Journal Of Pharmacology Research Articles

New Author Guidelines for Displaying Data and Reporting Data Analysis and Statistical Methods in Experimental Biology

The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics has revised the Instructions to Authors for Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Molecular Pharmacology These revisions relate to data analysis (including statistical analysis) and reporting but do not tell investigators how to design and perform their experiments. Their overall focus is on greater granularity in the description of what has been done and found. Key recommendations include the need to differentiate between preplanned, hypothesis-testing, and exploratory experiments or studies; explanations of whether key elements of study design, such as sample size and choice of specific statistical tests, had been specified before any data were obtained or adapted thereafter; and explanation of whether any outliers (data points or entire experiments) were eliminated and when the rules for doing so had been defined. Variability should be described by S.D. or interquartile range, and precision should be described by confidence intervals; S.E. should not be used. P values should be used sparingly; in most cases, reporting differences or ratios (effect sizes) with their confidence intervals will be preferred. Depiction of data in figures should provide as much granularity as possible, e.g., by replacing bar graphs with scatter plots wherever feasible and violin or box-and-whisker plots when not. This editorial explains the revisions and the underlying scientific rationale. We believe that these revised guidelines will lead to a less biased and more transparent reporting of research findings.

New Author Guidelines for Displaying Data and Reporting Data Analysis and Statistical Methods in Experimental Biology.

The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics has revised the Instructions to Authors for Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Molecular Pharmacology These revisions relate to data analysis (including statistical analysis) and reporting but do not tell investigators how to design and perform their experiments. Their overall focus is on greater granularity in the description of what has been done and found. Key recommendations include the need to differentiate between preplanned, hypothesis-testing, and exploratory experiments or studies; explanations of whether key elements of study design, such as sample size and choice of specific statistical tests, had been specified before any data were obtained or adapted thereafter; and explanations of whether any outliers (data points or entire experiments) were eliminated and when the rules for doing so had been defined. Variability should be described by S.D. or interquartile range, and precision should be described by confidence intervals; S.E. should not be used. P values should be used sparingly; in most cases, reporting differences or ratios (effect sizes) with their confidence intervals will be preferred. Depiction of data in figures should provide as much granularity as possible, e.g., by replacing bar graphs with scatter plots wherever feasible and violin or box-and-whisker plots when not. This editorial explains the revisions and the underlying scientific rationale. We believe that these revised guidelines will lead to a less biased and more transparent reporting of research findings.

New Author Guidelines for Displaying Data and Reporting Data Analysis and Statistical Methods in Experimental Biology.

The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics has revised the Instructions to Authors for Drug Metabolism and Disposition, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Molecular Pharmacology These revisions relate to data analysis (including statistical analysis) and reporting but do not tell investigators how to design and perform their experiments. Their overall focus is on greater granularity in the description of what has been done and found. Key recommendations include the need to differentiate between preplanned, hypothesis-testing, and exploratory experiments or studies; explanations of whether key elements of study design, such as sample size and choice of specific statistical tests, had been specified before any data were obtained or adapted thereafter; and explanations of whether any outliers (data points or entire experiments) were eliminated and when the rules for doing so had been defined. Variability should be described by S.D. or interquartile range, and precision should be described by confidence intervals; S.E. should not be used. P values should be used sparingly; in most cases, reporting differences or ratios (effect sizes) with their confidence intervals will be preferred. Depiction of data in figures should provide as much granularity as possible, e.g., by replacing bar graphs with scatter plots wherever feasible and violin or box-and-whisker plots when not. This editorial explains the revisions and the underlying scientific rationale. We believe that these revised guidelines will lead to a less biased and more transparent reporting of research findings.

National Medication Utilization Evaluation Program in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3,156-157.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.25Published:September 2019Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, and Abeer Hussin Almasoudi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care and Head, National Clinical pharmacy, and Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy R & D Administration, MOH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abeer Hussin Almasoudi, Director, Administration of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:The national Medication Utilization Evaluation Program at the Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia with complimentary of physician order techniques is new system founded in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The programming part of pharmacy strategic planning and national pharmacy practice at health care services at the Ministry of health. The Medication Utilization Evaluation program started with evidence-based medicine guidelines. The new project of Medication Utilization Evaluation physician order was one the outcome of the program. The program steps development through central committee by Pharmacy department at the most prominent hospital crossover regions in Saudi Arabia. The project is complementary of pharmaceutical concept and alerting system of misuse of medications and subsequences medication-related problems and avoids the unnecessary economic burden on the healthcare system. The new national Medication Utilization Evaluation project is new in Saudi Arabia, Gulf, and Middle East counties. Keywords:Evaluation, Medication, Ministry of Health, Ministry of health in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia, UtilizationView:PDF (1.57 MB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images National Medication Utilization Evaluation Program in Saudi Arabia

