Journal Of Pharmacology Research Articles

Response to Letter to the Editor on "Does Vidarabine Mediate Cardioprotection via Inhibition of AC5?".

We appreciate the letter by Seifert ([Seifert, 2016][1]) regarding our recent article in the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics ([Bravo et al., 2016][2]) but do not agree with its content and, moreover, believe that the arguments raised, although partially valid, actually miss the

Abstracts from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 2016 Virtual Poster Symposium

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyVolume 36, Issue 7 p. e83-e138 ACCP Abstracts Abstracts from the American College of Clinical Pharmacy 2016 Virtual Poster Symposium First published: 21 July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1782AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume36, Issue7July 2016Pages e83-e138 RelatedInformation

A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Patients Treated with Penicillins in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2016,5,2,41-44.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.1Published:June 2016Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil, Shrinivas R Raikar, Bhaskar HN, M Janardhan, Y Venkata Rao, and Vahila Author(s) affiliations:Shivaraj Basavaraj Patil*, Shrinivas R. Raikar, Bhaskar H N, M Janardhan, Y. Venkata Rao, Vahila 1Department of Pharmacology, Kamineni Institute of Medical Sciences, Narketpally, Nalgonda, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADR) are rated as the fifth leading cause of death among all diseases. Approximately 5-8% of all hospitalization worldwide is due to ADR. Objectives: The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the pattern of Adverse Drug Reactions occurring from penicillins, their manifestations and severity. Methods: A non interventional observational prospective study was conducted over 2 years from Jan 2014 to Dec 2015 in KIMS Narketpally. The red boxes for dropping the filled yellow adverse drug reactions forms were installed in all the wards and outpatient departments. Additional information and missing data was obtained personally by either consulting the physician or through case sheets. Results: The most common penicillin implicated in causation of adverse drug reactions was combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (54%), followed by Piperacillin (21%). Most of the reactions were of moderate severity. The most commonly observed adverse drug reactions were dermatological reactions (37%). Majority of the adverse drug reactions belonged to probable category (71%) according to WHO scale. Conclusion: Dermatological reactions are the most common adverse drug reactions occurring due to penicillin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was the most common causative penicillin. The health care providers should make an attempt for early detections of ADRs and be vigilant about safety profile monitoring of the prescribed medicines. This will not only decrease the morbidity and mortality but also the health care cost. Keywords:Adverse drug reactions, Amoxicillin, Penicillin, PharmacovigilanceView:PDF (559.25 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Gender wise distribution of patients

Evaluation of Changes in Bleeding Time in Hypertensive Patients on Amlodipine - A Prospective Observational Study

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2016,5,2,45-48.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.2Published:June 2016Type:Research ArticlesAuthors:Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath, Suresh Surappla Rudrappa, Arun Suresh, Narendranath Sanji, Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy, and Imran Maniyar Author(s) affiliations:Pallavi Mahadeva Kamath1, Suresh Surappla Rudrappa2, Arun Suresh1, Narendranath Sanji3, Shashikala Gowdara Hanumanthareddy4, Imran Maniyar1 1Postgraduate, Department of Pharmacology, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, INDIA. 2Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, INDIA. 3Associate Professor, 4Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, JJM Medical College, Davanagere, Karnataka, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Platelet hyperactivity is a risk factor in hypertensive patients that paves the way to atherothrombosis causing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Counteracting platelet aggregation is an established step in preventing thrombotic events. Calcium channel blockers are one among the recommended antihypertensive agents according to 2013 ESH/ESC (European Society of Hypertension and European Society of Cardiology) guidelines. In addition to lowering blood pressure they are known to have antiplatelet activity. Dihydropyridine class of L-type calcium channel blockers are the most potent group and shares this activity. Anti-platelet aggregatory effect of these agents could supplement its anti-hypertensive property and could prove to be desirable in the treatment of hypertensives with high risk of atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk. So the present study aims to explore the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine. Objectives: To evaluate the anti-platelet activity of Amlodipine in hypertensive patients. Methods and Materials: Sixty subjects were enrolled in the study. Test group comprised of thirty patients with essential hypertension, who were prescribed Tab Amlodipine at doses 5 mg or 10 mg once daily orally. Patients included in study group were regularly on Amlodipine for at least one month. 30 normotensive subjects, who are not on any drug affecting platelet function like Aspirin, dipyridamole, statins etc. acted as control group.Duke method of Bleeding time estimation was used to assess changes in Bleeding time. Statistical analysis: Student’s unpaired t-test was used to compare Amlodipine test group with the normotensive control group. Results were expressed as Mean bleeding time ± SEM. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical calculations. Results: The mean bleeding time of Amlodipine group was 2.214 minutes ± 0.028 SEM. The control group had a mean bleeding time of 1.998 minutes ± 0.036 SEM. The result gave a statistically significant p value of <0.001. Average duration of treatment was 3.683 years. Conclusion: The statistically significant bleeding time observed in Amlodipine group suggest that it has anti-platelet activity. Keywords:Amlodipine, Antiplatelet activity, Bleeding time, HypertensionView:PDF (404.2 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Bar diagram representing Mean BT ± SEM of Amlodipine and Control

