources to justify institutional decisions. In contrast, French journalistic content is less politicized with a focus on “health” sources.

Forty Years of Soviet Spying in NATO: A Preliminary Study

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)’s security against Soviet espionage was devastating. Open sources reveal more than 60 spies unmasked, named, and accused of directly stealing NATO secrets on behalf of Soviet intelligence services, the State Committee for Security (KGB) and Main Intelligence Directorate, while NATO’s own secret report estimated 300 spies. These unmaskings attested to the efficacy of Western counterintelligence, but nevertheless evidenced deep and sustained infiltration by Soviet agents. This study, unfortunately, may only be considered preliminary because it is the first one to examine the totality of espionage within NATO during the Soviet years, even though the complete historical record remains inaccessible. Second, most of the information has been gleaned from journalistic sources. Third, the real damage of stolen classified materials remains elusive owing to laws that prevent disclosure. Absent a practical way to verify compromises, NATO officials had little recourse but to assume that Moscow possessed all classified information exposed to spies.

The ‘Confessional’ Voice in Food Journalism: Decentring Narratives in the Whetstone Radio Collective

This article discusses the use of personal narratives in food media and journalism with a particular focus on podcasting. It situates the research amongst the abundance of lived experiences both in food content and in podcasting, two spaces that have been regarded as providers of the intimacy required to challenge impartiality practices in journalism. Given that the growth of podcasting has arguably failedto include enough non-mainstream voices, our primary research is based on four series of the Whetstone Radio Collective, a media organisation that aims to tell the stories of marginalised communities. Using content and thematic analysis, it establishes that the innovative use of first-person narratives of the hosts—who are overwhelming people of colour and embody stories of migration and displacement that mirror the food stories—is accompanied by conventional journalistic sourcing of experts who are already established voices based in the Global North. A recentring agenda is most obvious when it reclaims histories such as that of black farmers in the US, when it situates the consumption of foods as part of the global trade that drove the colonial project, or when it delves into and criticises foodways such as the social architecture of kitchens.

“Sluts and nuts”: influences on the symbolic annihilation of women sources in sexual assault allegation news coverage

ABSTRACT Modern journalism practices rely heavily on the use of sources, yet white, male officials have dominated as sources in print, television, and online media. Sources are given the power to shape public opinion by providing their version of facts and defining the framing of events. Symbolic annihilation theory suggests the media largely ignores women or portrays them in stereotypical roles. Symbolic annihilation is particularly important in media representations of sexual misconduct charges where gendered dynamics are critical to framing. This study extends symbolic annihilation by exploring the journalistic sourcing practices post-#MeToo. Through a content analysis of news coverage of sexual assault allegations against US Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh, the study provides a framework by which to explore how women appear in news coverage and influences over journalists’ decisions leading to reifying hegemonic sourcing.

Climate Change-related Counter-attitudinal Fake News Exposure and its Effects on Search and Selection Behavior

ABSTRACT Disinformation in today’s high-choice media environment, particularly regarding environment- and science-related issues, poses threats to individuals and society. It is argued that online users turn primarily to attitude-confirming content (selective exposure effects) which amplifies existing opinions and societal polarization. However, with the increasing prevalence of online disinformation and fake news, it is also likely that people will be exposed to disinformation that contradicts their current beliefs. Regarding the controversial issue of anthropogenic climate change, we elucidate how users react when they are (incidentally) exposed to counter-attitudinal anthropogenity-denying fake news by investigating their search and selection behavior after the exposure. The innovative research design of our case study includes pre- and post-surveys, stimulus exposure, and content analyses of web activities (n = 39). Importantly, the exposure to climate-change-denying fake news decreased acceptance of climate change and its human causes. Selection behavior was mainly attitude-confirming, while search behavior was more diverse. Journalistic sources were used most often and for longest. Individual characteristics affected searches and selections. KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTS In the information-saturated online environment comprising scientifically correct and incorrect information, users are frequently exposed to counter-attitudinal fake news, e.g. videos denying anthropogenic climate change. After exposure to an attitude-opposing fake news video, participants’ climate change acceptance decreased. In a free internet search after stimulus exposure, attitude-confirming anthropogenity-accepting positions and journalistic content dominated users’ selection but not search behavior. Future climate change-related communication activities should note that participants who stated they knew little about climate change knowledge were mainly interested in solution-oriented websites. The higher participants’ willingness to take personal responsibility or acknowledge others’ responsibility, the more they searched for anthropogenity-opposing content.