Patient's General Perception and Attitude toward Pharmacists in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,4,242-245.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.53Published:December 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Abeer Hussin Almasoudi, Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool, Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim, Yousef Aboshalaf, and Mytham Al-Ethan Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, the past head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, the past head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Ban Abdullah Aldosary, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Al-Amel Mental City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Sarah Abdullah Al-Hathlool, Clinical Pharmacy Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Maryam Ibrahim Almulhim, Clinical Pharmacy Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Yousef Aboshalaf, Head of Pharmacy Services King Fahad Hospital, Alhasa, SAUDI ARABIA. Mytham Al-Ethan, Assistant Head of Pharmacy Services, King Fahad Hospital, Alhasa, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Purpose: To explore the patient’s perception and attitude toward pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patient perception of pharmacists. The survey consisted of 49 questions divided in two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 4 domains: (1) patient general perception of pharmacist, (2) patients perception of pharmaceutical care services, (3) patient perception of visiting ambulatory care, (4) patient’s perception of pharmacist’s relationship and counseling. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used. The questions were open and closed-ended. The survey was distributed through social media at a 500-bed general hospital in Alhassa region, an ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors interviewed the patients with an electronic survey documentation. The survey was in an electronic format and it analyze domain one primary or necessary information about patient medication through the survey monkey system. Results: A total of 617 patients responded to the survey. Of them, 536 (87.7%) were Saudi and 75 (12.3%) were non-Saudi nationals. There were 457 (74.1%) female and 160 (25.9%) male responders. In the past 12 months, most of the patients [222 (36%)] visited the pharmacy more than 10 times, whereas the others [122 (19.8%)] visited the pharmacy at least 5–9 times. Most of the patients 481 (83.5%) spent less than 11 min with the pharmacist. The highest score was obtained for the statements related to pharmacy job vital in our society (4.63), the pharmacist had a very significant role in preventing medication errors (4.4), the necessity of present pharmacist schools (4.09) and the pharmacist is the first person ask him about drugs (4.01). More 60% of responders will choose the pharmacy as professional specialty or suggest the family members or friend select the pharmacy professional. The pharmacist shared in public education through the television and media (3.7) and newspaper (3.65) followed by schools (3.56) and public education exhibitors (3.48). Most of the patients visited the pharmacist to seek help in health diseases 429 (73.1%), the pharmacist knows more about drug doses and adverse drug reaction 224 (38.16%, followed by free consultation and 166 (28.28%) and no need for an appointment for pharmacy visit. Also, the patient refused to utilize the pharmacy just for cosmetics 404 (67%). Conclusion: According to our results, patient’s perception during pharmacy visit was found to be acceptable. Majority of patients had a good perception of a pharmacist and his role with patients and the general public. The pharmacist should expand pharmaceutical care services overall healthcare institutions in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Attitude Pharmacists, Patient, Perception, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (230.1 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Pharmacist shares in public education through media

Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Clinical Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3,186-189.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.31Published:September 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi, and Radi Abdullah Alattyh Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Radi Abdullah Alattyh, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Background: The workforce of clinical pharmacy technician is one the elements of pharmacy strategic plan in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to explore the demand clinical pharmacy technician’s workforce at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals and primary health care centers over the past twelve years (2006- 2017) and forecasting during the years (2018-2030) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective analysis of twelve years (2006-2017) of MOH hospitals, Primary Health Care Center (PHCs) of the pharmacy technician’s workforce and forecasting for future years (2018-2030). All data were derived from the Ministry of Health statistical year books and any missing appropriate information about pharmacy technician’s workforce that will be estimated through allied healthcare professional’s data in each region including gender. It included all types of pharmacy technicians included in the study while excluded all pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforce at MOH intuitions. All calculations were based on MOH workforce standards of hospitals or PHCs updated literatures. All calculation was done using Microsoft Excel version ten. Results: The total average of hospitals was 253.92 in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at MOH hospitals will be (4,579.08) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (2,899 to 6,619). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers will be (1,303) over twelve years (2006-2017) with a range (891 to 1,623). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at hospital forecasting will be (10,271.34) over thirteen years (2008-2030) with a range (8,797.44 to 11,887.11). The total average demand of clinical pharmacy technician at primary healthcare centers forecasting will be (14,270.87) over thirteen years (2018-2030) with a range (12,223.05 to 16,515.79). Conclusion: The Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers sectors will be with the highest demand for clinical pharmacy technician in the future. The ratio of pharmacist to clinical pharmacy technician needs to be standardized at hospitals and primary healthcare services. Further, the analysis of the clinical pharmacy technician workforce is required in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Clinical Pharmacy technician, Demand, Forecasting, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, WorkforcesView:PDF (168.49 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Forecasting (2018-2030) and the Demand of Clinical Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Over Twelve Years (2006-2017) in Saudi Arabia

