Orthosiphon Stamineus Research Articles

Fabrication of Luminescent Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in a Biocompatible Approach: Its Potential for Photodecomposition and Germicidal Effects.

The fabrication of the green strategy of metallic oxide creation provides considerable profits via a minimum of effort, making it an acceptable substitute to the most laborious and challenging conventional processes. The suggested approach involved the creation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles through Orthosiphon stamineus extracts of leaves. The synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) were then characterized using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM with EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. UV-visible spectroscopy validated the presence of optical imperfections in the TiO2 NPs at frequencies of 286 nm. This research specifically focused on examining the photodecomposition and germicidal traits of NPs. Initiatives aimed must be made to mitigate the hazardous effects of TiO2 NPs in an ecologically sensitive way throughout their production. Exposing the dye methylene blue (MB), a major water polluting produced by garment manufacturing, to TiO2 NPs resulted in a considerable increase in photodecomposition efficiency. The photodecomposition process exhibited a rate of breakdown of 83%. The findings indicate that the diameter inhibition zone exhibits the most potent resistance versus pathogenic microorganisms. These results have led to the identification of a long-term, sustainable, and ecologically beneficial solution for removing pollutants from water and biological properties.

Subcritical water extraction on phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity from Orthosiphon Stamineus leaves: Experimental and optimization

Orthosiphon stamineus is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, contributing to its antioxidant properties. This study focuses optimizes the extraction of bioactive compounds from Orthosiphon stamineus leaves using subcritical water (SCW) extraction. Response surface methodology was employed, with temperature (120–180 °C), flow rate (2–8 mL min−1), and extraction time (5–15 min) as independent variables. Dependent variables included extract yield, total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Optimal conditions were found at 148 °C, 5.1 mL min−1, and 10.5 min, resulting in a maximum yield of 317.6 mg g−1, TPC of 12.71 mg 100 g−1, TFC of 74.09 mg 100 g−1, and AA of 87.48 %. The research highlights the significant influence of temperature as the most crucial parameter, followed by flow rate and extraction time, in achieving the highest yield and bioactive compound content. This investigation holds potential implications for the food processing industry, showcasing the relevance of optimizing extraction conditions to enhance the nutritional and functional properties of natural ingredients like Orthosiphon stamineus in food products.

UJI EFEK ANTIBAKTERI KOMBINASI DAUN GEDI DAN DAUN KUMIS KUCING TERHADAP Staphyloccocus aureus

Gedi (Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik) and Java tea leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq.) are known to have antibacterial activity. The combination of these two plants in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria needs to be known to determine whether there is a synergistic effect from the combination. The synergistic effects can be demonstrated by the presence of greater antibacterial activity in the combination of both plants compared to single plant extracts. The extraction of both leaves was carried out with 96% ethanol and the maceration method. Antibacterial assay utilized the disc diffusion method with an extract concentration of 10,000 ppm and an extract ratio between two extracts was 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. The positive control used was gentamicin, while the negative control used was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The resulting inhibition zones of extract combinations were 8.21 mm, 9.49 mm, 7.86 mm, 8.03 mm, and 8.74 mm, respectively. The results of data analysis using One Way ANOVA showed a sig p> 0.05, which indicated that there was no significant difference between extract comparisons, both single and combined. Based on the inhibitory zones was obtained and the statistical analysis, the combination of 10.000 ppm 96% ethanol extract of Gedi and Java tea leaves had an antibacterial activity in the weak category and did not have a synergistic effect in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Dual Phytochemical/Activity-Guided Optimal Preparation and Bioactive Material Basis of Orthosiphon Stamineus Benth. (Shen Tea) against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (OSB) is a popular plant used for making "Shen tea" or "Java tea". It has been demonstrated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. However, its potential beneficial effects and bioactive material basis for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been convincingly studied. In the present work, we conducted dual phytochemical/activity-guided extraction optimization and component fractionation of OSB, and evaluated its beneficial effects on NAFLD. Flavonoids and polyphenols (caffeic acid/protocatechuic acid derivatives) were determined as the dominant phytochemicals in OSB. The extraction process for these phytochemicals was optimized by using response surface methodology. Noticeably, flavonoids showed a stronger correlation with the antioxidant activities of OSB than polyphenols. Likewise, the flavonoid-rich fraction of OSB exerted antioxidant activities stronger than those of other fractions. As expected, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the flavonoid-rich fraction effectively attenuated weight increase, improved lipid metabolism, alleviated hepatic steatosis, and reversed hepatic inflammation. Importantly, this fraction showed equivalent beneficial effects to the total extract of OSB, suggesting that flavonoids were the main bioactive constituents of OSB. The action mechanism was indicated as direct antioxidant effect through chemical interaction with free radicals and indirect mitochondria-mediated antioxidant defense. Our research offers bioactive substances for further exploitation and expands the potential application of OSB.

