Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model Research Articles

Planar PCB Transformer Model for Circuit Simulation

An equivalent circuit model for planar printed circuit board (PCB) transformers is presented. The model utilizes the 1-D analysis of Maxwell’s equations to develop a frequency-dependent representation of a multilayer, planar PCB transformer that can be implemented in the circuit simulation software. In this transformer model, each conductor layer is implemented as a complex impedance network, while each insulator layer is implemented as an air-cored inductor. Each magnetic core layer is modeled as a non-linear inductance whose magnetic characteristic is based on a temperature-dependent Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model. These impedances and inductances are then arranged side by side as they are arranged in the layer stack of the actual planar PCB transformer. Through this model, the skin and proximity effect in the conductors and current distribution across windings can be simulated. The developed model also enables the modeling of temperature-dependent hysteresis and saturation effects in the magnetic material. The model provides a simpler method to derive the core and winding loss of the transformer than using a finite-element analysis software. It also enables direct integration to circuit simulation tools. A prototype planar PCB transformer was used to obtain experimental data for model validation. Comparisons made show good agreement between the performance of the model and experimental results.

An Adaptive Approach for Simulation of Inrush Current in Three-phase Transformers Considering Hysteresis Effects

This article proposes a novel adaptive approach for accurate simulation of inrush currents in three-phase power transformers. The proposed technique is based on using artificial neural networks to update inverse Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model parameters during inrush current transients. The required parameters for training artificial neural networks are obtained using particle swarm optimization based on measured inrush current waveforms. The results show that the proposed technique can be used for accurate simulation of this phenomenon in three-phase power transformers. Inrush current measurements on a three-phase three-leg transformer are used for artificial neural network training and verification of the results.

Modeling of Hysteresis Losses in Ferromagnetic Laminations Under Mechanical Stress

A novel approach for predicting magnetic hysteresis loops and losses in ferromagnetic laminations under mechanical stress is presented. The model is based on combining a Helmholtz free-energy-based anhysteretic magnetoelastic constitutive law to a vector Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model. This paper focuses only on unidirectional and parallel magnetic fields and stresses, albeit the model is developed in a full 3-D configuration in order to account also for strains perpendicular to the loading direction. The model parameters are fitted to magnetization curve measurements under compressive and tensile stresses. Both the hysteresis loops and the losses are modeled accurately for stresses ranging from −50 to 80 MPa.

Identification of scalar Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model parameters with a new particle behaviour based metaheuristic algorithm

Identification of scalar Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model parameters with a new particle behaviour based metaheuristic algorithm

Study on the Electric Performances of Planar Inductor With Fe-System Magnetic Flake Composite Integrated for SiP DC-to-DC Converter Applications

This paper describes the design, fabrication, and electric performances of planar inductors with Fe0.76B0.12Si0.04C0.08 (Fe–B–Si–C) flakes composite. These inductors were designed with the help of an analytical magnetic circuit calculation, a finite-element method electromagnetic field simulator, and the Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model with the segmentation model so as to attain the desired inductance of $0.5~\mu$ H and dc resistance of $100 ~{\rm m}\Omega$ . To verify the simulation results, the planar inductors with Fe–B–Si–C flake composite were fabricated, and their electric performances were investigated. The inductance of the fabricated inductor is 4–4.5 times as high as that of the air-core inductor. The dc superimposed inductance at 1 MHz with output current of 1.4 A is $\sim 0.58~\mu$ H, which is only 17% less than the no-load inductance. Therefore, the fabricated planar inductors meet all of the required electric performances. In addition, the maximum efficiency reached 91.7% for 4 V input and 3 V output of a system in package dc-to-dc converter integrated with the inductor and a CMOS IC.