THE IMAGE OF ANTONIO SALIERI ACCORDING TO THE MEMORIES OF HIS CONTEMPORARY AND EPISTOLARY PUBLICISTIC LITERATURE

The image of Antonio Salieri is recreated based on the memories of his contemporaries and epistolary and journalistic literature. The author, relying on memoir literature, archival documents and journalistic sources, substantiates his own position regarding A. Salieri’s contribution to the world artistic treasury and artistic higher education, the expediency of researching his heritage at the current stage. A wide range of primary sources little-known in scientific circulation are used, which allow us to reveal the image of Antonio Salieri – a musician, composer, teacher, theater director, rector of the central art institution of higher education in Europe in the 19th century – the Vienna Conservatory. The concept of A. Salieri’s involvement in the early death of is refuted Mozart. The aim consists in recreating the image of Antonio Salieri based on the memories of his contemporaries and epistolary and journalistic literature. The tasks of the research are the analy of primary sources on this issue and the identification of modern approaches to Antonio Salieri’s contribution to the world artistic treasury. Research methods. The methodology of the author’s research is based on the content-comparative method, which allows you to determine the reliability of one or another source, the ratio of traditionally established and non-traditional vision of the image of a prominent representative of his era – Antonio Salieri. Reconstruction was also used – to reproduce the events of the era at the turn of the 18 – 19th centuries within the scope of the research. Research results: The development of the pedagogical heritage of A. Salieri in the activities of his students and followers is shown; the creative portrait of Y.N. Hummel, who, thanks to the Maestro, mastered vocal art, Italian musical terminology, music theory and solfeggio, choral singing and conducting, orchestration, pedagogical skills, combined “Salierian” classicism and his own romanticism. The achievements of Fortunata Valzel-Franchetti as a singer, artist and teacher are analyzed, and it is shown how the vocal-pedagogical school of A. Salieri came to Ukraine through her. Conclusion.The analysis of primary sources –correspondence, diaries of Antonio Salieri and his students, made it possible to find out the significance of the Maestro’s creative heritage for subsequent eras, to recreate his image based on the memories of his contemporaries and epistolary and journalistic literature. 27 archival cases were presented for consideration, which gave an opportunity to understand how domestic scientists, artists and publicists treated Antonio Salieri throughout the 20th century, so often they turned to his creative heritage. After careful analysis of these materials, it can be said that their assessment was very high.

Knowledge exchange sessions on primary health care research findings in public libraries: A qualitative study with citizens in Quebec.

Little is known about knowledge transfer with the public. We explored how citizens, physicians, and communication specialists understand knowledge transfer in public spaces such as libraries. The initial study aimed at evaluating the scaling up of a program on disseminating research findings on potentially inappropriate medication. Twenty-two citizen workshops were offered by 16 physicians and facilitated by 6 communication specialists to 322 citizens in libraries during spring 2019. We did secondary analysis using the recorded workshop discussions to explore the type of knowledge participants used. Participants described four kinds of knowledge: biomedical, sociocultural beliefs, value-based reasoning, and institutional knowledge. Biomedical knowledge included scientific evidence, research methods, clinical guidelines, and access to research outcomes. Participants discussed beliefs in scientific progress, innovative clinical practices, and doctors' behaviours. Participants discussed values related to reliability, transparency, respect for patient autonomy and participation in decision-making. All categories of participants used these four kinds of knowledge. However, their descriptions varied particularly for biomedical knowledge which was described by physician-speakers and communication specialists-facilitators as scientific evidence, epidemiological and clinical practice guidelines, and pathophysiological theories. Communication specialists-facilitators also described scientific journalistic sources and scientific journalistic reports as proxies of scientific evidence. Citizens described biomedical knowledge in terms of knowledge to make informed decisions. These findings offer insights for future scientific knowledge exchange interventions with the public.