National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Formulary Management System

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,4,227-231.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.50Published:December 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, and Faiz A Bahadig Rph Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R & D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Head, Ambulatory Care Pharmacy, Oncology and Hematology Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, BCS. Pharm. BCPS (AQ-ID), CPHQ, M.Sc., TQM (AUC), SIDP, CEO of FADIC, Ministry of Health, Makkah, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A Bahadig Rph, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objective: Formulary management is an integrated patient care process which enables physicians, pharmacists and other healthcare professionals to work together to promote clinically sound cost-effective medication therapy and positive therapeutic outcomes. Effective use of healthcare resources can minimize overall medical costs, improve patient access to more affordable care and provide an improved quality of life. A formulary not only includes a list of medications and medication-associated products but also includes medication-use policies, important ancillary drug information, decision support tools and organizational guidelines. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to provide the guiding principles for the Formulary Management System at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part contained 93 questions divided into four domains. The scope, structure and responsibilities, the formulary management system, the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making and the committee meetings organization and management. The electronic survey was distributed to 50 drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed the formulary management system at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to our questionnaire. The statement with highest score was related to the committee formulary system of medications usage through ensuring the safety of prescribing, distribution, administration and monitoring of medications (3.8); the process for managing drug product shortages (3.76); and the medications are requested for the addition or deletion from the drug formulary (3.68). Most of the hospitals had an open drug formulary (30 (60%)), with remaining responders having closed drug formulary (20 (40%)) with the total number of medications in the drug formulary (300–899) at 32 (64%) of the responded hospitals. The average score of type of method related to drug usage evaluation statements was 3.36, with the statement with high average score was review of medication error report (3.94) and review of medication sentinel incident reports (3.48), whereas the statement with lowest score was an investigational drug therapy approved (2.88). Conclusion: Two-thirds of the hospitals had open drug formulary. Drug utilization evaluation system should review for the majority of the hospital. update the formulary management system required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Formulary Management System, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (202.75 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Formulary Management System

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Nephrology Pediatrics Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s28-s31.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.42Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Malika Alhadab, Faiz A. Bahadig, Mona Lubbad, and Ebtesam Nazal Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Saudi Arabia. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected renal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through by providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected renal products. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs, including, direct costs, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of Nephrology pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Hydrochlorothiazide per each preparation was (5.204 USD) and the total annual cost of Hydrochlorothiazide was (2,071.2 USD). The average estimated cost of Acetazolamide per each preparation was (5.72 USD) the total annual cost of Acetazolamide was (366.1 USD). The average estimated cost of Spironolactone per each preparation was (2.513 USD) and the total annual cost of Spironolactone was (1,507.8 USD). The average estimated cost of Sodium citrate per each preparation was (1.23 USD) with a total annual cost of Sodium citrate was (599.01 USD). The average estimated cost of Citric Acid per each preparation was (1.136 USD) with a total annual cost of Citric Acid was (81.782 USD). Conclusion: Cost analysis of pediatrics formulation with emphasis on medications used for renal diseases is primary tool of pharmacoeconomic and health insurance. The pharmacist play role in the preparation of renal medications and cost analysis related issue. This is new study in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Gulf or Middle East countries with and meet the new Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Nephrology, Pediatrics, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (179.42 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Cost of Hydrochlorothiazide 5mg/1ml (USD).

Neonates and Pediatrics Electrolyte Replacement Therapy Order: New Initiative and Implementation System in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,4,211-212.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.47Published:December 2019Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Fatimah Al-Doughan, Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim, Hussam Saad Almalki, Nouf Alaza, and Malika Alshamari Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Fatimah Al-Doughan, College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, King Faisal University Alahssa, SAUDI ARABIA. Yasir Ahmed Ibrahim, Head of Pharmacy Practice Department, Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alahssa, SAUDI ARABIA. Hussam Saad Almalki, Supervisor of IV Admixture Services, Aleman Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Nouf Alaza, Director of Medication Safety Officer, Pharmacy Services, Alyammama Hospital Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Malika Alshamari, Head, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:The national medications safety program founded in 2013 at the Ministry of Health hospitals and primary care centers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The program focused on adults, pediatrics and neonatal populations. The program was part of the pharmacy strategic plan. The electrolyte replacement therapy preparation and administration for neonates and pediatrics published and distributed as required of the medication safety program. The new initiatives as complementary project was a standardized concentration of electrolyte replacement therapy for neonates and pediatrics implemented at specific hospitals of the Ministry of health. The new project as regular physician’s order form and coveted to computerized physician order entry. The new project prevents neonates and pediatrics medication errors of electrolyte replacement therapy. The project is a new initiative at Ministry of Health hospitals in the Kingdom of Saudi, Gulf and Middle East countries. Keywords:Electrolyte, Ministry of Health, Neonates, Pediatrics, Saudi Arabia, Standardized ConcentrationView:PDF (644.37 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Neonates and Pediatrics Electrolyte Replacement Therapy Order: New Initiative and Implementation System in Saudi Arabia