Lanctos 75™ is A Novel Retino-Protective and Neovascular Inhibitor for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant neurovascular complication driven by abnormal angiogenesis. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Lanctos 75™, a proprietary standardized extract of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves (code name C5OSEW5050ESA), as a retinal-protective and anti-neovascular agent in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy in rats. The safety and neuroprotective properties of Lanctos 75™ were assessed in various in vitro and in vivo models of ischemia-induced neuronal injury. In vitro studies using RGC-5 cells showed that Lanctos 75™ significantly suppressed apoptosis, demonstrating strong cytoprotective effects. In vivo, PanOptic ophthalmoscopic imaging in diabetic rats revealed that Lanctos 75™ protected against retinal damage, inhibiting the development of microaneurysms, hemorrhages, vascular leakage, venous beading, and retinal inflammation. Fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT) imaging further confirmed its protective effect against ischemia-reperfusion injury and related inflammation. Overall, the results suggest that Lanctos 75™, with an effective dose of O. stamineus, holds promise as an adjunct therapy for diabetic retinopathy and other neovascular-related eye conditions.

Analysis of the chemical constituents and their metabolites in Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. via UHPLC-Q exactive orbitrap-HRMS and AFADESI-MSI techniques.

Known for its strong diuretic properties, the perennial herbaceous plant Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. is believed to preserve the kidney disease. This study compared the boiling water extract with powdered Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. and used a highly sensitive and high resolution UHPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap-HRMS technology to evaluate its chemical composition. Furthermore, by monitoring the absorption of prototype components in rat plasma following oral treatment, the beneficial ingredients of the Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. decoction was discovered. Approximately 92 substances underwent a preliminary identification utilizing relevant databases, relevant literature, and reference standards. As the compound differences between the powdered Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. and its water decoction were analyzed, it was found that boiling produced additional compounds, 48 of which were new. 45 blood absorption prototype components and 49 OS metabolites were discovered from rat serum, and a kidney tissue homogenate revealed an additional 28 prototype components. Early differences in the distribution of ferulic acid, cis 4 coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid were shown using spatial metabolomics. It was elucidated that the renal cortex region is where rosmarinic acid largely acts, offering a theoretical foundation for further studies on the application of OS in the prevention and treatment of illness as well as the preservation of kidney function. In this study, UHPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap-HRMS was employed to discern OS's chemical composition, and a rapid, sensitive, and broad-coverage AFADESI-MSI method was developed to visualize the spatial distribution of compounds in tissues.

The influence of transformational leadership and organizational commitment on employee performance of tea distributor

This study focuses on the impact of transformational leadership, organizational culture, and organizational commitment on employee performance of Javanese tea distributors. The research methodology is quantitative, involving 115 individuals from the Java Tea Distributor. Data collection was done through questionnaires, which were used to assess factors such as transformational leader, organizational commitment, and employee performance. The reliability of Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis was assessed in this study using the Cronbach Alpha, Composite Reliability, and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) methods. The results showed that Transformational Leadership has an indirect influence on Employee Performance through its influence on Organizational Commitment. The study reveals that organizational commitment has a significant impact on the performance of the Javan tea distributor personnel using the SmartPLS application.