Authoritarian Environmentalism as Reflected in the Journalistic Sourcing of Climate Change Reporting in China

ABSTRACT This study investigates how Chinese news media cover climate change through the lens of authoritarian environmentalism, China’s alternative model of environmental governance. Combining computational methods and manual coding, we analyzed the sourcing patterns of climate change articles across three news media types (party media, financial media, and metropolitan media) from 2013 to 2021. Results showed three features: First, state officials were predominant in all sourcing categories, drowning the voices of experts, non-governmental organizations, and citizens. Second, only a small percentage of sources concerned scientific knowledge, environmental problems, and collective action. Instead, most highlighted climate change campaigns as achievements of China’s leadership. Third, critical opinions were gradually muted over time. These findings indicate that the issue of climate change has been utilized by Chinese news media as a tool to serve the legitimacy of authoritarian governance and promote the image of top leadership, rather than encouraging citizens and stakeholders to participate in environmental actions.

Enemy-based foreign policy as a framework for understanding Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

ABSTRACT The main objective of this research is to establish the analytical framework of enemy-based foreign policy in order to understand certain actions of Russia’s foreign policy towards Ukraine during the invasion of 2022. Through a literature review on the construction of the enemy, the analysis of academic and journalistic sources, as well as the analysis of Vladimir Putin’s speeches and other official positions from the Kremlin, we determine that Russia’s foreign policy is oriented towards the reconfiguration of its identity in the international system through the disintegration of Ukraine, and at the same time serves as a benchmark in defining Russia’s survival. In other words, the creation of the enemy functions as an instrument of ontological position. Finally, based on the work of Esposito and Butler, we find that enemy-based foreign policy accomplishes a dual function of separating lives worthy of mourning from those that are not: it allows the killing as a way to eliminate the Other, but at the same time reinforces the inner life of the political body through annexation, which is used to guarantee immunity from the Other.

Un caso de cooperación entre Defensa y Relaciones Exteriores. La resolución del conflicto internacional por la retención del buque escuela de la Armada Argentina en Ghana

Foreign policy and defense constitute two essential functions of the modern state. There are various fields of intervention where both converge and the political leaders of these areas of public intervention are compelled to interact and combine actions to resolve conflicts or work out operational issues. In the case analyzed in this article, inter-ministerial coordination is put into action to deal with the request for seizure of the Frigate Libertad, training ship of the Argentine Navy, made by a vulture fund (holdout) in litigation with the Argentine Republic before the Ghanaian justice, as soon as the ship moors in the port of Tema in Ghana on October 1, 2012. To reconstruct the case, we rely on different documentary and journalistic sources, as well as interviews with key informants.

Black Poetics of Affect: Intimate Public Encounters with Strangers in Claudia Rankine’s Just Us (2020)

This article aims to explore how Jamaican-born writer Claudia Rankine displays the ways in which, as a black woman and a first-generation migrant settled in the United States, she ‘regularly has to negotiate conscious and unconscious dismissal, erasure, disrespect, and abuse’ (Rankine [2020] Just Us: An American Conversation, New York: Penguin, p. 23). Just Us: An American Conversation is a genre-defying work that includes poems, essays, photography, visual art, posts from social media, and academic and journalistic sources that tackle the discursive constructions of whiteness in cultural and political life in the United States. In this volume, the private and the public merge through conversations with white strangers and friends at the airport and the train station, in the classroom, in the backyard, in the street and in social distancing interactions via Zoom. Berlant ([2011] Cruel Optimism, Durham: Duke UP.) writes about public spheres as ‘affect worlds’, where emotions precede rational or deliberative thought, attaching strangers to each other and defining the terms of the state-civil society relation. I also use Sara Ahmed’s idea of ‘encounter’ (2000, 2012), defined as a meeting with others that surprises and involves conflict, because it shifts the boundaries of the familiar or assumed knowledge. In this sense, Rankine creatively looks for traces of racialized and gendered experiences in encounters that involve bodies or texts, including the devastating effects of Covid-19 on marginalized black communities. The volume completes a vital trilogy that includes the hybrid book-length poems Don’t Let Me Be Lonely (2004) and Citizen (2014). This lyrical series conform what I call ‘a black poetics of affect’, shaped by intimate public encounters with racism and sexism that disrupt the fantasy of a post-racial society. Rankine’s sustained reflections on ‘the affective dimensions of Black life’ (Palmer [2017] ‘“What Feels More Than Feeling?”: Theorizing the Unthinkability of Black Affect’, Critical Ethnic Studies 3:2, pp. 31–56.) provide new and situated insights on affect theories and feminist studies.