National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Evaluation of Drug Formulary and Decision-Making

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,4,232-236.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.51Published:December 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, and Faiz A Bahadig Rph Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R & D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Head, Ambulatory Care Pharmacy, Oncology and Hematology Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, BCS. Pharm. BCPS (AQ-ID), CPHQ, M.Sc., TQM (AUC), SIDP, CEO of FADIC, Ministry of Health, Makkah, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A Bahadig Rph, (BSC-Pharm, MBA), Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objective: Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia should develop, organize and administer a formulary system that follows the principles to optimize patient care by ensuring access to clinically appropriate, safe and cost-effective medications. This can be achieved through the Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee’s (PTC) role in the evaluation of hospital’s drug formulary and decision-making. The primary purposes of the PTC are policy development, communication and education and formulary management. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to explore the hospital drug formulary evaluation and decision-making at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted on 93 questions divided into four domains. An electronic survey was distributed to all drug information centers at MOH hospitals and analyzed the evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to the questionnaire (100%). Restricted drug usage (3.88), new drug entities (3.74), new dosage form (3.6) and new strength (3.6) were the majority of the requests for inclusion in the formulary. A total of 1-3 medications were evaluated monthly by the PTC at 41 (82%) hospitals. Most of the healthcare providers were allowed to request for the addition or deletion of medications: PTC members 38 (76%), attending medical staff 35 (70%), pharmacy staff 10 (20%) and formulary subcommittees 10 (20%). The formal economic analysis of the drug formulary revision was rarely or never conducted at 26 (42%) hospitals. The responsible person for the economic evaluation was drug information pharmacist (21 (42%)), pharmacy department (nonspecific) (17 (34%)) and the pharmacy and medical department (14 (28%)). Conclusion: Evaluation of hospital’s drug formulary and decision-making was not adequate at the majority of the hospitals. Education and training about drug evaluation with an emphasis on cost analysis and impact are mandatory. An electronic addition new medications with close formulary is required with close monitoring for all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Decision-Making, Drug Formulary, Evaluation, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (202.48 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images The formulary management system.

Patient's Satisfaction of Pharmacy Ambulatory Cares at the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3,199-203.DOI:10.5530/ijphs.2019.8.34Published:September 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Nahith Alotaibi, Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash, Aroub Alhamidi, Walaa Aboziad, Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi, and Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical pharmacy and pharmacy practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R&D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Nahith Alotaibi, Head, Pharmacy Services, Aleman Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Hawazen Abdullah Al-Kammash, Clinical Pharmacist Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Aroub Alhamidi, Clinical Pharmacist Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Walaa Aboziad, Clinical Pharmacist Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Kairat Imad Al-Hennawi, Clinical Pharmacist Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Mohanad Imad Al-Hennawi, Clinical Pharmacist Staff, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Purpose: To explore the patient satisfaction of pharmacy ambulatory care services at the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional survey of patients’ satisfaction of ambulatory care pharmacy services at the Emergency Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of 48 questions divided into two parts: the first part collects demographic information and the second part contains questions on 11 domains: (1) medication availability (2) patient counseling (3) pharmacist and patient relationship (4) medication reconciliation (5) medication aberrance (6) pharmacy location (7) pharmacy-waiting area (8) pharmacy communications (9) pharmacy-waiting time (10) pharmacy recommends to others (11) overall patient satisfaction of pharmacy services. The survey was distributed to the Emergency Hospital in Riyadh city, included public, pediatrics and emergency hospitals ambulatory care patient. The study was in an electronic format and it analyze through the survey monkey system. Results: A total of 202 patients responded to the survey. Of those, 144 (71.6%) was Saudi and 57 (28.4%) was non-Saudi. The gender distribution 105 (52%) were females and 97 (48%) were males. The majority of them were in age group of 18-44 years (62%), while more than 44 years old was 68 (33.7%). The highest level of education was high school 81 (40.3%) followed by the Bachelor’s degree 51 (25.4%) and an intermediate school 44 (21.9%). The mean [±standard deviation (SD)] waiting time to get the medications was 19.36±11.02 (minute). The average scores of domains medication availability was 3.71, patient counseling was 3.48, pharmacist and patient relationship were 4.1 and medication reconciliation was 1.99. The medication adherence was 1.88, pharmacy location was 4.13, the pharmacy-waiting area was 3.31, pharmacy communications was 2.18, pharmacy-waiting time was 3.74 and pharmacy recommends to others was 3.69. The General evaluation of pharmacy services was found to be very good to excellent with 155 (76.7%) of responders, while 186 (92.1%) responders recommend the pharmacy to their family or friends and 176 (88.44%) responders prefer to revisit pharmacy. Conclusion: More than half of the patients were satisfied with ambulatory care pharmacy services at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medication reconciliation, medication adherence and pharmacy communication domains were not found to be satisfied. Refining ambulatory care pharmacy services will avoid drug misadventures, avoid extra cost and surge patient satisfaction with pharmacy services. Keywords:Ambulatory care, Emergency, Ministry of Health, Patient, Pharmacy, Satisfaction, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (195.57 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Overall, satisfied or dissatisfied with your last visit to our pharmacy