Pharmacogenomics of Metformin- A Way to Personalised medicine

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2016,5,2,55-61.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.5.2.4Published:June 2016Type:Review Article Authors:Monali Pradeep Vakharia, Vijay Ramakrishna Zad, Nishikant Nandlal Mankar, Pratik Pradeep Wadivkar, and Kalpana Unind Shah Author(s) affiliations:Monali Pradeep Vakharia1*, Vijay Ramakrishna Zad2, Nishikant Nandlal Mankar3, Pratik Pradeep Wadivkar1, Kalpana Unind Shah4 1Junior Resident, Department of Pharmacology, Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra, INDIA. 2Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra, INDIA. 3Assisstant Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra, INDIA. 4Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Dr. V. M. Govt. Medical College, Solapur, Maharashtra, INDIA. Abstract:Diabetes is fast gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India with more than 62 million diabetic individuals currently diagnosed with the disease. There are atleast 10 different drug classes for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but metformin is recommended as the initial medication for treatment of T2DM. Inter-individual variability in response and few clinical or biomarker predictors of response reduces its optimal use. Personalized medicine promises a path for individually optimized treatment, but realizing this promise will require a more comprehensive characterization of disease and drug response. As per American Medical Association, pharmacogenomics is the study of genetic variations that influence individual response to drugs. Knowing whether a patient carries any of these genetic variations can help prescribers individualize drug therapy, decrease the chance for adverse drug events, and increase the effectiveness of drugs. There are variety of genes controlling metformin transport in the body, for eg- SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4 etc. The purpose of this review article is to explain in brief pharmacogenomics of metformin and its application and practical hurdles in its translation. Keywords:Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Personalised medicine, Pharmacogenomics, SLC2A4View:PDF (523.32 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Metformin Pharmacodynamics

Pre-enrolment screening reporting in randomized controlled trials from five pharmacology journals

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Background:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) when appropriately conducted and reported represent the gold standard in evidence based medicine. Various guidelines including &lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;the consolidated standards of reporting trials (&lt;/span&gt;CONSORT 2010) recommend the reporting of the number of participants screened for potential recruitment. The aim of this study was to assess the reporting of pre-enrolment screening figure in randomized controlled trials from five pharmacology journals.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Methods:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;RCTs from the five pharmacology journals with descending order of impact factor i.e. The journal of clinical pharmacology (JCP), British journal of clinical pharmacology (BJCP), European journal of clinical pharmacology (EJCP), Journal of pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics (JPP) and Indian journal of pharmacology (IJP) published between January 2013 to December 2014 were reviewed using standardized criteria.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Results:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;37 out of 174 (21.27%) did not report the number of participants screened prior to recruitment. From the 137 RCTs that reported this screening figure, 95,494 (46.30%, range: 41-60.60%) of the screened participants (2, 06,243) were subsequently enrolled. About 52.49% of those screened and not enrolled, did not meet inclusion criteria or met exclusion criteria and about 11.89% declined to participate in an RCT. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt; Thus, there was about 80% reporting of pre-enrolment screening figure in RCTs from five pharmacology journals which need further improvement. The practice of documenting pre-enrolment screening figure and associated exclusion reasons will help to plan appropriate recruitment strategies during protocol development.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

High Osmolality of Fortifier Human Milk Adding with Vitamin (ADEC)

Background: In order to reach nutritional purposes, human milk has to reach 2 g/dL proteone. In his publication Lefeber et al. 2013, journal of pharmacology and clinical research, the authors stated that, when women’s milk is fortified up to 2 g/dL protein with human milk fortifier, it may increase it’s osmolality up to 500 mosm/kg. He also argued that caution should be taken when adding a drug or vitamins into the milk.