Last Gangster in Austin: Frank Smith, Ronnie Earle, and the End of a Junkyard Mafia by Jesse Sublett

Reviewed by: Last Gangster in Austin: Frank Smith, Ronnie Earle, and the End of a Junkyard Mafia by Jesse Sublett Jason Mellard Last Gangster in Austin: Frank Smith, Ronnie Earle, and the End of a Junkyard Mafia. By Jesse Sublett. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2022. Pp. 212. Illustrations, notes, index.) Jesse Sublett's Last Gangster in Austin hinges on a single dramatic incident: an armed robbery gone bad in an Austin salvage yard in 1976, leaving one man in a monkey mask dead on the floor. That is not what the book is about, though. This singular crime becomes a kaleidoscope through which to view the intricate and intersecting biographies, criminal endeavors, and political fortunes of the figures in the subtitle, underworld character Frank Smith and crusading district attorney (DA) Ronnie Earle. Frank Smith was a bail bondsman, auto parts dealer, and ne'er-do-well, a "Don Corleone as reimagined for Hee Haw" (16). Ronnie Earle was a 1970s reform wunderkind, the youngest municipal judge in Texas before his DA election put him in place to prosecute Smith. A constellation of [End Page 604] associates and nemeses swirl around the two, a cast plucked from the noir genre that Sublett renders so well as hardboiled nonfiction. Ike Rabb is the owner of the Austin Salvage Pool and target of Smith's ire. Sherriff Raymond Frank had been a reformer in his own right before ties to Smith exposed his corruption. A real star of the book, whom Sublett often channels, is Austin American-Statesman beat writer Bill Cryer, whose articles testified to the quality of writing and depth of relationships that local journalism once fostered. Beyond this cast, "significant" Texas history figures cameo throughout, including LBJ's brother Sam Houston Johnson, Allan Shivers, Ann Richards, and Willie Nelson. When such figures appear on the page, they put the book's accomplishment in high relief. It is a rollicking narrative of a criminal underworld, yes, but Sublett's attention to characters otherwise invisible in the celebratory accounts of modern Austin shows that histories aiming to capture the life of a Texas city miss much when they fixate on who performs on its central stages rather than, say, who guts out a living in a salvage yard. Earle is the protagonist here in bringing Smith to justice, but the work of telling history from Smith's vantage point on the margins (or in the shadows) fills in the blind spots of so many other Austin stories. Last Gangster in Austin adds to what has become Sublett's extended literary universe of nightlife and hustles, shenanigans and sleaze, across mid-century Texas. Individuals from his other books put in appearances here: the Overton Gang from Austin Gangsters, co-author Broadus Spivey of Homer Maxey's Texas Bank War, Eddie Wilson from Armadillo World Headquarters, and even allusions to the tome that started it all, Sublett's own memoir Never the Same Again. In fact, the origins of this book lay in that first, as Smith's legal troubles swirled in the newspapers in which Sublett was researching his own experiences of 1976, when he had been wrongfully suspected of a violent crime. That experience, and a familiarity with the journalistic sources of the time, helped spark this book and led Sublett to engage in extensive interviews with surviving principals that he deploys to good effect. On its surface, the book reads as true crime and succeeds as such. It is also an exemplary microhistory with close attention to currents that broader accounts of modern Austin have missed, if not outright ignored. Historians may reflect on moments where the book could have aimed for larger themes—the Smith case as emblematic of the institutional failures and political corruption of the 1970s—but that can be the work of other studies and is typically implicit in Sublett's telling. A riveting character study, The Last Gangster in Austin stands out as is, as bold and individual as Smith's bright green Cadillac speeding away from the scene of the crime. [End Page 605] Jason Mellard Texas State University Copyright © 2022 The Texas State Historical Association

