Item Content Validity Research Articles

Development and Content Validation of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome Index (IBFS-I)

Introduction: Activity-related lateral knee discomfort is a common symptom of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome (ITBFS), a condition characterised by excessive friction between the iliotibial band and the lateral femoral condyle. Literature indicates that ITBFS is highly prevalent in road cyclists, military recruits, and habitual runners respectively. But there is scarcity of readily usable tool to identify the extent of ITBS. This study was designed to develop and validate the content of a scale for ITBFS diagnosis. Aim: To develop and content validate of the developed tool which will help the physiotherapist to asses easier and earlier. Materials and Methods: This study involves expert opinions from seven different physiotherapy experts in an offline mode. Study was done in 3 phases: Phase 1: The extensive literature exploration Phase 2: Development of questionnaire Phase 3: Content validation of the developed questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to validate the content, which involves expert review panel, examining the domain and its items, assigning a score to each item, and computing the scale level content validity index (S-CVI) and item content validity index (I-CVI). It was performed using Delphi method which includes seeking expert opinion from 7 different expert from the field of physiotherapy on an offline mode, selecting expert review panel, reviewing domain and items, providing score to each item and calculating I-CVI (item content validity index) and scale level content validity index (S-CVI). Results: I-CVI was calculated using (I-CVI= agreed item/number of expert) and found to be 0.98 and S-CVI using (S-CVI=sum of I-CVI scores/Number of items) and found to be 0.9. This developed questionnaire is having excellent I-CVI and S-CVI. The physiotherapists may use the IBFS-I scale for the early identification of ITBFS. Conclusion: The IBFS-I scale may help physiotherapists diagnose ITBFS early. This scale may prove to be an effective tool in assisting the therapist in determining the degree of ITBFS in individuals

Speaking in Public Coping Scale (ECOFAP): content and response process validity evidence.

To present the content and response process validity evidence of the Speaking in Public Coping of Scale (ECOFAP). A methodological study to develop and validate the instrument. It followed the instrument development method with theoretical, empirical, and analytical procedures, based on the validity criteria of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (SEPT). The process of obtaining content validity evidence had two stages: 1) conceptual definition of the construct, based on theoretical precepts of speaking in public and the Motivational Theory of Coping (MTC); 2) developing items and response keys, structuring the instrument, assessment by a committee with 10 specialists, restructuring scale items, and developing the ECOFAP pilot version. Item representativity was analyzed through the item content validity index. The response process was conducted in a single stage with a convenience sample of 30 people with and without difficulties speaking in public, from the campus of a Brazilian university, belonging to various social and professional strata. In this process, the respondents' verbal and nonverbal reactions were qualitatively analyzed. The initial version of ECOFAP, consisting of 46 items, was evaluated by judges and later reformulated, resulting in a second version with 60 items. This second version was again submitted for expert analysis, and the content validity index per item was calculated. 18 items were excluded, resulting in a third version of 42 items. The validity evidence based on the response processes of the 42-item version was applied to a sample of 30 individuals, resulting in the rewriting of one item and the inclusion of six more items, resulting in the pilot version of ECOFAP with 48 items. ECOFAP pilot version has items with well-structured semantics and syntactic, representing strategies to cope with speaking in public.

Validation of a Mathematics Teaching Assessment Scale for K-12 Basic Education: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach

Mathematics teaching in the K-12 Basic Education Curriculum encourages educators to adopt student-centered approaches and emphasize the development of 21st-century skills. Assessing the pedagogical practices of mathematics teachers using a specific tool validated through quantitative approaches is essential to ensure the effectiveness and quality of mathematics instruction. While previous research has focused on instrument validation in various areas, including self-efficacy of math teachers, mathematics teachers’ anxiety, and online education, existing classroom observation tools have limitations, particularly in assessing public school teachers' performance specifically intended for mathematics teachers. This study aimed to validate a mathematics teaching assessment scale. The scale, constructed based on the Department of Education's classroom observation tool, initially comprised 22 items across four constructs: Mastery of the K-12 Mathematics, Teaching Methodologies, ICT Integration, and Assessment of Learning. The scale was validated through content validation, reliability testing, inter-item correlation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent validity, and discriminant validity. A total of 687 mathematics teachers from four public schools in each of the five municipalities of the National Capital Region participated. Content validity was established by eight experts using the Scale Content Validity Index and Item-Content Validity Index, with indices exceeding 0.833, indicating validity. Each construct demonstrated desirable reliability indices based on Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Confirmatory Factor Analysis removed six indicators, resulting in a final scale of 16 items across four constructs. The validated instrument can effectively evaluate mathematics teachers' classroom teaching, focusing on 21st-century skills and student-centered approaches.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Indonesian version of the Critical-care Pain Observation Tool

