Joint Attacks Research Articles

Cyber–physical collaborative control for DC microgrid clusters under joint cyber-attacks

DC microgrid (DCMG) clusters, as deeply integrated cyber–physical systems (CPSs), are vulnerable to cyber-attacks like false data-injection attacks (FDIAs) and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. This article proposes a cyber–physical collaborative control method, against the joint attacks mentioned above. The main contribution of this work is as follows: firstly, a collaborative control architecture based on multiagent systems (MASs) is constructed for the CPS; secondly, in the physical layer, a hierarchical control framework for DCMG agents is adopted, including primary, secondary, and tertiary control layers. The secondary and tertiary control layers can adjust the scheme of power flow management and frequency/voltage control, through the interaction information between agents; thirdly, in the cyber layer, an active defense strategy based on layered event-triggered protocol has been proposed: (1) according to the tampering of transmission data/information caused by FDIA, a support vector machine (SVM) based prediction learning compensation method is employed, to ensure the effectiveness of energy management and voltage/frequency control. (2) according to the transmission path interruption caused by DoS attack, the optimal path selection method and path reconstruction method are proposed to maintain the transmission of power flow management information and control information. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of real-time collaborative control for the proposed control method.

Pathways to Cooperation: A Relational Theory of Rebel Alliance Formation

Why do some rebel organizations form a united front when others confine themselves to a loose partnership? Existing research on rebel movements reveals that insurgents should quickly leave cooperative agreements if doing so will provide particular advantages in a post-conflict setting. Still, rebel groups may build diverse alliances, from joint attacks to shared command structures. If rebels are indeed purely pragmatic, why would they tie themselves to partnerships that hinder their ability to defect easily? In this article, I argue that three relational factors shape how armed groups cooperate: rebel-civilian relations (civilian support), inter-rebel relations (partners), and rebel-sponsor relations (external patrons). Groups connected through these social networks will be more likely to join a united opposition with their shared channels of trust. Developing a new dyadic dataset, I find that sharing allies or civilian support is positively associated with forming united fronts. Yet, state sponsorship does not produce similar results.

Quantum Privacy Query Protocol Based on GHZ-like States

The rapid development of telemedicine technology has brought great convenience to people’s lives. Alongside generating great convenience, protecting patients’ privacy has become increasingly important. Therefore, to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a quantum privacy query protocol based on GHZ-like states. The protocol first utilizes existing diagnostic information for classification to encode symptom attributes. Then, the correlation after measurement using GHZ-like entangled states is utilized so that the querying party can only obtain a key message with the assistance of a third party. Through the above operation, the database cannot know the address of the message queried by the querying party, and the querying party is also unable to obtain more information. The protocol not only adds decoy factor detection but also adds the process of authentication while checking for illegal eavesdropping. It makes the protocol sufficiently resistant to joint attacks, participant attacks, and external system credit attacks. This database privacy query protocol ensures that the database service is more effective and its environment is more secure.

Vulnerability analysis of distributed state estimation under joint deception attacks

This paper is concerned with the vulnerability of distributed state estimation under joint deception attacks. We first consider that all the output measurements and state estimations can be corrupted by attackers. The necessary and sufficient condition for the vulnerability of distributed state estimation under the joint attacks is provided. The attack sequence is designed to degrade the performance of distributed state estimation while being stealthy. We further consider that the attackers have resource constraints, which means that only a part of output measurements or state estimations can be attacked. The vulnerability conditions are proposed for distributed state estimation under the joint deception attacks with resource constraints and the corresponding sparse attack sequences are designed. Finally, a numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of theoretical results.

Research on smart city data encryption and communication efficiency improvement under federated learning framework

To improve the data communication processing capability of smart city informatization construction and defend against malicious joint attacks of internal communication participants, we studied the use of function encryption, blockchain, differential privacy and other technologies to defend against weight disclosure, participation in collusion attacks, single point failures and other issues in the federal learning process, and introduced edge computing and asynchronous communication in the classic federal learning framework, Improve the communication efficiency of the model while ensuring the accuracy. The research results show that the accuracy of FE-BDP algorithm can maintain above 95% for a long time, and the change is not significant with the increase of the number of users, indicating that the algorithm has strong stability. The loss value of FE-LDP model is significantly smaller than that of other models and can be stabilized below 0.05. The data aggregation time of blockchain encryption technology is less than 1.0s. The edge-asynchronous communication framework can be applied to multiple urban scenarios and achieve effective data communication, with the highest accuracy rate of 93.87%and the lowest communication cost of 1315.29s. The research results show that the security encryption fusion technology can effectively protect user data privacy, and the edge-asynchronous communication framework has obvious effect on improving communication efficiency, which has important application value for promoting the construction of smart city informatization.