THE DATA CENTER CANNOT HOLD: DATA COLONIALISM AND THE “NIMBUS PROJECT”

Following the infrastructural turn in media studies with its focus on the material and social practices, this paper offers to reexamine contemporary data colonialism by empirically exploring some of its most crucial infrastructural artifacts – data centers. Particularly, this paper explores six data centers currently built in Israel as part of "Project Nimbus" – a $1.2 billion tender offered by the Israeli government to move its computational infrastructure "to the cloud". The tender was won by Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud, and has drawn considerable attention, both due to its high-cost and technical complexity; and due to attempts by these companies' workers to curtail the tech giants' involvement in Israel/Palestine on moral grounds. Power differentials are also present within the Israeli society, as intimate governmental data will be processed and stored by foreign US companies. Based on thematic analysis of local journalistic sources, public officials’ documents, local planning authorities and the tender winners themselves, we delineate the concrete materialization of this cloud infrastructure. We show that the notion of data colonialism is complicated within project Nimbus, when lines blur in terms of whose data is colonized by whom, whose lands are used (and colonized) by these centers, and whose resources (predominantly electricity and water) will be used for their functioning. Thus, this paper offers a more granular understanding of data colonialism, and of the different actors and stakeholders involved in the creation and sustainment of this emerging global regime.

Debussism as a Modernist Phenomenon: statement of the problem, musical approaches

The relevance of the study. Among the many artistic definitions aimed at encompassing and understanding the artistic phenomena of the modernist era, the concept of debussism was perceived rather ambiguously and remained incompletely defined during the lifetime of Claude Debussy and after his death. Moreover, it remains so even today, in the 21st century. Therefore, the problem of scientific adaptation of the mentioned concept and its gradual and deep research assimilation seems urgent and one that requires comprehensive attention and a step-by-step solution.
 The main objectives of the study are to review available scientific and journalistic sources regarding the ways of formation and features of the development of the phenomenon of debussism as an individual and stylistic phenomenon of the modernist era; trace the biographical and historical circumstances that preceded and accompanied the formation of debussism; and activate the concept of debussism in the interests of further terminological use in the field of domestic musicology.
 The research methodology combines historical and comparative methods to trace the moments of emergence and manifestations of debussism's functioning. The method of operationalization of concepts is used in the article to clarify the parameters of the definition of the concept of debussism as well as to formulate its own definition. The system approach ensures the complex interaction of different levels of manifestation of the phenomenon.
 Results and conclusions. Based on the study of scientific sources related to the work of Debussy, the author summarizes his analytical observations regarding the specific content of the concept of debussism. The identification of three levels of manifestation (compositional, social, and epochal) aids in understanding debussism's volumetric and multi-vector nature as a complex modernist phenomenon and a revealing marker of contemporary multidimensional culture. When his compositional features were masterfully integrated into the new artistic material of another author, the idea of following Claude Debussy (at all levels) became the real debussism. That is when Claude Debussy's imitation reaches the level of artistic reception. Otherwise, such an imitation is obviously feeble.
 The proposed periodization of debussism into lifetime and posthumous stages determines the universal division of the cohort of researchers and composers into those who knew C. Debussy personally (or at least lived with him at the same time) and those who were influenced by him already after the artist's death. Such a division allows us not only to emphasize the importance of practical imitation of compositional and technological techniques but also to confirm as a fundamental fact the impact of Debussy's social relationships on modernist musical culture. Furthermore, such a periodization helps to establish, albeit broadly but objectively confirmed, chronological boundaries for debussism.
 Taking into account the main events of the creative biography of the author of "Faun", the complex external and stylistic motivations of the development of his work, and the processes of formation and strengthening of the composer's popularity, as well as based on the presented research, it is arguable that debussism as a specifically modernist phenomenon, appeared on the predominant background of symbolism and impressionism, the combination of features of which in music served as the main impetus for supporters and followers of Debussy. Currently, the article presents its own working definition, which allows us to cover all three levels of detection of debussism: compositional, social, and epochal. Therefore, in the proposed study, debussism is defined as a personal musical and stylistic phenomenon of the modernist era, which is based on the synthesis of general signs of symbolism and impressionism and the individual innovations of Claude Debussy.
 Having reviewed the forms of existence, stages of history, and levels of functioning of the phenomenon of debussism, we can state that it delicately balances between personal and general musical trends of the time, as a result of which it appears as a vivid expression of modernist patterns.