Steam explosion-assisted grinding improves the functional properties and antioxidant activity of Java tea-leaf powders (Clerodendranthus spicatus).

Java tea is widely consumed and has multiple health effects. This study established a steam explosion (SE) pretreatment method to prepare Java tea-leaf powders. The physicochemical, functional properties, phenolic extraction, and antioxidant activity of Java tea-leaf powders produced by simple and SE-assisted milling methods were investigated. In comparison with simple milling, SE pretreatment broke the cell wall effectively and reduced the particle size of Java tea-leaf powders. Steam explosion-treated powders showed higher values for sensory signals, bulk and tap density, and for the water solubility index. After SE treatment, the adsorption capacities to glucose, soybean oil, and cholesterol of leaf powders were increased by up to 55, 95, and 80% respectively. The extracts from SE-treated powders also showed higher total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Steam explosion treatment is helpful for the improvement of functional properties and antioxidant activity, which can benefit the development and application of Java tea-leaf powders. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

In silico approach of Garcinia mangostana and Ortosiphon stamineus to restore adipokines level as drug candidate for metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a group of metabolic disorders due to dysfunctional adipose tissue. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes many pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines. Garcinia mangostana and Orthosiphon stamineus have demonstrated various pharmacological effects, including antidiabetic, anti-dyslipidemia, antiobesity, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: This study aimed to analyse the interaction of phytochemical compounds from Garcinia mangostana and Orthosiphon stamineus in decreasing levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines while increasing levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines. Method: This research is an in silico study of phytochemical compounds from Garcinia mangostana and Orthosiphon stamineus retrieved from PubChem and HMDB. Adipokines as target proteins were obtained from RCSB and UniProt. Result: Mangostanin, mangostanol, and mangostinone from Garcinia mangostana, as well as ladanein, salveginin, sinensetin, and rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon stamineus, exhibited stable molecular complexes compared to other compounds. Conclusion: Phytochemical compounds from Garcinia mangostana and Orthosiphon stamineus show potential as candidates for metabolic syndrome drugs by restoring adipokine levels. However, further research is still needed.

An Updated Review of Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth

There are a myriad of potential medicinal plants worldwide. Researchers have found some, while others are still unexplored. Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. (family: Lamiaceae), commonly known as the cat's whiskers plant, is a well-known herbal plant with many medicinal uses. All the parts of O. stamineus, such as the leaves, stems, flowers, and seeds, have their uses. More than 140 pure compounds were identified and isolated from different extracts of O. stamineus, particularly leaf extracts and stem oils. Flavonoids are the most abundant phytoconstituents found in O. stamineus leaf extract. Several pharmacological activities have been studied and validated using extracts as well as pure compounds. Multiple phytoconstituents attributed to these pharmacological activities such as diuretics, antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiepileptic, etc., have been discovered. Considering the purported benefits of O. stamineus, the present review critically evaluates and discusses the pharmacognosy, taxonomy, ethnobotany, pharmacological activities, and phytochemistry of O. stamineus and provides updated information.

Effect of Orthosiphon stamineus Extract on HIF-1Α, Endothelin-1, and VEGFR-2 Gene Expression in NRK-52E Renal Tubular Cells Subjected to Glucotixicity

This study aimed to investigate the impact of Orthosiphon stamineus extract on gene expression in NRK-52E cells under conditions of glucotoxicity. Gene expression analysis using RT-PCR was conducted following exposure of cultured NRK-52E cells to glucotoxic conditions and various concentrations of Orthosiphon stamineus extract. The results revealed a dose-dependent decrease in HIF-1α, ET-1 and VEGFR-2 gene expression levels upon treatment with Orthosiphon stamineus extract. The diverse array of phytochemicals found within Orthosiphon demonstrates a significant impact on the biochemical pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Additionally, molecular docking studies suggested the potential inhibition of Rho-kinase as a mechanistic explanation for this observed effect. These findings suggest that Orthosiphon stamineus extract may possess renoprotective properties against glucotoxicity-induced cellular damage. This study contributes to understanding potential therapeutic interventions for managing renal complications associated with conditions such as diabetes.