ObjectiveThe Critical-care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) is one of the most accurate methods for assessing pain in ICU patients with critical illness and/or a decreased level of consciousness (LOC). This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the CPOT. MethodsThe English version of CPOT was translated into the Indonesian version following five steps: initial translation, synthesis of instrument translation results, back translation, validation of the instrument by an expert committee, and testing of the Indonesian instrument. Between September and December 2022, a total of 52 ICU patients from four hospitals in Indonesia were evaluated for pain at rest, during body-turning procedure, and 15 minutes after the procedure using the CPOT. The researcher used the verbal Faces Pain Thermometer (FPT) instrument as a gold standard to assess the CPOT’s criteria validity. Validity assessments included content and criterion validity. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s α coefficient and interrater reliability. ResultsHigher CPOT scores were found during the body-turning procedure than at rest and after the procedure. The instrument’s item-content validity index (I-CVI) ranged from 0.75 to 1.00, and the overall instrument’s average scale-level content validity index (S-CVI/Ave) was 0.93. The statistical analysis revealed a positive correlation (r) between the CPOT and the patient’s FPT scores (0.877–0.983, P < 0.01). The significant agreement amongst raters (κ) revealed the inter-rater reliability of the CPOT (0.739–0.834, P < 0.01). ConclusionThe Indonesian version of the CPOT has been proven valid and reliable in assessing pain in patients with critical illness and/or decreased LOC.

Communication-related aspects of prospective memory: an exploratory factor analysis of prospective memory questionnaires.

Prospective memory (PM) questionnaires are frequently used to evaluate perceptions of PM skills in daily life. This study aimed to systematically investigate communication-specific attributes using pre-existing PM self-rating questionnaires to inform clinicians and researchers about the role of PM in cognitive communicative evaluations. PM-related items from three questionnaires (i.e., Prospective Memory Questionnaire, Comprehensive Assessment of Prospective Memory, and Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire) were compiled and embedded in Google Forms and distributed to 70 Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) with expertise in Cognitive Communicative Disorders across India. Participants first identified items related to communication, and were then contacted to rate the communication-related PM items using a Likert scale for their degree of appropriateness. Responses from 40 SLPs were obtained and subjected to item-content validity index (i-CVI) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Of the 114 PM items, 28 received ratings over 50% for their relevance to communication. Of the 28 items, 21 had an i-CVI score greater than 0.8. After the removal of overlapping content, 14 items were finalized and subjected to EFA, which resulted in four factors: PM failure due to loss of communicative content, PM failure due to loss of communicative intent, PM cost due to ongoing interference, and PM failure linked to the priority of communicative intent. This study highlights communication-related aspects of PM that can be used as a framework for SLPs to assess and research PM skills.

이주민의 상호문화역량 측정도구 개발 연구

This study developed an assessment tool to measure the intercultural competence of immigrants living in Korea, which is transforming into a multicultural society. The content and data validity of each measurement item were verified through a Delphi survey of experts.&#x0D; More specifically, as an initial step, we conducted a literature review and identified three main components of intercultural competence: attitude, knowledge and understanding, skills and practice. And the subcomponents were specified as openness, respect, responsibility, communication skills, cultural awareness, self development skills, empathy, behavioral flexibility, and cooperation skills.&#x0D; Following this, we drafted a survey questionnaire to assess the intercultural competence of immigrants, and selected 59 questionnaire items through a survey of immigrants. Then, three Korean language education experts reviewed the composition and wording of the questionnaire items.&#x0D; In addition, the study conducted a Delphi survey involving two expert groups: multicultural society experts and Korean language education experts. This survey verified the validity of the survey items by analyzing the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and data validity of the questionnaire items (convergence and consensus). As a result, we selected 53 questionnaire items with consensus from both expert groups, and developed scale survey questions suitable for assessing the intercultural competence of immigrants.&#x0D; In conclusion, this study presents scales to assess the intercultural competence of immigrants for effective and appropriate interaction in a new and unfamiliar environment with distinct cultural differences.