Transient multi-physics analysis of a magnetorheological shock absorber with the inverse Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model

This paper presents multi-physics modeling of an MR absorber considering the magnetic hysteresis to capture the nonlinear relationship between the applied current and the generated force under impact loading. The magnetic field, temperature field, and fluid dynamics are represented by the Maxwell equations, conjugate heat transfer equations, and Navier–Stokes equations. These fields are coupled through the apparent viscosity and the magnetic force, both of which in turn depend on the magnetic flux density and the temperature. Based on a parametric study, an inverse Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model is used and implemented for the magnetic field simulation. The temperature rise of the MR fluid in the annular gap caused by core loss (i.e. eddy current loss and hysteresis loss) and fluid motion is computed to investigate the current–force behavior. A group of impulsive tests was performed for the manufactured MR absorber with step exciting currents. The numerical and experimental results showed good agreement, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed multi-physics FEA model.

Effect of Stress on Magnetic Hysteresis Losses in a Switched Reluctance Motor: Application to Stator and Rotor Shrink Fitting

A magnetic hysteresis model is developed based on the vector generalization of Jiles–Atherton (JA) model combined with a simplified multiscale approach to take into account the effect of mechanical stress on the magnetic behavior. The model aims at representing electrical steel behavior under any loading configuration considering the magnetic field vector and the mechanical stress second-order tensor. Mechanical stress is introduced in the JA hysteresis model through the anhysteretic magnetization and a modified pinning parameter. The main properties of the model are shown under alternating and rotating applied induction, especially in terms of hysteresis losses. The differential magnetic susceptibility is derived from the model, and the implementation into a time-stepping finite-element method is detailed. Finally, a quasi-statically rotating switched reluctance motor is studied: considering different shrink-fitting conditions, the resulting stress is shown to have a significant effect on both distribution and global value of hysteresis losses.

Optimization of Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model Parameters Using Taguchi’s Method

The parameters of Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model is optimized using Taguchi's method. The method finds optimum values of the model parameters such that best agreement is achieved between measured and modeled hysteresis loops. The model parameters of two magnetic materials, a conventional non-oriented steel and a modern amorphous material, are calculated. The Taguchi's method-based proposed approach is compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), and genetic algorithm (GA)-based approaches. The proposed approach is found to produce the minimum error between measured and modeled hysteresis loops. Taguchi's method is also found to converge faster than PSO, DE, and GA-based methods.

Performance analysis of saturated iron core superconducting fault current limiter using Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model

In this paper study of the Saturated Iron Core Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SISFCL) has been carried out. Since in an SISFCL, the iron core plays a key role in distributing the magnetic flux, the hysteresis property of the core material has been introduced in a mathematical model to get a more accurate result. In this paper the Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model has been used for modeling the core. The equations are solved through numerical method and performances of SISFCL are analyzed for both normal and fault conditions. On further analysis it is observed that for suppression of higher value of fault current a high voltage develops across the DC source. Hence there is a chance of the DC source being damaged by the rise in voltage under fault condition. In order to protect the DC source, a shorted ring is introduced in the SISFCL circuit and its effects have been analyzed. It is noticed that the shorted ring has successfully reduced the voltage across the DC coil during fault condition while the performance of the limiter remains the same.

Identification of Synchronous Machine Magnetization Characteristics From Calorimetric Core-Loss and No-Load Curve Measurements

The magnetic material characteristics of a wound-field synchronous machine are identified based on global calorimetric core-loss and no-load curve measurements. This is accomplished by solving a coupled experimental–numerical electromagnetic inverse problem, formulated to minimize the difference between a finite-element (FE) simulation-based Kriging surrogate model and the measurement results. The core-loss estimation in the FE model is based on combining a dynamic iron-loss model and a static vector Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model, whose parameters that are obtained by solving the inverse problem. The results show that reasonable hysteresis loops can be produced for a grid-supplied machine, while for an inverter-supplied machine the limitations in the FE and iron-loss models seemingly exaggerate the area of the loop. In addition, the effect of the measurement uncertainty on the inverse problem is quantitatively estimated.