PI-Based Security Control Against Joint Sensor and Controller Attacks and Applications in Load Frequency Control

This article addresses the proportional-integral (PI)-based security control issue of large-scale systems subject to randomly occurring joint attacks. Specifically, the considered cyber-attacks could happen in both sensor-to-observer and controller-to-actuator, and only partial data of sensors and controllers are randomly tampered with by malicious attacks due to energy limits. For the addressed problem, an observer-based PI controller is constructed by resorting to the compensation of randomly occurring joint attacks, which are modeled by two diagonal matrices combined with a set of stochastic variables. A sufficient condition only dependent on the local system dynamics as well as the local interconnected matrices is derived in the framework of the input-to-state stability (ISS) theory, and the desired gains of both the controller and the observer are obtained by the cone complementarity linearization (CCL) algorithm. Benefiting from the element matrix inequality, the developed design scheme satisfies the scalability requirement. In the end, the simulation test based on IEEE 39-bus power systems is seriously used to demonstrate the validity of the proposed control scheme.

Optimal Stealthy Joint Attacks against Distributed State Estimation in Cyber-Physical Systems

Optimal Stealthy Joint Attacks against Distributed State Estimation in Cyber-Physical Systems

Lightweight Secure Detection Service for Malicious Attacks in WSN With Timestamp-Based MAC

Sensors in wireless sensor network (WSN) are usually deployed in the wild or even hostile circumstance. What is worse, most of the sensors have limited communication bandwidth, computation resources and energy. Therefore, it is challenging to ensure the security of WSN without decreasing its network performance. Network coding (NC) is a promising way for improving communication capability in WSN, e.g., high throughput, robustness and low-energy. Nevertheless, network coding is vulnerable to malicious attacks. Presently, many secure detections, such as information theoretic-based or cryptographic-based techniques, have been proposed to deal with a single type of attack, but are incapable of resisting the joint attacks, e.g., the union of pollution attacks and replay attacks. In this paper, a secure detection service is presented. It is deployed on every node of WSN to monitor, manage and control the messages passing through them in real-time. In the service, a lightweight timestamp-based message authentication code, namely TMAC, is designed with Exclusive OR network coding. Based on TMAC and time synchronization technique, a joint detection is implemented to resist pollution attacks and replay attacks synchronously. The correctness of the detection service is proved. Finally, the performance evaluation shows that the detection scheme brings negligible extra-expense in communication bandwidth and computational complexity compared to MAC-based schemes, and consumes energy lowly compared to other joint detection schemes.

A unified semantic description and user’s permissions knowledge reasoning for multiple domain cyberspace based on knowledge graph

Because multiple domain cyberspace joint attacks are becoming more widespread, establishing a multiple domain cyberspace defensive paradigm is becoming more vital. However, although some physical domain and social domain information is incorporated in present approaches, total modeling of cyberspace is absent, therefore thorough modeling of cyberspace is becoming increasingly necessary. This paper proposed a knowledge graph based multiple domain cyberspace modeling approach. A knowledge graph of multiple domain cyberspace is produced by extracting multiple domain entity information and entity relations such as physical domain, social domain, network domain, and information domain, so that semantic information of multiple domain cyberspace may be described consistently. At the same time, this paper proposed a user’s permissions reasoning method based on multiple domain cyberspace knowledge graph to address the user’s permissions reasoning that relies on artificial reasoning principles. Through the model learning knowledge graph triples characteristics and rules, and implementing automatic reasoning of user’s permissions, this proposed method can abandon the artificial model of writing reasoning rules, allowing the machine to learn the reasoning rules using machine learning and other methods. Experimental results showed that the proposed method can learn relevant reasoning rules and accomplish automated reasoning of user’s permissions, and that the method’s accuracy and recall rates are higher than those of path ranking and translating embeddings.