ADOLESCENTS’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT STRESS AND DEPRESSION QUESTIONNAIRE (AKSDQ): VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TEST

Background: Adolescence is a period of growth that is very vulnerable to stress. This is due to the relatively high demands on adolescents, both in the field of education and daily life. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the validity and reliability tests of the Adolescents' Knowledge about Stress and Depression Questionnaire (AKSDQ). Methods: This study used a descriptive analysis research design with a cross-sectional approach. The research was carried out in August 2023 at Senior High School Darul Ulum 3 Peterongan Jombang. The instrument used in this study was the Adolescents' Knowledge about Stress and Depression Questionnaire (AKSDQ). This questionnaire consists of 10 items with 7 items in the form of positive statements and 3 items in the form of negative statements. This questionnaire uses the true and false statement method. Data analysis was carried out in this study using SPSS 21. The data analysis presented is the mean, standard deviation, Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI), and Kuder-Richardson. Result: Based on the research results, it was found that the Adolescents' Knowledge about Stress and Depression Questionnaire (AKSDQ) had a good enough reliability value marked by a KR-20 value of .601. In addition, the results of the validity test using the Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) method showed that the Mean I-CVI is 0.90. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the Adolescents' Knowledge about Stress and Depression Questionnaire (AKSDQ) can be used in a study to assess the level of knowledge of adolescents related to stress and depression.

Psychometric properties of a Turkish version of the social activities scale for community-dwelling older people requiring support.

Social activities decelerate the deterioration of mental capacity in older people and improve their physical and psychosocial health. Valid and reliable measurement tools are needed to determine the social activity status of older people and plan health services to protect their mental health. This study aimed to adapt the Social Activities Scale for Community-Dwelling Older People Requiring Support (SASOS) into Turkish. This methodological study was conducted in Northern Cyprus between January and June 2022. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 155 community-dwelling older people who needed support. Expert opinion, item-content validity index, and scale-content validity index were used to evaluate content validity. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability tests were used to evaluate reliability. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate construct validity. The Loneliness Scale for Elderly was used to evaluate concurrent validity. The Cronbach's alpha of SASOS was 0.90. Additionally, correlation coefficients of all items ranged between 0.61 and 0.79. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a three-factor structure. 'Interactions with friends and neighbors' was the factor that explained the highest variance (46%). There was a negative, weak, and statistically significant relationship between the scores obtained from the social loneliness subscale of LSE and all three subscales of SASOS. The Turkish version of SASOS is a valid, reliable instrument to evaluate social activities in community-dwelling older people who needed support. The SASOS has been identified as a valuable measure for assessing the social support needs of older individuals. It serves as a guide for both planning and evaluating interventions to enhance their health.

Development of Digital Transformation Instruments and Partnership For MSMEs in Denpasar City

SMEs are a type of industry that is more customer focused and have better opportunities if supported by the use of digitalization transformation and collaboration with partnerships that can provide support for the development of an SME. This research was conducted to analyze the digital transformation and partnership questionnaire in SMEs. Method: The questionnaire will be analyzed using validity and reliability tests, where validity tests include content validity, face validity, Focus Group Discussion and construct validity. The number of respondents in the validity test was 5 respondents and 30 respondents in the reliability test. The results of the questionnaire analysis in the content validity analysis test were declared valid with an items content validity index (1-CVI) value of ≥ 0.78. In the results of face validation, it was found that the statement items in the questionnaire described the construct well. The results obtained after the focus group discussion process were that the majority of panelists agreed on the statements made with a minimum value of 2 which means "easy to understand" and a maximum value of 3 which means "very easy to understand". The number who got a score of 2 (easy to understand) was 25% and the number who got a score of 3 (very easy to understand) was 75%. The reliability test obtained a Cronbach alpha value of 0.940; So according to table 4 above, this value means Very Reliable and suitable to be distributed to respondents. From the results of the table analysis, all question items are reliable. The instruments analyzed in this research, namely the digitalization transformation and partnership instruments, can be categorized as valid and reliable instruments so they can be used as research tools.