The frequency-dependent Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model

An extension of the Jiles–Atherton (J–A) magnetic hysteresis model is proposed in the paper. The physical J–A model has been substituted with the specially chosen mathematical Chua model. The proposed model produces identical results to those of the original J–A model for the static magnetic hysteresis loop. The new model permits the inclusion of a wide variety of additional effects observed for ferromagnetic materials without invalidating the well-known and broadly used J–A model parameters. Thus, it is possible to effectively model phenomena, whose detailed physical model would require complex mathematical calculations.

Calculation of inrush current using adopted parameters of the hysteresis loop

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an accurate model for simulation of inrush current in power transformers with taking into account the magnetic core structure and hysteresis phenomenon. Determination of the required model parameters and generalization of the obtained parameters to be used in different conditions with acceptable accuracy is the secondary purpose of this work. Design/methodology/approach – The duality transformation is used to construct the transformer model based on its topology. The inverse Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model is used to represent the magnetic core behavior. Measured inrush waveforms of a laboratory test power transformer are used to calculate a fitness function which is defined by comparing the measured and simulated currents. This fitness function is minimized by particle swarm optimization algorithm which calculates the optimal model parameters. Findings – An analytical and simple approach is proposed to generalize the obtained parameters from one inrush current measurement for simulation of this phenomenon in different situations. The measurement results verify the accuracy of the proposed method. The developed model with the determined parameters can be used for accurate simulation of inrush current transient in power transformers. Originality/value – A general and flexible topology-based model is developed in PSCAD/EMTDC software to represent the transformer behavior in inrush situation. The hysteresis model parameters which are obtained from one inrush current waveform are generalized using the structure parameters, switching angle, and residual flux for accurate simulation of this phenomenon in different conditions.

Usage of a Simplified and Jiles–Atherton Model When Accounting for the Hysteresis Losses Within a Welding Transformer

The proposed paper deals with a nonlinear dynamic model of a welding transformer, where the effects of hysteresis losses are accounted for by the simplified method and by the inverse form of the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model. Both models have been modified in such a way that they can be used when the magnetically nonlinear characteristic of the entire device is determined experimentally. The aforementioned characteristics are given in the form of approximation polynomials. For defining magnetically nonlinear characteristic and both the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model and the simplified model, an optimization procedure based on the differential evolution is applied for obtaining the parameters of applied approximation polynomials. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate both discussed models regarding their suitability to be included into dynamic model of a welding transformer used in the optimization of the entire resistance spot welding system. The evaluation focuses on achieved accuracy and computational effort required to implement the discussed models.

Optimal Design of Powder-Aligning and Magnetizing Fixtures for an Anisotropic-Bonded NdFeB Permanent Magnet

This paper presents a systematical optimal design method for powder aligning fixture during forming process and magnetizing fixture during magnetizing process for an anisotropic-bonded NdFeB magnet. Before the forming process, the mixture ratio of magnet powder and resin, molding tool temperature, and filling density are selected to improve the magnetic performance. During the forming process, a newly multiobjective optimization model is proposed to obtain the required orientation and maximum aligning field. Thus, in the magnetizing process, an anisotropic-bonded NdFeB magnet with required orientation and high residual magnetic flux density is obtained by applying a single-objective optimization process. To accurately predict the residual magnetic flux density, the transient finite element method combined with the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model, taking the aligning field into account.

High Temperature Isolated Switch Mode Power Supply with Integrated Power and Feedback Transformer

High temperature switch mode power supplies (SMPS) typically utilize magnetic solutions such as low permeability transformers for isolation from ground loops. However, imposed design constraints almost always restrict the size of switch mode power supply systems to less than the minimum space necessary for a good design, resulting in only adequate and sometimes unreliable switch mode power supply designs. Integrating the control loop and magnetic system functions is implemented by taking advantage of the bi-directional characteristics of transformers, which allows the designer an opportunity to further minimize the design space by eliminating unnecessary loop components. This is a prudent step prior to the construction of high temperature hybrids and multichip modules. Combining the operation of both the control loop and the magnetic transformer allows the designer to reduce the size of the design, regain the ability to provide a good design in the volume allotted, while still maintaining loop stability. The design procedure for this integrated control loop and magnetics system is examined, and an example circuit is simulated in SPICE with a Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model, and the circuit is realized through construction and measurements which are presented for a single forward based design targeted for operation at high temperatures.