Retraction: 'Genotyping of CYP2C19 polymorphisms and itsclinical validation in the ethnic Arab population', by T.Tayeb, Dana H. Bakheet, Khaled Zaza, Salma M. Wakil andNduna Dzimiri.

Reference Tayeb HT et al. Genotyping of CYP2C19 polymorphisms and its clinical validation in the ethnic Arab population.

Issue Infomation

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyVolume 36, Issue 4 p. 357-360 Issue InfomationFree Access Issue Infomation First published: 20 April 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1753AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume36, Issue4April 2016Pages 357-360 RelatedInformation

Issue Infomation

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyVolume 36, Issue 3 p. 239-242 Issue InfomationFree Access Issue Infomation First published: 20 March 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1720AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume36, Issue3March 2016Pages 239-242 RelatedInformation

Do Statins Attenuate Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Isolated Heart Valve Surgery?

Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug TherapyVolume 36, Issue 3 p. e16-e17 Alternative Viewpoints Do Statins Attenuate Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Isolated Heart Valve Surgery? Yousef Rezaei, Yousef Rezaei Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSearch for more papers by this authorNiloufar Samiei, Niloufar Samiei Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSearch for more papers by this authorSaeid Hosseini, Corresponding Author Saeid Hosseini Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAddress for correspondence: Saeid Hosseini, Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Tehran, Iran; e-mail: saeid.hosseini@yahoo.com.Search for more papers by this authorScott Bolesta, Scott BolestaSearch for more papers by this authorFanhui Kong, Fanhui KongSearch for more papers by this author Yousef Rezaei, Yousef Rezaei Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSearch for more papers by this authorNiloufar Samiei, Niloufar Samiei Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranSearch for more papers by this authorSaeid Hosseini, Corresponding Author Saeid Hosseini Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranAddress for correspondence: Saeid Hosseini, Heart Valve Disease Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Tehran, Iran; e-mail: saeid.hosseini@yahoo.com.Search for more papers by this authorScott Bolesta, Scott BolestaSearch for more papers by this authorFanhui Kong, Fanhui KongSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.1715Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume36, Issue3March 2016Pages e16-e17 RelatedInformation

Phytochemical Standardization of Serankottai nei (a Siddha drug from milk extract of Semecarpus Anacardium nuts) and its in-vitro antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2016,5,1,17-24.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.4Published:March 2016Type:Research ArticleAuthors:G Senthilvel, Arul Amuthan, and KN Sunil Kumar Author(s) affiliations:G Senthilvel1, Arul Amuthan2*, KN Sunil Kumar3 1Research Officer (Siddha)-Scientist-2, Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS)-Posted at Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, AYUSH BHAWAN, New Delhi-110023, INDIA 2Department of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College and Team Leader, Center for Integrative Medicine and Research, Manipal University, Karnataka-576104, INDIA 3Senior Research Officer-Pharmacognosy, S.D.M Centre for Research in Ayurveda and Allied Sciences, Udupi-574118, Karnataka, INDIA Abstract:Background: Serankottai nei is a popular Siddha drug, used in the treatment of lung infections including tuberculosis, autoimmune joint diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, degenerative osteoarthritis), cancers and neurological pain. Objective: To standardize serankottai nei and to screen its in-vitro antitubercular activity of in H37Rv strain. Materials and Methods: Serankottai nei, a medicated ghee preparation was procured from the SKM Siddha and Ayurveda Co India Ltd, Erode, Tamil Nadu. Unsaponifiable matter (USM) from the ghee preparation was separated and preliminary phytochemical screening was done. Further, USM was dissolved in 10 ml of chloroform and 3 and 6 μl of the above sample was applied for HPTLC fingerprint, which was developed in toluene: ethyl acetate (9.0:1.0). The developed plates were scanned under UV 254 nm, 366 nm, 540 nm and 620 nm post derivatization. Rf, colour of the spots and densitometric scan were recorded. Different doses of USM were screened for in-vitro antitubercular activity against H37Rv strain using Alamar Blue Dye method. Results: Phytochemical screening of 8% w/w USM obtained from serankottai nei showed presence of alkaloid, phenol, steroid and terpenoid. In HPTLC, there were 15, 5 and 7 peaks at 254 nm, 366 nm and 620 nm respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against H37Rv strain of pyrazinamide, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin were 3.125, 6.25 and 3.125 μg/ml respectively. Whereas, the MIC of serankottai nei was 1.6 μg/ml, which was almost 25 to 50% of standard drugs. Conclusion: Serankottai nei has shown promising antitubercular activity in in-vitro study. Thus, Semecarpus anacardium could be a suitable candidate for a new herbal based antitubercular drug. Keywords:Antitubercular, Semecarpus anacardium, Serankottai nei, Siddha Medicine, TuberculosisView:PDF (2.97 MB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Antitubercular screening of Serankottai nei by Alamar Blue assayagainst H37Rv strain