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antibiotic Pediatrics Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s7-s10.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.37Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Malika Alhadab, Faiz Bahadig, Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi, Mona Lubbad, and Ebtesam Nazal Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Faiz Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Saudi Arabia. Mohammad Jabir Al Harbi, Neonatology and Pediatrics Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz Medical City-Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs, Saudi Arabia. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: The aim of this study to explore the cost analysis of selected pediatrics antibiotics formularies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four antibiotics (Nitrofurantoin, Oseltamivir, Chloroquine and Clindamycin). The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Nitrofurantoin per each preparation was (14.13 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.31 USD) and the direct cost was (13.82 USD). The average estimated cost of Oseltamivir per each preparation was (16.95 USD) which consisted of standard cost (0.33 USD) and the direct cost was (16.62 USD). The average estimated cost of Chloroquine per each preparation was (6.645 USD) which consisted of standard cost (4.36 USD) and the direct cost was (6.645 USD). The average estimated cost of Clindamycin per each preparation was (14.478 USD) which consisted of standard cost (2.018 USD) and the direct cost was (12.46 USD). Conclusion: There are varieties in the cost analysis between selected pediatric formulation and manufactured ready-made products. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation was used for health insurance coverage and to meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Antibiotic, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (171.63 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Cost comparisons of the extemporaneous pediatrics formulation with ready made products.

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anti-tuberculosis Pediatrics Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s15-s18.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.39Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Faiz A. Bahadig, Malika Alhadab, Mona Lubbad, Ebtesam Nazal, and Mayssa Ahmed Assiri Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WRJeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Saudi Arabia. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mayssa Ahmed Assiri, Clinical Pharmacy Staff, General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: In this study, we explored the cost analysis of selected pediatric antituberculosis formulations available at the pharmacy of a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations conducted at a pediatrics and maternity hospital having 300 beds in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then the expert pharmacist provides the clinical compounding services to healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted of selected anti-tuberculosis medications. The cost analysis included variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost. Fixed costs included direct cost, nonsalary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were analyzed in terms of US dollar currency by using the Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric anti-tuberculosis formulations per hour was (53.82 USD), which included 58.58% (31.53 USD) personal cost, 25.14% (13.53 USD) overhead cost, 3.34% (1.8 USD) material and supply cost and 12.93% (6.96 USD) non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of rifampicin per preparation was (11.36 USD). The total annual cost of rifampicin was (1363.20 USD). The average estimated cost of pyrazinamide per preparation was (6.835 USD). The total annual cost of pyrazinamide was (68.35 USD). The average estimated cost of isoniazid per preparation was (8.515 USD). The total annual cost of isoniazid was (85.15 USD). Conclusion: Two anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations (rifampicin and isoniazid) were available for various prices, whereas pyrazinamide was not available as pediatric formulation either locally or in USA and UK. The pharmacist should prepare all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulation when needed. The cost analysis of all anti-tuberculosis pediatric formulations should be determined in order to meet health insurance and the strategies of New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Anti-tuberculosis, Clinical compounding, Cost, Ministry of Health, Pediatric formulations, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (174.26 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Cost of Rifampicin 25 mg/mL (USD).