Hysteresis parameters estimation using a modified harmony search

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to introduce a chaotic harmony search (CHS) approach based on the chaotic Zaslavskii map to parameters identification of Jiles-Atherton vector hysteresis model. Design/methodology/approach – In laminated magnetic cores when the magnetic flux rotates in the lamination plane, one observes an increase in the magnetic losses. The magnetization in these regions is very complex needing a vector model to analyze and predict its behavior. The vector Jiles-Atherton hysteresis model can be employed in rotational flux modeling. The vector Jiles-Atherton model needs a set of five parameters for each space direction taken into account. In this context, a significant amount of research has already been undertaken to investigate the application of metaheuristics in solving difficult engineering optimization problems. Harmony search (HS) is a derivative-free real parameter optimization metaheuristic algorithm, and it draws inspiration from the musical improvisation process of searching for a perfect state of harmony. In this paper, a CHS approach based on the chaotic Zaslavskii map is proposed and evaluated. Findings – The proposed CHS presents an efficient strategy to improve the search performance in preventing premature convergence to local minima when compared with the classical HS algorithm. Numerical comparisons with results using classical HS, genetic algorithms (GAs), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and evolution strategies (ES) demonstrated that the performance of the CHS is promising in parameters identification of Jiles-Atherton vector hysteresis model. Originality/value – This paper presents an efficient CHS approach applied to parameters identification of Jiles-Atherton vector hysteresis model.

Modeling Ferroresonance Phenomena With a Flux-Current Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Approach

The ferroresonance phenomena in electrical power systems can cause very important quality and security problems. Although it has been extensively analyzed with different approaches since the birth of electrical systems, it still remains a challenge due the complexity of factors that can lead to the phenomenon. In this paper, a scalar Jiles-Atherton (JA) hysteresis model is applied to model a nonlinear ferromagnetic core allowing to analyze magnetic circuits, which can be in ferroresonant mode. It is used an inverse JA approach, which had originally the magnetic induction as its independent variable. The analysis here proposed applies a flux-current methodology to obtain a hysteresis behavior of a nonlinear inductor.

Analysis of Magnetizing Process of a New Anisotropic Bonded NdFeB Permanent Magnet Using FEM Combined With Jiles-Atherton Hysteresis Model

This paper proposes an algorithm to analyze the magnetizing process of a new anisotropic bonded NdFeB permanent magnet (PM) which is magnetized by a capacitor discharge impulse magnetizing fixture. In the algorithm, the magnetic field analysis and the prediction of the residual magnetic flux density are achieved by using the transient finite element method (FEM) incorporating the scalar Jiles-Atherton (J-A) hysteresis model. The validity of the suggested method is demonstrated by applying to a 4-pole ring-type anisotropic bonded NdFeB PM and comparing the numerical results with the experiment ones.

Influence of Steel Manufacturing on J-A Model Parameters and Magnetic Properties

The influence that manufacturing processes have on electrical steel properties is investigated. The investigation is carried out by considering changes in measured electromagnetic quantities and the changes to parameters of a physics-based hysteresis model. The parameters of an inverse Jiles–Atherton hysteresis model are identified using nonlinear least square method and compared with measured data from steel samples that have undergone different stages of manufacturing. The results of the study may be used as a first step to the inclusion of manufacturing effects in models of electromagnetic devices.

On physical aspects of the Jiles-Atherton hysteresis models

The physical assumptions underlying the static and dynamic Jiles-Atherton (JA) hysteresis models are critically analyzed. It is shown that the energy-balance method used in deriving these models is actually closer to a balance of coenergies, thereby depriving the resulting JA phenomenology of physical meaning. The non-physical basis of its dynamic extension is demonstrated by a sharp contrast between hysteresis loops predicted by the model and those measured for grain-oriented steel under conditions of controlled sinusoidal flux density at frequencies of 50, 100, and 200 Hz.