Comparative Study of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in Combination with Fenofibrate in mixed Hyperlipidemia

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2016,5,1,25-31.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.5Published:March 2016Type:Research ArticlesAuthors:Rohit Dixit, and Shankar Jagan Author(s) affiliations:Rohit Dixit1 and Shankar Jagan2 1Department of Pharmacology, Navodaya Medical College, INDIA. 2Medical Review Safety Physician, Accenture, Chennai, INDIA. Abstract:Aim: To compare the effects of Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin in combination with fenofibrate in patients with mixed Hyperlipidemia. Materials and Methods: It was an open label, randomized, parallel group, comparative, prospective clinical study. A total of 70 subjects diagnosed with mixed hyperlipidemia were screened and were randomly allocated into two groups of thirty each. Initial readings of lipid levels like TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL for both the groups were taken as baseline values. Then, Group I received Tab Atorvastatin 10 mg + Fenofibrate 160 mg and Group II received Tab Rosuvastatin 10 mg+ Fenofibrate 160 mg once a day at night for 12 weeks. Patients were assessed after 12 weeks and their Lipid profile was done. Results: Patients who received a combination of atorvastatin with fenofibrate had a reduction of Total cholesterol by 39%, Triglycerides by 47%, LDL-C by 50% and VLDL-C by 35% respectively. In group treated with combination of rosuvastatin with fenofibrate there was a decrease in TC by 54%, TGs by 58%, LDL-C by 52% and VLDL-C by 56% respectively. At the same time, HDL-C levels were increased by 14% in the group treated with rosuvastatin with fenofibrate as compared to atorvastatin with fenofibrate treated group which increased the HDL-C levels by 6%. Conclusion: Both the treatment regimens significantly decreased TC, TG, LDL‑C, VLDL‑C, but the reduction was more and statistically significant in Rosuvastatin and fenofibrate combination group when compared with atorvastatin and fenofibrate treated group at the end of 12 weeks. Keywords:Atherosclerosis, Cholesterol, Heart, Lipoprotein, StatinsView:PDF (464.7 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Study design

Pediatric Liver Diseases and its Management by Herbals: A Traditional Siddha Medicine Treatise