TRAFNOŚĆ TREŚCIOWA WYBRANYCH POZYCJI Z KWESTIONARIUSZA &lt;i&gt;SPEECH, SPATIAL AND QUALITIES OF HEARING&lt;/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;DLA RODZICÓW&lt;/i&gt; (SSQ-P) ZMIERZONA W BADANIU OPINII EKSPERTÓW

IntroductionThe purpose of this small-scale study was to assess the content validity of a modified subset of ten items from the &lt;i&gt;Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale for Parents&lt;/i&gt; (SSQ-P) via a survey of expert opinion.Material and methodsAn online survey was used to obtain opinions from 10 experts in the field of children’s hearing and hearing assessment. Experts were asked to rate the relevance and representativeness of each SSQ-P item to deaf and hard of hearing children aged 5 years and over. Content validity was assessed by the item content validity index (ICVI), with excellent content validity identified as an ICVI above 0.8. Experts were also asked to suggest where they felt the wording of items could be improved.ResultsFor all items, ICVIs &gt; 0.8 were obtained for both relevance and representativeness, indicating excellent content validity. Some minor rewording suggestions were made.ConclusionsThe 10 items tested are candidates for inclusion in an abbreviated version of SSQ-P. Some minor rewording of items may be required, along with assessment of internal consistency and test–retest stability.

Development and validation of Simulation Scenario Quality Instrument (SSQI)

BackgroundDue to the unmet need for valid instruments that evaluate critical components of simulation scenarios, this research aimed to develop and validate an instrument that measures the quality of healthcare simulation scenarios.MethodsA sequential transformative mixed-method research design was used to conduct the study. The development and validation of the instrument involved two phases: the qualitative phase, which included defining the instrument's theoretical background and instrument construction, followed by the quantitative phase, where the instrument was piloted and validated. The qualitative study included 17 healthcare simulation experts, where three focus group was conducted, and the first version of the instrument was constructed based on the focus group analysis and the theoretical framework constructed using the literature review. During the quantitative phase, the instrument’s quantitative piloting included 125 healthcare simulation scenarios; then, the instrument went through construct validity and reliability testing.ResultsContent experts confirmed the theoretical model and instrument framework. The average item content validity index (I-CVI) scores and the average of the I-CVI scores (S-CVI/Ave) for all items on the scale or the average proportion relevance judged by all experts was 0.87. The conformity factor analysis results showed a good fit for the proposed 10-factor model (CFI (the comparative fit index) = 0.998, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.998, Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.061. The final instrument included ten domains: 1. Learning objectives, 2. Target group, 3. Culture, 4. Scenario case, 5. Scenario narrative briefing, 6. Scenario complexity, 7. Scenario flow, 8. Fidelity, 9. Debriefing, and 10. Assessment. The SSQI included 44 items that are rated on a 3-point scale (Meets Expectations = (2), Needs Improvement, (1), Inadequate (0)).ConclusionThis validated and reliable instrument will be helpful to healthcare educators and simulation experts who want to develop simulation-based training scenarios and ensure the quality of written scenarios.

Validation of CHERG'S Verbal Autopsy-Social Autopsy (VASA) tool for ascertaining determinants and causes of under-five child mortality in Pakistan.

The majority (40%) of the world's under-five mortality burden is concentrated in nations like Nigeria (16.5%), India (16%), Pakistan (8%), and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (6%), where an undetermined number of under-five deaths go unrecorded. In low-resource settings throughout the world, the Verbal Autopsy-Social Autopsy (VASA) technique may assist assess under-five mortality estimates, assigning medical and social causes of death, and identifying relevant determinants. Uncertainty regarding missing data in high-burden nations like Pakistan necessitates a valid and reliable VASA instrument. This is the first study to validate Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group-CHERG's VASA tool globally. In Pakistan, data from such a valid and reliable tool is vital for policy. This paper reports on the VASA tool in Karachi, Pakistan. Validity and reliability of the CHERG VASA tool were tested using face, content, discriminant validation, and reliability tests on one hundred randomly selected mothers who had recently experienced an under-five child death event. Data were computed on SPSS (version-21) and R software. Testing revealed high Item-content Validity Index (I-CVI) (>81.43%); high Cronbach's Alpha (0.843); the accuracy of between 75-100% of the discriminants classifying births to live and stillbirths; and I-CVI (>82.07% and 88.98% respectively) with high accuracy (92% and 97% respectively) for assigning biological and social causes of child deaths, respectively. The CHERG VASA questionnaire was found relevant to the conceptual framework and valid in Pakistan. This valid tool can assign accurate medical and non-medical causes of child mortality cases occurring in Pakistan.