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Autoimmune and Gastrointestinal Pediatric Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s19-s23.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.40Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Malika Alhadab, Mona Lubbad, Faiz A. Bahadig, and Ebtesam Nazal Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WRJeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Saudi Arabia. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia . Abstract:Objectives: To explore the cost analysis of selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective cost analysis study of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations at a pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The extemporaneous pharmacy section regularly receive prescriptions with specific formulation from physician. The expert pharmacist applies the international standard of clinical compounding for all pediatric formulation related issue over 8 hr per days for 5 days per a week. The pediatric formulations consisted selected autoimmune and gastrointestinal medications. The cost analysis includes variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed costs includes direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. All costs were derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs were considered based on US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations through the use of Microsoft Excel software version 10. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of hydrocortisone per preparation was (12.896 USD). The total annual cost of hydrocortisone was (1547.52 USD). The average estimated cost of prednisolone per preparation was (4.6 USD). The average estimated cost of allopurinol per preparation was (6.99 USD) and the average estimated cost of sildenafil per preparation was (25.05 USD). The average estimated cost of omeprazole per each one preparation was (24.07 USD) and the total annual cost of omeprazole was (7221 USD). The average estimated cost of ranitidine per preparation was (5.248 USD) and the total annual cost of ranitidine was (2760.45 USD). The average estimated cost of baclofen per preparation was (21.266 USD) and the total annual cost of baclofen was (7655.76 USD). Conclusion: Based on the cost analysis, the cost of selected pediatric autoimmune and gastrointestinal pediatric formulations were higher than the ready-made products manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them. The cost analysis of pediatric formulation can be used to cover health insurance and meet the updated pharmacy strategic plan and New Saudi Vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Autoimmune, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Gastrointestinal, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (198.38 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Cost of hydrocortisone 1 mg/mL (USD).

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Antihypertensive of Pediatric Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s2-s6.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.36Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan, Faiz A. Bahadig, Malika Alhadab, Mona Lubbad, and Ebtesam Nazal Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Fatimah Fouad Al Doughan, Pharmacy Practice department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alahsaa, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WRJeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to explore cost analysis of pediatric formulations in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective study of cost analysis of pediatric formulations at 300-bed pediatric and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section of this hospital receives the specific formulation from the physician. Then, the expert pharmacist applied the international standard for clinical compounding and provides services to the healthcare staff and patients over 8 hr per day for 5 days per week. The pediatric formulations consisted of but not limited to antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis (TB) medications and anti-hypertensive medications. The cost analysis included the variable expenses such as personal cost, material cost and supply cost and fixed expenses such as direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All costs used have been analyzed in US dollar currency. In this study, we analyzed the cost of antihypertensive medications for pediatric use through the Microsoft Excel software (version 10). Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatric formulations per hour was 53.82 USD and consisted of 58.58% (31.53 USD) for personal cost, 25.14% (13.53 USD) for overhead cost, 3.34% (1.8 USD) for material and supply cost and 12.93% (6.96 USD) for the non-salary cost. The average estimated cost of Propranolol, Captopril, Methyldopa, Amlodipine and Hydralazine per each preparation was (8.27 USD, 2.37 USD, 6.88 USD, 17.385 USD) and (49.44 USD), respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which demonstrated the cost analysis of antihypertensive pediatric formulation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The pediatric formulations with cost analysis can involve health insurance coverage. Targeting the cost analysis of all pediatric formulation is highly recommended to fit with Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Analysis, Antihypertensive, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Pediatric, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (189.27 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Cost of Propranolol (1 mg/1 mL) (USD).

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Anticonvulsant Pediatrics Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s11-s14.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.38Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Malika Alhadab, Faiz A. Bahadig, Mona Lubbad, Ebtesam Nazal, and Khulud Khalid Alnami Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Saudi Arabia. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Khulud Khalid Alnami, Clinical Pharmacy Staff, General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: The aim of this study is to explore the cost analysis of pediatrics anticonvulsant formulations in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted of selected four anticonvulsant medications. The analysis of the cost included the variable expenses included personal cost, material and supply cost, Costs fixed including direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. The study analyzed the cost of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD. The average estimated cost of Levetiracetam per each one preparation was (53.313 USD). The total annual cost of Levetiracetam was (18,126.42 USD). The average estimated cost of Topiramate per each one preparation was (22.66 USD). The total annual cost of Topiramate was (1,087.68 USD). The average estimated cost of Rufinamide per each one preparation was (29.342 USD), while the total annual cost of Rufinamide was (293.42 USD). Conclusion: This is the first study about cost analysis of anticonvulsant pediatrics formulations in KSA and Middle East. There are some differences in the cost analysis between the pharmacy preparations and manufactured related to internal and external reasons. The pharmacist should select the cheapest one among them the preparations. The cost analysis of pediatrics formulation meets the Saudi vision 2030 strategic plan in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Anticonvulsant, Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (168.36 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images The cost comparison of anti-epileptics pediatrics formulations.