Principles of Financing the Education of Foreign Pupils in the Polish Educational System

This article deals with the issue of financing the education of foreign pupils in the Polish educational system. The aim of the study is to diagnose the principles and scale of the financing of non-Polish citizens’ education. The study uses both institutional and legal approaches and is based on the following source: legal acts, public authorities’ documentation, data from the Educational Information System, and journalistic sources, mainly from portals and the trade press. The analysis carried out allows one to conclude that after 1989 the principle of payment for education undertaken by foreigners in the Polish educational system was gradually abandoned at successive levels of education and for an increasing range of groups as defined in the Act on Foreigners. In addition to the possibility of receiving education free of charge, the possibility of organizing additional Polish language learning or remedial classes was introduced, which also involved the need for local self-government units to allocate additional financial resources. The possibility of employing the so-called intercultural assistants or creating preparatory divisions was also introduced. Summarizing the considerations contained in the study, it should be stated that the Polish model of financing education is based on the educational component of the general subvention, and the same principle applies to the education of non-Polish citizens, while funds for the organization of additional Polish language learning or remedial classes are increased through a system of the so-called weights, as specified in annual ordinances on the manner of distribution of the educational component of the general subvention for local government units for the following budget year. Unfortunately, a system constructed in this way does not take into account emergency situations, such as an influx of pupils during the financial year and compensation for the subsequent expenses incurred by local government units. Therefore, the influx of war refugee children from Ukraine required additional solutions. The Assistance Fund was established to finance school costs.

Global Narratives of Ecological Modernization: The Construction of Climate Change op-eds in China Daily and the New York Times

This study assesses the journalistic sources contributing to international climate change op-eds in tandem with narratives arising from this prominent platform for media elites and institutions. Through a theoretical lens of ecological modernization, this paper conducted a mixed methodological analysis featuring descriptive quantitative analysis and a subsequent narrative analysis. The authors first analyzed a dataset of 305 op-eds published by the New York Times and China Daily between January 2016 and October 2019. The authors also assessed the narratively-constructed themes embedded within selected op-eds leading up to the United States’ departure from the Paris Agreement. These narratives, which featured appeals to a global ecological modernization, are (1) Humankind's shared economic destiny; (2) The new globalization and diplomacy; (3) The looming climate catastrophe. While the New York Times and China Daily featured different op-ed contributors and climate topics, both publications helped to construct larger unifying narratives about the role of climate change in global politics, economy, and society.