Measuring in-hospital quality multidimensionally by integrating patients’, kin’s and healthcare professionals’ perspectives: development and validation of the FlaQuM-Quickscan

BackgroundMeasuring quality is essential to drive improvement initiatives in hospitals. An instrument that measures healthcare quality multidimensionally and integrates patients’, kin’s and professionals’ perspectives is lacking. We aimed to develop and validate an instrument to measure healthcare quality multidimensionally from a multistakeholder perspective.MethodsA multi-method approach started by establishing content and face validity, followed by a multi-centre study in 17 Flemish (Belgian) hospitals to assess construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis, criterion validity through determining Pearson’s correlations and reliability through Cronbach’s alpha measurement. The instrument FlaQuM-Quickscan measures ‘Healthcare quality for patients and kin’ (part 1) and ‘Healthcare quality for professionals’ (part 2). This bipartite instrument mirrors 15 quality items and 3 general items (the overall quality score, recommendation score and intention-to-stay score). A process evaluation was organised to identify effective strategies in instrument distribution by conducting semi-structured interviews with quality managers.ResultsBy involving experts in the development of quality items and through pilot testing by a multi-stakeholder group, the content and face validity of instrument items was ensured. In total, 13,615 respondents (5,891 Patients/kin and 7,724 Professionals) completed the FlaQuM-Quickscan. Confirmatory factor analyses showed good to very good fit and correlations supported the associations between the quality items and general items for both instrument parts. Cronbach’s alphas supported the internal consistency. The process evaluation revealed that supportive technical structures and approaching respondents individually were effective strategies to distribute the instrument.ConclusionsThe FlaQuM-Quickscan is a valid instrument to measure healthcare quality experiences multidimensionally from an integrated multistakeholder perspective. This new instrument offers unique and detailed data to design sustainable quality management systems in hospitals. Based on these data, hospital management and policymakers can set quality priorities for patients’, kin’s and professionals’ care. Future research should investigate the transferability to other healthcare systems and examine between-stakeholders and between-hospitals variation.

Validity and reliability of the Arabic version of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors (KAP COVID-19).

Even though the innovation of COVID-19 vaccination effectively protects against the virus, practicing preventative behaviors is still essential. However, public adherence to preventive behaviors relies mainly on the individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate these aspects. Nevertheless, there is no validated scale that assesses KAP toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors. To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) preventative behaviors. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was used to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of KAP through specific stages: item development, face, content, convergent and construct validity evaluation, and internal consistency. Data were collected online through "google forms" from June 2020 to July 2020. Both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to assess the construct validity. A total of 1,363 participants completed the scale. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.83, indicating good internal consistency. Exploratory factor analysis supported structural validity for all the scale items with KMO 0.78, 0.60, and 0.81, respectively, and Bartlett's Test of Sphericity = (p < 0.05). Convergent validity was confirmed by a moderate correlation between the KAP scale items, knowledge ranging from r = 0.11 (p < 0.01) to r = 0.62 (p < 0.01), attitude ranging from r = 0.158 (p < 0.01) to r = 0.584 (p < 0.01), and practice ranging from r = 0.383 (p < 0.01) to r = 0.774 (p < 0.01). The psychometric properties of the scale indicate that the KAP is a valid and reliable scale that can be utilized to evaluate the level of KAP toward COVID-19 preventative behaviors among the population in Saudi Arabia.

Development and psychometric evaluation of an Azerbaijani-Turkish grammar comprehension test

Due to the lack of appropriate developmental language tests in the Azerbaijani-Turkish language, the present study aimed to develop the Azerbaijani-Turkish grammar comprehension test (ATGCT) for children aged 4–6 years and determine its validity and reliability. This study was conducted in three phases. First, the target grammatical structures were extracted during the item generation phase. Second, item reduction and content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. The content validity index (CVI) was determined after designing the items. This test was administered to typically developing children (TD) (N = 30). Face validity was confirmed and modifications were applied. The second version of the test was performed on 170 TD and 60 children with developmental language disorder (DLD) aged 4–6 years were selected using the random cluster method. Third, item analysis was performed, and eight items were removed. The construct validity, reliability, and ROC analysis of the final form of the test were evaluated. The psychometric properties considered in the study included construct validity (group, gender, and age discriminative validity) and reliability (test–retest, inter-rater, and internal consistency). The final test version contained 56 items and confirmed face validity. The Scale Content Validity was .91, and the Item Content Validity was between .8 and 1. The test showed a content validity ratio of .96, indicating that it assesses appropriate content. The construct validity analysis revealed significant differences between the TD and DLD groups and among the four age groups. Test–retest and inter-rater reliability were significantly correlated. Furthermore, the high correlation between test items (ICC= .90) demonstrated that the ATGCT had excellent internal consistency. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis results indicated that the test had high sensitivity and specificity in all four age groups and effectively distinguished children with TD and those with DLD. In conclusion, based on the psychometric assessment of the test, it appears that the ATGCT has appropriate values for reliability and validity measures, and it can be used as the first suitable and quick test by researchers and clinicians.

Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the "Protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial MBGR" from Brazilian Portuguese into English.

In health-related research, an increasing number of clinical assessment tools are translated and cross-culturally adapted for cross-national and cross-cultural studies and comparisons. However, when translating and cross-culturally adapting clinical assessment tools for use across new countries, cultures, or languages, we must follow a thorough method to reach semantic, idiomatic, experiential, and conceptual equivalences between translated and original versions. Therefore, in this study, we translated and cross-culturally adapted the Protocolo MBGR (Marchesan, Berretin-Felix, Genaro, and Rehder) from Brazilian Portuguese into English, following international guidelines, and named it "MBGR Protocol." To verify its content validity, we used the Content Validity Index. Results indicated excellent content validity: a Scale-Content Validity Index of 0.96 and 97% of all translation units with an Item-Content Validity Index of 1.00. Also, to prove its face validity and confirm whether it worked in the target population's linguistic-cultural setting, we used it with 35 subjects. Again, results demonstrated excellent face validity: in the pretest, 91% of all translation units were considered comprehensible and clear; in the pilot test, 98% of all translation units were considered comprehensible and clear. Thus, we concluded that the MBGR Protocol is promising to enhance the uptake of studies in Orofacial Myology worldwide and support researchers and health professionals in assessing and diagnosing orofacial myofunctional disorders in children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Also, it may support evidence-based practice and assist in standardizing assessment and diagnostic criteria. The MBGR Protocol should have its psychometric properties tested before being used in clinical practice or scientific research. Therefore, future studies are needed, and collaborations among researchers from South and North American countries are encouraged to create an international network and advance with knowledge and skills in the Orofacial Myology discipline.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A QUESTIONNAIRE THAT SURVEYED DENTAL ASSISTANTS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES OF INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES WITHIN SOUTH AFRICAN ORAL HEALTHCARE FACILITIES

Objective: In-depth research was conducted to find a suitable tool for measuring the knowledge, attitude, and practice of infection prevention and control (IPC) among dental assistants within oral healthcare facilities (OHCFs) in South Africa. However, the results were unsatisfactory, indicating the need to develop and validate a unique questionnaire for this purpose. This article explains the process followed to develop and validate a questionnaire designed to survey knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) in Health Sciences. Methods: To develop and validate a questionnaire, the researcher conducted a literature review to understand the process involved. The initial version of the questionnaire was then drafted. In order to assess its reliability and validity, both objective and subjective evaluations were conducted. A total of 25 individuals formed part of the respective review panels, including five academics, two infection prevention and control experts, five dentists, seven oral hygienists, and six dental assistants from public and private OHCFs. These individuals performed the subjective evaluations of the draft questionnaire. The draft questionnaire was then administered to a group of 60 dental students from the Central University of Technology (CUT). The data obtained from this group enabled the researcher to perform further objective evaluations by applying statistical measures using a Microsoft Excel programme. The reliability of items in the Knowledge domain was determined by the Kuder Richardson (KR20) test, with Cronbach’s alpha applied to items within the Attitude and Practice domains. A conservative approach to the interrater agreement (IRA) assessed the overall reliability. A panel of reviewers determined the face validity. Content validity was determined by the average congruency percentage (ACP), item content validity (I-CVI) and scale content validity (S-CVI). Results: The final questionnaire addressed seven IPC themes and encompassed 188 items. The tests to determine the instrument’s reliability yielded satisfactory results. The KR-20 score ranged between 0.94 and 0.65. The Cronbach’s alpha for items probing Attitude ranged between 0.99 and 0.86, and Cronbach’s alpha for items investigating IPC practices ranged between 0.97 and 0.69. The alternative approach to the IRA yielded 91%, and the conservative approach was 74%. Similarly, the tests to determine the validity of the questionnaire also yielded satisfactory results, with an ACP of 94%, above 90% I-CVI for readability, clarity, and feasibility and the S-CVI of 74%. Conclusion: The results of the reliability and validity tests confirmed that the questionnaire is suitable to measure the IPC knowledge, attitude, and practice of dental assistants.