THE CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR IN KOREAN POEM 'INDONESIA INMIN-EGE JUNEUN SI [인도네시아]' BY PARK INHWAN: COGNITIVE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

This study aims to find out the metaphors in the poem entitled ‘Puisi buat Rakyat Indonesia' / 'Indonesia Inmin-ege Juneun Si [인도네시아 주는 시] by Park Inhwan. The method of this research was descriptive qualitative. The theory used was the cognitive semantics of conceptual metaphor according to Lakoff and Johnson (2013); image schema according to Cruse and Croft (2004). The results show that the types of metaphors are divided into 12 structural metaphors with 2 conceptual meanings of stolen and extermination; 1 conceptual meaning contains severe colonialism, natural wealth, stolen, bad condition, owned, independence, colonize, slump, and feels beautiful; 4 orientational metaphors with conceptual meaning of being independent country, colonized, oppressed, and lost in the war; and 12 ontological metaphors with conceptual meanings of tortured, loss of hope for the future, surrender, religion, tactics, independence, joint attacks, blaze of spirit, torture, hereditary, taking many victims, and victory. The schematic images are force subtheme compulsion, counterforce, restraint, and enablement; the unity image scheme subtheme part & whole and merging; existence image schema subtheme object, process, and cycle; space image scheme, up & down; scale image schema subtheme paths; the identity image scheme subtheme matching.

Waveform level adversarial example generation for joint attacks against both automatic speaker verification and spoofing countermeasures

Adversarial examples crafted to deceive Automatic Speaker Verification (ASV) systems have attracted a lot of attention when studying the vulnerability of ASV. However, real-world ASV systems usually work together with spoofing countermeasures (CM) to exclude fake voices generated by text-to-speech (TTS) or voice conversion (VC). The deployment of CM would reduce the capability of the adversarial samples on deceiving ASV. Although additional perturbations against CM may be generated and put on the crafted adversarial examples against ASV to yield new adversarial examples against both ASV and CM, those additional perturbations would however hinder the examples’ adversarial effectiveness on ASV. In this paper, a novel joint approach is proposed to generate adversarial examples by considering attacking ASV and CM simultaneously. For any voice from TTS, VC or a real-world speaker, our crafted adversarial perturbations will turn its original labels on CM and speaker ID to bonafide and some target speaker ID, correspondingly. In our approach, a differentiable front-end is introduced to replace the conventional hand-crafted time–frequency feature extractor. Perturbations can thus be estimated by updating the gradients of the joint objective of ASV and CM on the waveform variables. The proposed method has demonstrated a 99.3% success rate on white-box logical access attacks to deceive ASV and CM simultaneously, which outperforms the baselines of 65.3% and 36.7%. Furthermore, transferability on black-box and physical settings has also been validated.

Detection of Adversarial DDoS Attacks Using Symmetric Defense Generative Adversarial Networks

DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks consist of a large number of compromised computer systems that launch joint attacks at a targeted victim, such as a server, website, or other network equipment, simultaneously. DDoS has become a widespread and severe threat to the integrity of computer networks. DDoS can lead to system paralysis, making it difficult to troubleshoot. As a critical component of the creation of an integrated defensive system, it is essential to detect DDoS attacks as early as possible. With the popularization of artificial intelligence, more and more researchers have applied machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) to the detection of DDoS attacks and have achieved satisfactory accomplishments. The complexity and sophistication of DDoS attacks have continuously increased and evolved since the first DDoS attack was reported in 1996. Regarding the headways in this problem, a new type of DDoS attack, named adversarial DDoS attack, is investigated in this study. The generating adversarial DDoS traffic is carried out using a symmetric generative adversarial network (GAN) architecture called CycleGAN to demonstrate the severe impact of adversarial DDoS attacks. Experiment results reveal that the synthesized attack can easily penetrate ML-based detection systems, including RF (random forest), KNN (k-nearest neighbor), SVM (support vector machine), and naïve Bayes. These alarming results intimate the urgent need for countermeasures against adversarial DDoS attacks. We present a novel DDoS detection framework that incorporates GAN with a symmetrically built generator and discriminator defense system (SDGAN) to deal with these problems. Both symmetric discriminators are intended to simultaneously identify adversarial DDoS traffic. As demonstrated by the experimental results, the suggested SDGAN can be an effective solution against adversarial DDoS attacks. We train SDGAN on adversarial DDoS data generated by CycleGAN and compare it to four previous machine learning-based detection systems. SDGAN outperformed the other machine learning models, with a TPR (true positive rate) of 87.2%, proving its protection ability. Additionally, a more comprehensive test was undertaken to evaluate SDGAN’s capacity to defend against unseen adversarial threats. SDGAN was evaluated using non-training data-generated adversarial traffic. SDGAN remained effective, with a TPR of around 70.9%, compared to RF’s 9.4%.