National Survey of Pharmacokinetic Services in Saudi Arabia: Perceptions and Barriers of Service Implementations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3,194-198.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.33Published:September 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Ban Abdullah Aldosary, and Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care and Head, National Clinical pharmacy, and Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacy R & D Administration, MOH, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ban Abdullah Aldosary, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Al-Amel Mental City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, BCS. Pharm. BCPS (AQ-ID), CPHQ, M.Sc., TQM (AUC), SIDP, CEO of FADIC, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: To explore the pharmacokinetic services at the Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia with an emphasis on perceptions and barriers of service implementation. Methods: This is a 2-month cross-sectional national survey of pharmacokinetic services with a focus on pharmacy management and resources at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted of 43 questions divided into three domains. The questions were derived from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) guidelines and from the literature. We used 5-point Likert response scale system with close-ended questions to obtain responses. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to the coordinators of the clinical pharmacy services or drug information centers at MOH hospitals and it analyzed the perceptions and barriers of pharmacokinetic service implementations section through the Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 43 hospital pharmacies responded to the questionnaire, with the response rate of 86%. The majority of pharmacokinetic services were provided to the adult patients (37 (86.05%)) followed by the pediatric and geriatric patients (19 (44.19%) and 13 (30.23%), respectively) with most of the responding hospitals having less than 20 beds (23 (53.5%)). The categories with most of the barriers of pharmacokinetic service implementation were lack of knowledge (20 (64.52%)), lack of pharmacokinetic education (16 (51.61%)) and lack of an expert pharmacist in pharmacokinetic services (16 (51.61%)). Most of the responders agreed that clinical pharmacokinetic services were necessary for hospitals (23 (53.5%)). The responders agreed that the clinical pharmacist through pharmacokinetic services had a positive financial impact and cost avoidance on healthcare system (23 (53.5%)). Most of the responders stated that pharmacokinetic services improve the safety and efficacy of patient care (33 (89.2%)). Most of the responders agreed that the pharmacokinetic services improved patients’ clinical outcome (33 (89.2%)) and prevented drug-related problems (33 (89.2%)), whereas few of the pharmacokinetic services were provided only 10 (29.4%) over 24 hr per day. Conclusion: Despite the positive attitude of hospital management toward pharmacokinetic services, there was a lack of education and training regarding the same at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Revision of strategic planning of pharmacokinetic services with regard to their improvement and implementation are required at all MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Barriers Ministry of Health, Perceptions, Pharmacokinetics, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (190.56 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Demographic information about hospital.

Demand for Pharmacy Technician Workforce at Primary Healthcare Centers during the Past 12 Years (2006-2017) and in the Future (2018-2030) in Saudi Arabia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3,182-185.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.30Published:September 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi, and Radi Abdullah Alattyh Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R and D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Saeed Jamaan Alghamdi, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Radi Abdullah Alattyh, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objective: To explore the demand of pharmacy technician workforce at Ministry of Health’s (MOH) Primary Healthcare Centers (PHCs) over the past 12 years (2006–2017) and in the future (2018–2030) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the demand of MOH’s pharmacy technician workforce during the past 12 years (2006-2017) and in the future (2018-2030). All data were derived from the MOH’s Statistical Year Books and any missing information regarding the pharmacy technician workforce will be estimated through allied healthcare professionals’ data from each region including data on gender or nationality. It included pharmacy technician and excluded all types of pharmacists or clinical pharmacist’s workforces at MOH hospital setting. All calculations were based on MOH’s workforce standards of PHCs and updated literature. All calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel version 10. Results: The demand for number pharmacy technicians based on the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:3) was (4–1,392) with an average number of (608.92) pharmacy technicians required. The demand for number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:4) was (37,453–46,058) with an average number of (41,611.17) pharmacy technicians required. While the demand for pharmacist: pharmacy technicians in the ratio standard (1:2) was (18,281–22,218) with an average of (20,159.67). The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technicians required in the future based on the ratio standard (1:3) was 27,867–34,138 with an average number of (30,885.42) pharmacy technicians required. In the future (2018–2030), the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard (1:4) was (47,600–64,317) with an average of (54,895.23) pharmacy technicians required. However, the pharmacist: pharmacy technicians based on the ratio standard of (1:2) was (23,154–31,286) with an average number of (26,689.30) pharmacy technicians required. The number of pharmacist: pharmacy technician required based on the ratio standard (1:3) was (35,377–47,802) with an average number of (40,792.27) pharmacy technicians required. Conclusion: In this study, the demands and future forecasting of pharmacy technician workforces was determined. The pharmacist to pharmacy technician ratio should be standardized. Pharmacy technicians may be utilized at community pharmacies in the future. Periodic analysis of demand and forecasting at PHCs is highly recommended in Saudi Arabia. View:PDF (177.32 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images The demand for pharmacy technicians based on the actual primary healthcare center pharmacist (2006–2017).