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2016,5,1,32-40.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.5.1.6Published:March 2016Type:Review ArticleAuthors:G Senthilvel, Arul Amuthan, and Shiny Jasphin Author(s) affiliations:G Senthilvel1, Arul Amuthan2*, Shiny Jasphin3 1Research Officer (Siddha) -Scientist -2, Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS) -Posted at Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, AYUSH BHAWAN, New Delhi–110023, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacology, Melaka Manipal Medical College and Team Leader, Center for Integrative Medicine and Research, Manipal University, Karnataka, INDIA. 3National Post-Doctoral Fellow (SERB), Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University, Karnataka, INDIA. Abstract:Siddha medicine is one of the oldest (5000 years old, pre vedic period) well-documented Indian traditional medicines, compared to Ayurveda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicine, by way of keen observation and experimentation. It mentions 108 diseases that occur in childhood, which are further classified and described into various subtypes based on the clinical features and different stages of a particular disease. The objective of this review was to collect literature details on pediatric liver diseases and its management as per Siddha medicine. We have referred all the published Siddha books related to the pediatric practice. There were 37 Siddha literature deals pediatric diseases and they use the term kaamaalai or chenkamaari to describe the liver diseases. Most of the literature classifies liver disease into 3 types, but few texts describe 5-6 subtypes. Thus, a total of 9 subtypes of liver diseases in pediatric age group have been described in Siddha literature with a list of herbals to be used for each type. Mostly, the drug therapy is polyhedral formulations of internal and/or external application. A total of 113 herbals, 6 animal products (including black chicken liver, dairy products, donkey’s dung, honey) and 7 mineral based products (including iron, rock salt) were listed as potential agents to treat liver diseases. The safety and efficacy of all the above mentioned herbal/mineral products have not been fully explored in children, but may be a great potential for clinical development. Keywords:Agastyar, Ayurveda, Herbals for Children, Liver disease, Traditional MedicineView:PDF (398.32 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images The sub classification (10 stages) of paalunnum paruvam based on the physical activity

Towards Standardization–A New Protocol for Oil drop test (Neikuri) in Healthy Subjects

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences |,2015,4,4,83-89.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.3Published:Dec 2015Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Ahamed Basha Abdul Bari, Prince Johnson Samuel, Mathangi Damal Chandrasekar, Ramnath Shyamala, and Siva Shankar Rangasamy Author(s) affiliations:Ahamed Basha Abdul Bari1*, Prince Johnson Samuel1, Mathangi Damal Chandrasekar1, Ramnath Shyamala1, Siva Shankar Rangasamy2 1Department of Physiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Kelambakkam, Chennai-103, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. 2Dr. Rai Memorial hospital, Chennai-18, Tamil Nadu, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Oil drop test (Neikuri), a method of urine examination used in Siddha Medicine, an Indian system of medicine. In this test, patient urine is collected in a vessel, over which a drop of sesame oil is placed and the behavior of the oil drop on the urine surface is noted. However, due to lack of a standardized protocol for this test and advancement of modern diagnostic facilities, the utility value of this test has decreased to a greater extent. Objectives: To develop a new protocol for oil drop test in healthy subjects, so that it can be used as a standard reference to compare with other pathological conditions. Methods and Material: Urine samples of 12 healthy volunteers aged between 18 to 25 years were collected. Biochemical analysis was done in the urine samples with urine reagent strip to confirm health status of the subjects. 12 μl of sesame oil was dropped over 30 ml of each urine sample and behavior (shape of the oil spread, direction and spread time) was observed. Results: Majority of the samples showed circular shape and the most appropriate time to record it after 15 min of the test procedure. Conclusion: This test protocol can be taken as a standard technique for Oil drop test. However, further studies must be done in larger population so that it can be used as a non invasive and cost effective diagnostic/prognostic tool. Keywords:Neikuri, Oil Drop Test, Oil Spread Direction and Time, Oil Spread Shape, Siddha Diagnostic TechniqueView:PDF (1.4 MB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Different shapes of oil drop in control subjects

Prophylactic and Curative Activity of ‘Barleria Buxifolia. Linn’ on Experimentally Inducedcalcium Oxalate Nephrolithiasis in Animal Model