A Zero-Watermark Scheme Based on Quaternion Generalized Fourier Descriptor for Multiple Images

Most of the existing zero-watermark schemes for medical images are only appropriate for a single grayscale image. When they protect a large number of medical images, repeating operations will cause a significant amount of time and storage costs. Hence, this paper proposes an efficient zero-watermark scheme for multiple color medical images based on quaternion generalized Fourier descriptor (QGFD). Firstly, QGFD is utilized to compute the feature invariants of each color image, then the representative features of each image are selected, stacked, and reshaped to generate a feature matrix, which is then binarized to get a binary feature image. Copyright information can be converted into the copyright image by using QR code technology, which contains more information. Finally, the zero-watermark image is constructed by executing the XOR operation on the copyright image and the feature image scrambled by the Cat map. In the experiment, different parameters are selected to determine the maximum number of images that the proposed scheme can protect simultaneously while achieving good robustness. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can effectively resist common attacks, geometric attacks and joint attacks, and effectively improve the operation efficiency of the algorithm, thus effectively decreasing the time and storage cost of copyright protection for lots of medical images.

L’éléatisme négatif de Zénon d’Élée : étude de trois paradoxes zénoniens au service du monisme de Parménide

Parmenides, father of philosophy from a thematic point of view for having inaugurated the reflection on being, is, in the repertoire of ancient philosophical systems, presented as an absolute monist, which will earn him, moreover, the remonstrances of one of his most illustrious admirers, Plato, who holds him to be the father of right philosophy. Indeed, in the system of Parmenides, his ontology, the existence of being is increased so that no other existence is possible, mainly that of its counterpart, which is non-being, and that of movement. There’s only being. There’s only being (Pourquoi cette répétition? Il faut vous rapprocher d’un traducteur pour vous traduire cette phrase). A dry monism which can be translated by these verses of the Poem: “that It is, and that it is impossible for anything not to be” (Parmenides, Poem, II, v. 3: ὅπως ἔστιν τε καὶ ὡς οὐκ ἔστι µὴ εἶναι). This thesis, on which are grafted all the views of Parmenides, will be taken to task by the young Pythagoreans, the atomists but also the first generation of sophists. Despite these joint attacks, the Eleatic system will resist. Better still, he will counter-attack through the intermediary of the most famous disciple of Parmenides, Zeno of Elea. The latter seems not to have developed an autonomous and positive system. All his work is resolved in a defense of the system erected by Parmenides. To do this, he will develop a series of paradoxes, four following what Aristotle reported, to respond to the informers of the old Eleatic. This essay would like to examine three of them.

Harmonic Chains

Omega Quintet (Idea Factory International, 2014), a role-playing video game released for the Sony PlayStation 4, centers around the concept of weaponizing musical entities and apparatuses to combat threats in a dystopian universe. Omega Quintet weaponizes music literally, supernaturally, and economically, both inside and outside of the game narrative. In this article, we interpret these types of weaponization as an extended allegory for consumption. On one level, the surface narrative denotes sound as a murder tool, on another level the player enables violent consumption of these tools, and yet another level reveals the weaponization of agency within a gendered labor market. The story of Omega Quintet is set in a dystopian Japan overrun by monsters known as the BEEP. Protagonist Takt and his childhood friend, Otoha, join an organization that develops special idols known as Verse Maidens to fight the BEEP. Surviving members of humanity provide the fan base for the Verse Maidens. The Verse Maidens depend on fan support to fuel their powers. Battles in Omega Quintet feature an assortment of musical weaponization. Examples include Sound Weapons as the main conduit for physical attacks, Verse Maidens’ unique songs to play during extended attack sequences known as Live Mode, and special joint attacks known as Harmonic Chains. The battles take the commodification of idols to such an extreme that they are simultaneously consumed and used as weapons. Presented as a duality of fragility and strength, beauty and brutality, art and war, the Verse Maidens are consumed in a complex system of cultural and narrative implications.