Antidiabetic activity of Siraitia grosvenorii, Dimocarpus longan Lour. and Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. Extracts combinations in vitro and in silico

Due to the economic burden created by diabetes, it is imperative to explore the potential of common dietary sources as complementary remedies for diabetic sufferers. The present study aims to evaluate the synergistic antidiabetic activity of combined extracts from Siraitia grosvenorii, Dimocarpus longan, and Orthosiphon stamineus in silico and in vitro, which include DPPH radical scavenging capacity, α-amylase inhibition, α-glucosidase inhibition, DPP-4 inhibition, cytotoxicity, and glucose uptake kinetics. The combination of S. grosvenorii + Dimocarpus longan + O. stamineus (SG + DL + OS) showed potential in inhibiting DPPH with an IC50 value of 7.21 ± 0.72 mg/ml, which also exhibited inhibitory effects on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP-4, with IC50 values of 8.63 ± 0.35 mg/ml, 5.41 ± 0.67 mg/ml, and 2.89 ± 0.09 mg/ml, respectively. Furthermore, it has been observed that the glucose uptake of L6 myoblasts can be significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) by treating different combinations. According to the results of XP docking and MM-GBSA analysis in silico, 26 and 32 compounds in the combination have significant interaction and stable binding ability with α-amylase and DPP-4 proteins, which can be used as α-amylase and DPP-4 inhibitors. Hence, it can be concluded that combinations of S. grosvenorii, D. longan, and O. stamineus have presented a viable therapeutic option for managing diabetes.

Molecular approach for identification and validation of Eurycoma longifolia, Labisia pumila, and Orthosiphon stamineus in herbal products

BackgroundEurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia), Labisia pumila (L. pumila), and Orthosiphon stamineus (O. stamineus) are popular species known for their therapeutic properties. An increase in local demand for herbal products makes them susceptible to adulteration, which poses a risk to their safety and efficacy. Current identification methods, such as organoleptic, microscopic, and macroscopic analysis, need to be revised to identify plant species in highly processed herbal products due to their limited ability to detect morphological features and provide comprehensive plant taxonomy information.MethodsThis research objective was to develop a simple, reliable, and accurate DNA molecular identification method based on polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) for E. longifolia, L. pumila, and O. stamineus, used to validate the species identification for herbal products. PCR–RFLP was developed for rapid identification using restriction enzymes TaqI, BamH I, HinfI, EcoRI, EcoRV, Mbol, and Mspl.ResultsThe nuclear DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences were identified and compared between plant specimens of E. longifolia, L. pumila, and O. stamineus and 101 samples of commercial herbal products. Plant specimens of E. longifolia, L. pumila, and O. stamineus were successfully identified with high similarity of 100%, 100%, and 99.33%, respectively, based on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank. The recovery of DNA sequences from the herbal products was 60.4%, of which 81.97% were identified, and 18.03% showed no sequence through Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) identification.ConclusionA reliable approach for identifying and validating plant species in herbal products has been created using restriction enzymes. This simple and accurate PCR–RFLP approach efficiently identifies E. longifolia, L. pumila, and O. stamineus by analysing ITS2 sequences, assuring consumer health and safety.

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth, a potential herb in treatment of gout: A mini opinion and call for further research

Based on our knowledge, experience and field survey in the treatment of gout by complementary/alternative medicine and especially the herb therapy, properties of curing gout of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth are briefly commented and suggest that the future research to insightfully educidate this science opinion is necessary.&#x0D; Keywords: Orthosiphon stamineus, gout, alternative medicine

Identifikasi Tumbuhan Berkhasiat Obat Tradisional Berbasis Pengetahuan Lokal Di Desa Hepang Kecamatan Lela Kabupaten Sikka