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2015,4,4,68-75.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.1Published:Dec 2015Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Kapilraj P.K Author(s) affiliations:Kapilraj P.K* Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, S.K College of Pharmacy and research center, Trivandrum, Kerala, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Increased level of urinary oxalate increases the risk of hyperoxaluria and followed by Nephrolithiasis. Berleria buxifolia having flavonoid and saponins showing more active diuretic and antioxidant property. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the reduction of urinary oxalate crystal formation by treating with methanol extraction of the test drug ‘Barleria buxifolia’ on experimentally induced Nephrolithiasis in animal model. Methods: In the present study, methanol extract of whole plant of Barleria buxifolia was evaluated for their Antiurolithiatic potential in albino rats of Wistar strains (Five groups containing five animals each). Nephrolithiasis was induced by administering 0.75% Ethylene glycol supplemented with 2% Ammonium chloride. Urinary microscopy and histopathology were used as criteria for assessing the preventive or curative effect of the plants. The elevated serum creatinine levels of lithiatic rats were reduced in both groups (prophylactic and curative) by the administration of the extract treatment (once daily for 28 days by p.o route). Result: Assessment of Antiurolithiatic activity was determined by the urine and blood analysis; which gave supportive evidence of Antinephrolithiatic activity, (all p values<0.05). Experiment findings also resulted in reduction in the stones compared to the control group, but neither was significantly reduced. Conclusion: Prophylactic and curative property of Barleria buxifolia against induced Nephrolithiasis showed concurrent reduction in the formation of Lithiasis in animal. So the test drug can be used as therapeutic agent. Keywords:Barleria Buxifolia, Calcium Oxalate, Creatinine, Ethylene Glycol, NephrolithiasisView:PDF (1.36 MB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images All the values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M, (n=5) in each group, a comparisons are made with group I, b comparison are made with group II, *p<0.01, † p<0.05.

Impact of Severity of Poly Pharmacy on Medication Adherence in Patients with type II Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2015,4,4,94-97.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.5Published:Dec 2015Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Manju Cheenkallel Sreenivasan, Rinisha Razak, Athira Balakrishnan, and Chandni Radhakrishnan Author(s) affiliations:Manju Cheenkallel Sreenivasan1*, Rinisha Razak,1 Athira Balakrishnan1, Chandni Radhakrishnan,2 1College of Pharmaceutical Science, Govt Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, INDIA. 2Department of Medicine, Govt Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Diabetes mellitus is a complex chronic disease and people with diabetes estimated to reach 552 million by 2030 worldwide. World Health Organization stated that only 50% of patients diagnosed with a chronic illness were fully compliant with their treatment regime. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that adherence decreases with increase in number of medications prescribed in patients with type II diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods: It was a comparative cross sectional study conducted in the department of medicine, medical college, Kozhikode. Patients visiting in the outpatient department of general medicine who satisfy the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. Patient medication adherence was measured by medication adherence questionnaire. Results analyzed using student’s t test. Results: A total of 218 type II diabetic patients enrolled in this 6 months study in which minor poly pharmacy accounts for 18 patients, and the remaining were major poly pharmacy regime. The average number of drugs prescribed was 4.71 ± 2.12. The mean value of medication adherence score is more in major poly pharmacy group (3.48) when compared with minor poly pharmacy group (1.96). Higher the value of medication adherence score lower is the value of medication adherence of the patient. Conclusion: Polypharmacy continues to be a significant issue and little research has been conducted regarding the relationship between medication adherence and poly pharmacy. Medication adherence is affected by certain factors other than the number of drugs prescribed. Keywords:Compliance, Diabetes Mellitus, Medication Adherence, Patients, PolypharmacyView:PDF (244.82 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Manju et al.: Poly Pharmacy on Medication Adherence in type II Diabetes Mellitus patients

A Review on Drug-Drug and Drug-Food Interactions in Patients During the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2015,4,4,98-105.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.6Published:Dec 2015Type:Review articlesAuthors:Sonu, Gopal Sharma, SL. Harikumar, and Silvia Navis Author(s) affiliations:Sonu1, Gopal Sharma1, SL. Harikumar2, Silvia Navis3* 1M.Pharm students, Sahauran, Mohali-140104, Punjab, INDIA. 2Department of Pharmacology, Dean, University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rayat-Bahra University, Sahauran, Mohali-140104, Punjab, INDIA. 3Department of Pharmaceutics, Rayat and Bahra Institute of Pharmacy, Sahauran, Mohali-140104, Punjab, INDIA. Abstract:Drug interaction is defined as the modification of the effects of a drug (object drug) by the prior and/or the concomitant administration of another drug (precipitant drug). Drug interaction may either increase or decrease the intended effect of one or both drugs. It may transform the diagnostic, preventive or therapeutic activity of any drug. Drug-interactions can be an extremely main contributory factor for the incidence and occurrence of adverse drug reactions and adverse drug events. The rate of occurrence and incidence of drug interactions is much higher in patients receiving combinations of drugs or poly-pharmacy or suffered from co-morbidity of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer, fungal infections and neurodegenerative disorders, which require prolong and multi treatments and the risk of drug interaction will increase as they are treated with multi-therapies. It is concluded that diabetic patients are at higher risk for drug interaction as receiving a combination of therapies for diabetic complications as well, so that the rate of occurrence of drug interaction is rapidly amplifying. Diabetes mellitus has been considered as a foremost public health challenge around the world because of its high prevalence and associated increase in morbidity and mortality. The main objective of this review study is to highlights the various drug interactions likely drug-drug and drug-food interactions as well as reports unwanted effects of other treatment associated with antidiabetic agents in the diabetic patients. Keywords:Adverse drug reactions, Diabetes Mellitus, Drug Interaction, Drug-drug Interaction, Drug-food Interaction, PolypharmacyView:PDF (334.22 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images These agents can be used moderately in safety with almost all