Validity and reliability of the evaluation tool of TCM confidence in students with TCM learning experience

Abstract Objective This study aimed to design an evaluation scale of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) confidence and then evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods Three parallel samples with TCM learning experience were included in this current study. Randomly selected 500 nursing students were included factor analysis and reliability and validity analyses. After 4 weeks, 200 nursing students were recruited to retest the reliability. The evaluation tool of TCM confidence included 6 dimensions and 25 entries. Results Cronbach’s α coefficient of the evaluation scale was 0.95 and that of the 6 observed aspects were higher than 0.90, and split-half reliability was 0.81. For the retest reliability, Cronbach’s α coefficient of the evaluation scale was 0.93 and that of the 6 examined aspects was all over 0.80. The index of content validity Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.92 and Item Content Validity Index (I-CVI) was 0.83–1.00. Conclusions Observed results may indicate that the designed tool can be used to assess the TCM confidence level of students with TCM studied experience and also can evaluate results of TCM education during studying TCM lectures.

Development and psychometric testing of the narrative nursing teaching effectiveness scale: A methodological study

BackgroundNarrative teaching is widely used in nursing education. However, there is currently a lack of valid and reliable tool to assess the effectiveness of narrative nursing teaching from the perspective of nursing students. ObjectivesThis study developed a Narrative Nursing Teaching Effectiveness (NNTE) scale and evaluated its psychometric properties. DesignA methodological design was used to develop and validate the instrument. SettingsThe study took place at a university in southern China. ParticipantsThe study involved 283 nursing students enrolled at a medical university in Fujian Province, China. MethodsThe researchers conducted literature reviews, held focus groups and individual interviews, and utilized the Delphi method to create a pool of indicators for a narrative nursing teaching evaluation system. A pretest was administered to 150 nursing students. Next, the primary study involved 283 nursing students, chosen through cluster sampling, completed a general information questionnaire along with the NNTE scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, Mplus 6.1, and STATA 16.0, and included general statistical analysis, critical test theory, and item response theory analyses. ResultsThe researchers created a 42-item scale with four subdomains, explaining 60.32 % of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis proved the four-factor model's validity. Cronbach's alpha values for the four subscales ranged from 0.869 to 0.949. The average content validity index of the scale was 0.923 and the item content validity index ranged from 0.872 to 1. In addition, all item characteristic curves displayed desirable shapes, and the test information functions provided precise information. ConclusionsThe NNTE scale exhibits good psychometric properties, providing a scientifically sound and effective instrument to evaluate the effectiveness of the narrative nursing teaching approach to nursing education.

The Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol (SPIPP) Checklist 2.0: Content validation.

Pressure injury prevention is complex, and rates continue to rise. Checklists reduce human error, improve adherence and standardization with complex processes, focus attention on evidence-based practices derived from clinical practice guidelines and are arranged in a systematic manner to manage the entirety of a patient's risk for preventable outcomes. The original Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol was created to provide a checklist of pressure injury prevention measures but needed revision and validation. This article describes the revision and content validity testing of the Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol Checklist 2.0 that took place in 2022. Using the International 2019 Clinical Practice Guideline as a foundation, items were identified/revised, and expert review of the items was obtained. The Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol 2.0 underwent three rounds of revision by experts from the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel. A panel of eight national experts completed the content validity survey. Individual item content validity index and total scale content validity index were used to summarize the content validity survey scores. The individual item content validity index scores ranged from 0.5 to 1.0. One item (using a mirror to look at heels) was rated as 0.5, three items were 0.75, 20 items were 0.875 and 23 items were 1.0. The item scoring 0.5 was deleted. Those items scoring 0.75 were revised using the content experts' recommendations. The total scale content validity index was 0.93. The Standardized Pressure Injury Prevention Protocol 2.0 provides a standardized checklist of evidence-based items that operationalize a rigorous clinical practice guideline for the prevention of pressure injuries. Early intervention using a standardized approach and evidence-based checklist that can be integrated into the workflow of the direct-care nurse and provider provides the best opportunity for successful and sustainable pressure injury prevention.