Cost Analysis of Clinical Compounding in Saudi Arabia: Oral Electrolyte Pediatrics Formulations

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,3s,s24-s27.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.41Published:November 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Faiz A. Bahadig, Malika Alhadab, Mona Lubbad, and Ebtesam Nazal Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Faiz A. Bahadig, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdul-Aziz Medical, City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, Saudi Arabia. Malika Alhadab, Head, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Mona Lubbad, Former Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ebtesam Nazal, Head, Extemporaneous Preparation Unit, Pharmacy Services, Alyamma Hopsital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Abstract:Objectives: To explore cost analysis of selected oral electrolytes pediatrics formulations in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a retrospective cost analysis of pediatrics formulations at 300-beds pediatrics and maternity hospital in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The pharmacy section received the specific formulation from physician then the expert pharmacist applied the international standard of clinical compounding through of providing to healthcare staff over eight hours per days for five days per a week. The pediatrics formulations consisted selected four selected electrolytes. The analysis of the cost was included the variable expenses like personal cost, material and supply cost. Fixed costs include direct cost, non-salary cost and overhead cost. The cost was derived from the Ministry of Health information database. All cost was used US dollar currency. This study analyzed the cost of anti-hypertension pediatrics formulations through the Microsoft Excel sheet version 10th. Results: The estimated average total standard cost of pediatrics formulations per hour was (53.82 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 10% per each preparation was (2.053 USD) and the total annual cost of potassium Chloride 10% was (172.452 USD). The average estimated cost of potassium chloride 7.5% per each preparation was (1.342 USD) with the total annual cost of potassium chloride 7.5% was (228.14 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% per each preparation was (0.7551 USD) with the total annual cost of sodium bicarbonate 8.4% was (54.36 USD). The average estimated cost of calcium carbonate 200 mg/mL per each preparation was (5.45 USD) with the total annual cost of calcium carbonate 200mg/mL was (1,046.4 USD). The average estimated cost of sodium chloride 5.8% per each preparation was (1.117 USD) which the total annual cost of sodium chloride 5.8% was (167.55 USD). Conclusion: Most the electrolyte pediatrics formulations which are not available in the local or international market. Pharmacists should continue to prepare them with lower economic burden. The study was first done in KSA and meet new health strategic plan of Saudi vision 2030 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Keywords:Clinical, Compounding, Cost, Electrolyte, Formulations, Ministry of Health, Pediatrics, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (180 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Cost of Calcium Carbonate 200mg/ml (USD).

National Survey of Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee in Saudi Arabia: Meetings, Organization, and Management

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2019,8,4,237-241.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.2019.8.52Published:December 2019Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Yousef Ahmed Alomi, Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, and Faiz A Bahadig Rph Author(s) affiliations:Yousef Ahmed Alomi*, The Former General Manager of General Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, The Former Head, National Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, The Former Head, Pharmacy R & D Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Sultan Mohammed Al-Jarallah, Head, Ambulatory Care Pharmacy, Oncology and Hematology Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA. Rasha Abdelsalam Elshenawy, BCS. Pharm. BCPS (AQ-ID), CPHQ, M.Sc., TQM (AUC), SIDP, CEO of FADIC, Ministry of Health, Makkah, SAUDI ARABIA. Faiz A Bahadig Rph, Informatics Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City-WR-Jeddah, Ministry of National Guard, SAUDI ARABIA. Abstract:Objective: Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee (PTC) is required for the effective running of a hospital. In the beginning, there was no such concept of drug committee, but with the advent of time, the need for an effective PTC started increasing. In the PTC, the pharmacist, physicians and nurses play an important role, in addition to the presence of an administrative. This study aims to explore the importance of having effective meetings organization and management of PTC at Ministry of Health (MOH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this study was to explore the meetings organization and management of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a 4-month cross-sectional national survey of PTC at MOH hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The survey consisted of two parts: the first part collected demographic information and the second part consisted of 93 questions divided into four domains: Domain 1: the scope, structure and responsibilities; domain 2: the formulary management system; domain 3: evaluation of drug formulary and decision-making; and domain 4: organization and management of committee meetings. This questionnaire was prepared in an electronic format and was distributed all drug information centers at MOH hospitals. It analyzed organization and management of committee meetings through Survey Monkey system. Results: A total of 50 drug information centers responded to the questionnaire (100% response rate). The person leads the discussion in PTC was a Chairman of the Committee (29 (58%)), Chief of Pharmacy (13 (26%)) and Director of Drug Information (3 (6%)). The number of scheduled meetings per year (1–4) was 18 (36%) per hospital with a duration (1-2 hrs) at 48 (96%). Most of discussions were related to medications of infectious diseases (26 (52%)) and cardiovascular diseases (21 (42%)). Most of the challenging recommendations that needed implementation was a lack of resources (37 (74%)), lack of hospital administrator support (23 (46%)) and lack of pharmacist role (18 (36%)). Conclusion: The PTC is a demanding scientific resource and administrative support. Total quality management system, workload analysis, positive outcomes of PTC were lacking. Special education and training needs to be provided to all the healthcare providers with hospital administrator’s support. Keywords:Meetings, Ministry of Health, National Pharmacy and Therapeutic Committee, Organization and Management, Saudi ArabiaView:PDF (202.45 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Assessment of PTC meetings.