This study aims to explore the potential of plant species used in traditional medicine, the organ parts used and the processing of medicinal plants. This research was conducted for 2 weeks from March 14 to March 27, 2023 in Hepang Village. This study uses a type of science research with identification and exploration survey methods. The population of this study amounted to 15 people consisting of Battra (Traditional Medicine) 3 people, 6 patients and 6 people in general. Based on the results of the study found 22 types of medicinal plants namely Peperomia pellucida, Euphorbia thymifolia, Piper batle, Euphorbia hirta, Momodirca charantia, Curcuma domestica, Choromolaena odorata, Orthosiphon stamineus, Morinda citrifolia, Paederia foetida, Kaemferia galanga, Morus alba, Sonchus arvensis, Anomianthus dulcis, Gynura procumbens, Centella asiatica, Phyllanthus niruri, Androrapis paniculata Ness, Pluchea indica, Alstonia scholaris, Physalis angulata, Elephantopus scaber, which consists of 14 families, the most widely used Asteraceae. The most widely used organ parts are leaves 53%, roots 26%, rhizomes 7%, while the least used organs are stems, fruits and sap 3%. The processing is very traditional, namely by boiling, pounding, squeezing, squeezing, chewing, soaking, grinding and cutting.

Identification of Orthosiphon stamineus from different phytogeographical zones in Indonesia by FTIR-fingerprinting and chemometrics

Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) or cat’s whiskers (Lamiaceae) is one of the herbs broadly used as raw materials for functional food and traditional remedies, for it contains phenolic acids and flavonoids. OS grows well in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia and Africa. Phytogeographical characteristics are among many variables that greatly control plant growth and phytochemical content. This research was conducted to analyze and classify 14 samples of OS leaves from different regions in Indonesia according to phytogeographic profiles using a combination of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) fingerprinting and chemometrics, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The first two PCs were used to show the grouping of 14 samples with a cumulative variance at 91%. Results showed that all samples had comparable FTIR spectra showing the stretching frequencies of O-H, C-H, and C=C bonds. Further discrimination with PCA and CA was able to classify them into four groups of different phytogeographical origins: group 1 comprised OS samples from Tawangmangu, Mojokerto, Batu, Sampang, Madiun, South Jakarta, Jombang, Surabaya, Kediri, and Ngawi, group 2 from Lampung and Gresik, group 3 from Badung, and group 4 from Kotabaru. Thus, it can be inferred that FTIR fingerprinting combined with chemometrics can distinguish between OS crude drugs from different locations. Introducing a wider variety of OS analytical methods is believed to positively influence the flexibility and ease of quality control of herbal ingredients, ultimately ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal medicinal products.

Little Ironweed and Java Tea in Herbal Toothpaste Reduced Dentine Permeability: An In Vitro Study.

To determine the effect of an herbal toothpaste containing Little Ironweed and Java Tea, on reducing dentine permeability in vitro. Dentine discs from human mandibular third molars were divided into three groups and brushed with herbal toothpaste, nonherbal toothpaste, or deionized water. Each group was immersed in artificial saliva (AS) or 6% citric acid. The permeability of each dentine disc was evaluated before and after saliva or acid challenge using a fluid filtration system. The morphology of dentine discs after treatment was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mean permeabilities were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The nonherbal and herbal toothpaste groups demonstrated reduced dentine permeability. AS immersion decreased dentine permeability in both toothpaste groups with values lower than the control group. Dentine permeability values increased after acid immersion in the toothpaste groups and were similar to each other. SEM revealed small granular crystal-like and round particles on the dentine surface and opening of dentinal tubules of both toothpaste groups. More dentinal tubules were opened after brushing with deionized water. The reduction of dentine permeability caused by the herbal toothpaste was similar to that of the nonherbal toothpaste after brushing and the simulated oral conditions. Both herbal plants have the possibility to alleviate clinical hypersensitivity by reducing dentine permeability. Little Ironweed and Java Tea in the toothpaste composition is a potential choice for treating hypersensitive dentine.