Comparison of In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Olmesartan and Amlodipine

International Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences,2015,4,4,90-93.DOI:10.5530/ijpcs.4.4.4Published:Dec 2015Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Rajathilagam Thiruvengadam, and Seethalakshmi Sankar Author(s) affiliations:Rajathilagam Thiruvengadam* Seethalakshmi Sankar Department of Pharmacology, ESIC Medical College, Chennai, TamilNadu, INDIA. Abstract:Introduction: Free radical oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathology of a wide variety of clinical disorders. Antioxidants are agents which scavenge the free radicals and prevent the damage caused by them. Angiotensin II receptor blockers used in the treatment of hypertension, have also been reported to protect organs such as kidney and heart. Althoug, the mechanisms of these protective effects are not fully understood, it is generally thought that their antioxidant effects likely play a role. Amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, seems to exert atheroprotective effects through its antioxidant properties related to its chemical structure and independent of its calcium channel-blocking effect. Though research has proved that olmesartan and amlodipine exhibit antioxidant activity independent of their antihypertensive effects, there are not many in vitro studies to analyse which drug is a better antioxidant. Objective: This in vitro study was done to compare the antioxidant activity of olmesartan and amlodipine. Materials and Methods: In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidant activities of 10 mg/ml stock solutions of olmesartan and amlodipine in vitro. DPPH (1,1 Diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazide) and Nitric oxide free radical scavenging assays were done. Results: Olmesartan showed significant (49.48%) and consistent free radical scavenging activity by DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays. Free radical scavenging activity of amlodipine was more significant (56.89%) than olmesartan but was inconsistent and non-concentration dependent. Conclusion: Hence this in vitro study has proved that olmesartan has better antioxidant activity than amlodipine. Keywords:Amlodipine, DPPH, Free radicals, Nitric Oxide, Olmesartan, Oxidative StressView:PDF (431.09 KB) PDFClick here to download the PDF file. Images Free radical scavenging activity by DPPH assay

Assessment of adherence to the statistical components of consolidated standards of reporting trials statement for quality of reports on randomized controlled trials from five pharmacology journals.

Background:The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement is a device to standardize reporting and improve the quality of controlled trials. However, little attention is paid to the statistical components in the CONSORT checklist. The present study evaluates the randomized controlled trials [RCTs] published in five high impact pharmacology journals with respect to its statistical methods.Methods:Randomized Controlled Trials [RCTs] published in the years 2013 & 2014 in five pharmacology journals with high impact factor, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (JCP), British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (BJCP), European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (EJCP), Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics (JPP) and Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP) were assessed for adherence to the statistical components of CONSORT statement.Results:Of the 174 RCTs analysed, 103 described the method of sample size calculation. Of the five journals, maximum reports in JCP (34/50) and minimum in IJP (13/31) adhered to the CONSORT checklist [item 7a-sample size calculation]. Most reports mentioned the statistical methods used for analysis of data. (171/174) as per the checklist [item 12=statistical methods used]. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the most commonly used test (88/174). The software used for statistical analysis was mentioned in 111 RCTs and SPSS was used more frequently (58/111). The exact p value was stated in 108 reports. Certain errors in statistical analysis were also noted (40/174).Conclusion:These findings show inconsistencies and non- adherence to the statistical components of the CONSORT statement especially with respect to sample size calculation. Special attention must be paid to the statistical accuracy of the reports.