Therapy Strategy of CD47 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL).

At present, the use of the common chemotherapy regimen CHOP/R-CHOP for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has some shortcomings, especially for relapsed and refractory DLBCL. CD47 is now considered as a prominent target in cancer therapies, and CD47 blockade mainly inhibits the CD47-SIRPα axis to prevent tumor immune escape. Here, we evaluated the effects of the latest CD47 antibodies reported and the correlations of closely related genes with CD47 in this disease. In the future, therapeutic strategies for DLBCL will focus on multitarget antibody combined treatment and multigene joint attacks.

Positive effects of ocrelizumab in patients with familial mediterranean fever and coexistent multiple sclerosis.

Objectives This study aims to evaluate the effects of ocrelizumab (OCZ) on familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) attacks in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with FMF (MS+FMF patients).Patients and methods This retrospective observational study included 11 patients (2 males, 9 females; mean age 46.6±9.2; range, 22 to 55 years) with MS+FMF hospitalized between January 2016 and July 2019. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters and patient reported outcomes were analyzed in patients treated with OCZ for 18 months.Results Combining OCZ with colchicine in MS+FMF patients significantly reduced the frequency of FMF attacks (p=0.003) and the frequency of joint attacks (p=0.002). Consistent with the clinical improvement, the maximum serum C-reactive protein levels were significantly decreased after combination therapy compared to before combination therapy (p=0.003). MS+FMF patients reported that FMF disease activity improved after OCZ therapy (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] 74±9.6 vs. VAS 46.5±8.1 mm, p=0.003).ConclusionOcrelizumab therapy led to a prominent decrease in the frequency of FMF attacks, alleviated functional impairment, and improved quality of life in MS+FMF patients.

Practical Security Bounds against Trojan Horse Attacks in Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution

As the existence of non-zero reflection coefficients in the real component of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) systems, Eve can probe the system by sending the bright light pulses into Alice’s set-up. With the analysis of back-reflections, Eve only takes a few back-reflected photons to intercept information and obtain the raw key bit. In this paper, the attack problems are converted into the information leakage problems. First, we analyzed the Trojan horse attacks with different wavelengths and confirmed its side effects, such as crosstalk and anti-Stokes Raman scattering, by a numerical simulation. Then, based on the wavelength-dependent property of beam splitter, we presented a practical way to estimate the deviation of shot noise and therefore correct the excess noise by inserting different wavelength pulses under joint attacks. Finally, we specified the security bounds of the system through quantifying the excess noise bounds caused by the Trojan horse attacks and provided a theoretical reference for the secret key transmission of system. As a consequence, the transmission errors within the security bounds can be negligible and the legitimate users will not perceive the presence of Eve.

Active sensing and side channels of information leakage in quantum cryptography

Various Trojan-horse attacks on quantum cryptography systems are systematically considered: an attack with passive detection of side radiation, an attack with active sensing, as well as joint attacks on states in the quantum channel, side and reflected radiation. It is shown that the most effective attack is an attack with the measurement of the number of photons in the reflected states and further joint measurement of information and reflected quantum states. Explicit estimates are obtained for the intensity of the reflected quantum states at which secret keys can be transmitted to a given length.

Composable security against collective attacks of a modified BB84 QKD protocol with information only in one basis

Quantum Cryptography uses the counter-intuitive properties of Quantum Mechanics for performing cryptographic tasks in a secure and reliable way. The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol BB84 has been proven secure against several important types of attacks: collective attacks and joint attacks. Here we analyze the security of a modified BB84 protocol, for which information is sent only in the z basis while testing is done in both the z and the x bases, against collective attacks. The proof follows the framework of a previous paper [1], but it avoids a classical information-theoretical analysis and proves a fully composable security. We show that this modified BB84 protocol is as secure against collective attacks as the original BB84 protocol, and that it requires more bits for testing.