One Pot Synthesis of Colloidal Zirconium Nanoparticles using Orthosiphon Stamineus Leaf Extract for Potential Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Zirconium (ZrO2) is a metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) possessing antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, biosensing, biocompatibility, and anticancer activities. Due to their unique properties, ZrNPs can be used for multiple biomedical applications. Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) is a perennial medicinal herb with potent bioactive constituents. Traditionally, it was used in treating rheumatism, epilepsy, jaundice, hepatitis, etc, Hence OS could be used as a capping agent for synthesizing ZrO2NPs. The current study aimed to synthesize ZrO2NPs using a green source like Orthosiphon stamineus(OS) leaves extract and characterized using UV spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and their biocompatibility was tested using Annexin V apoptosis assay. Milky precipitation formed, followed by the addition of OS extract to the aqueous solution of Zirconium oxychloride Octahydrate, revealed the formation of ZrO2NPs was further confirmed by the maximum absorbance at 296 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The peaks in the fingerprint region of FTIR revealed the presence of the functional groups of the phytoconstituents, confirming the capping. Apoptosis assay revealing the strong biocompatibility of ZrO2NPs towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells with 77.64% cell viability. From the apoptosis assay, it was evident that ZrO2NPs are less cytotoxic, indicating their applicability for medicinal applications. However further studies are required to validate its actions on bone tissue engineering. Keywords: Green synthesis, Leaf extract, Nanoparticles, Cytotoxicity.

Curcumin Coated Orthosiphon Stamineus Leaf Extract Based Selenium Nanoparticle for Potential Tissue Engineering Applications

Curcumin is a type of polyphenol phytochemical that is bright yellow in colour and produced by the plant Curcuma longa. Despite its pharmacological properties, curcumin has low bioavailability, poor solubility, and undergoes rapid degradation. Nanoparticles (NPs) are used as a nanocarrier for drug delivery, to improve the stability and pharmacokinetics of the drug. Therefore, by coating curcumin over selenium NPs (SeNPs), the bioactivity, bioavailability, stability, and may increase the solubility of curcumin of SeNPs. This study aimed to synthesize the SeNPs from Orthosiphon stamineus leaf extract and coat it with curcumin and to characterize it and check its biocompatibility. Biosynthesis of SeNPs was carried out using plant extract of Evolvulus alsinoides and characterized using UV spectrophotometer, FT-IR, and SEM. Annexin V PI apoptotic and Hemolytic assay were used for checking biocompatibility. The UV-Vis spectrum gave a strong peak at 265 and 423 nm at various time intervals, indicating the SeNPs formation. Similarly, FT-IR has strong absorption bands at 3279, 1284, 1072, 1028, and cm−1 with wavelengths ranging from 4000-500 cm-1. SEM analysis of biosynthesized SeNPs showed a spherical shape. Our results suggest that curcumin-coated SeNPs possess greater biocompatibility towards PBMCs which was evaluated by Annexin V - PI assay and erythrocytes by hemolytic studies. Curcumin-coated Selenium nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by the biological method using leaf extract of Orthosiphon stamineus and reported as biocompatible using Flow cytometry. But a more detailed study should be done for implementing it in tissue engineering. Keywords: Selenium nanoparticle, Curcumin, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tissue Engineering.

Physical properties, phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of Java tea (Clerodendranthus spicatus) stems as affected by steam explosion treatment

Java tea (Clerodendranthus spicatus) has been favored for its various health benefits and abundance of phenolic substances. Steam explosion (SE) treatment was performed in the pretreatment of Java tea stems and the physical properties, phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity were investigated. Extraction kinetics study showed that the phenolics yields of Java tea stems treated at 2.4 MPa for 10 min reached the maximum in 40 min, which was approximately 3 times the yields of raw stems in 180 min. The antioxidant activities of the extracts of Java tea stems were also significantly increased after SE treatment (P < 0.05). In addition, 19 phenolics were detected in Java tea stems by HPLC/QTOF‐MS/MS, and rosmarinic acid was found to be hydrolyzed to danshensu during the SE process. SE could be an efficient pretreatment technology to improve the extraction rates of phenolics and conversions of their high-value hydrolyzed products, which could facilitate further research of Java tea products.