INTERVIEW AS A SOURCE OF LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE UKRAINIAN INFORMATION SPACE

The article reveals the phenomenon of the interview as a dialogic genre in the media. The authors use the theory, practice of journalistic skills and sociological research to create a new classification of interview types; and specify conditions under which an interview takes place. Particular attention is paid to the interview-portrait, which belongs to television journalistic essays. The features of an interview-portrait and its subtypes are presented. The article describes how to create this genre in accordance with the requirements of the psychology of the relationship between the addresser and the addressee, and how to use deduction and induction methods to prepare an interview-portrait. The authors consider various aspects of preparing and conducting an interview-portrait, paying attention to the addressee’s rhetoric, his verbal and non-verbal communication in order to convey to the viewer the most complete and objective picture of the hero’s life and thoughts. The authors also conclude that all types of interviews have common requirements. In the article, the authors emphasize that professional journalists must adhere to language norms and standards to ensure clear and understandable statements, and the use of specifically Ukrainian words contributes to the preservation and development of the Ukrainian language. The study resulted in the systematization of different types of interviews and the development of a methodology for preparing and conducting a portrait interview. The article is a useful source for journalists, lecturers and students of journalism who want to increase their knowledge and skills in conducting interviews, including portrait interviews.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПОЛІТИКИ ОБМЕЖЕНЬ У БЮДЖЕТУВАННІ ОРГАНІВ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ВЛАДИ В ПЕРІОД ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Background. The article's purpose is to analyze the constraints, primarily financial, in the budgeting process of Ukraine's state authorities. These constraints are imposed by the government to implement an effective economic policy amid crisis situations, especially the invasion of the russian federation in our country. The object of the study is the budgeting process, while the subject is the policy of limitations in budgeting for state authorities. This policy is realized, taking into account the priorities, relevance, and development perspectives in various areas of their activity. Methods. To achieve the research objectives, modern research methods were used: analysis of legal and normative acts, generalization of existing theoretical approaches, statistical data analysis, expert assessments, and synthesis of information from scientific and journalistic sources. Results. Based on the conducted research, it was determined that the budget, as a reflection of the state's priorities, should portray both operational-tactical and strategic goals. It should ensure the efficiency of mechanisms and transparency in spending funds according to the defined state policy, which should establish trust and positive expectations in society. Conclusions. It is proposed to return to medium-term budget planning, which would enhance the effectiveness of state resource utilization by budgetary process participants. A deliberate and thoughtful approach to determining expenditure directions would bolster the country's defense capabilities and fulfill the state's social obligations.

ШЛЯХИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ СИСТЕМИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЛІСОВОГО СЕКТОРУ В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ ТА ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

Forests are an important segment of the country's economy, which is seriously suffering due to active military operations. The shelling caused many fires, some of which started in the "emerald belt" – nature conservation areas. In addition, a large number of destroyed forests were artificially planted, which eliminates the possibility of their natural restoration. At the same time, wood remains important for exports that support our country's economy in this difficult time, and a resource for construction materials that will be needed in huge quantities to rebuild the destroyed infrastructure. This is what determines the need for the fastest possible improvement of the state system of regulation of the forest sector, taking into account modern challenges and needs, as well as the European integration processes that are actively taking place in the country. The content of the modern regulation system of the forestry sector is revealed in the article. The main problems of the functioning of the system of regulating the activities of forest sector entities operating in Ukraine are highlighted. The experience of European countries regarding the reform of the forest management system is considered and the expediency of its implementation in domestic practice is substantiated. To reveal the research topic, a thorough analysis of Ukrainian and foreign scientific, legislative and journalistic sources was carried out. This made it possible to come to the conclusion that in order to improve the functioning of the domestic forest sector, it is necessary to: to diversify the methods and tools of fiscal and credit stimulation of business in the forest sector; use innovative methods and technologies in the management of forestry and woodworking business; apply the tools of preferential taxation in the case of implementation of projects to increase the level of utilization of non-liquid wood, sawn residues, lumpy waste, sawdust and shavings; to stimulate the production of biofuel based on the processing of wood waste; carry out a comprehensive review of laws and by-laws regulating forest relations, with the aim of bringing them into line with the legislative framework of the European Union; use benchmarking, factoring and fundraising technologies. These conclusions were obtained as a result of the analysis of the Ukrainian experience of reforming the system of state regulation of the forest sector and potential directions for its further transformation into the conditions of European integration and reconstruction of Ukraine.