Istanbul Technical University Research Articles

An MFA-LCA framework for goal-oriented waste management studies: 'Zero Waste to Landfill' strategies for institutions.

Institutions such as university communities can be considered miniature versions of the larger society in which they exist. Nonetheless even though it should be easier to manage waste at an institution, their waste management (WM) programmes are typically lack an overall goal for improving environmental impact and are not optimally structured or operated. In part this is due to a lack of a framework that promotes a goal-oriented WM strategy. For instance, zero waste (ZW) to landfill studies have gained prominence in recent years, but generally there is a lack of clear guidance on how to carry out ZW strategies effectively at either, municipal or institutional levels. To fill this gap, this study aims to provide a framework that enables institutions to develop a goal-oriented WM strategy applying the principles of material flow analysis and life cycle assessment. The framework assumes that no prior data are available, and a study will therefore begin by collecting primary data followed by secondary data. The case study is presented in this article, along with the introduction of the framework, using ZW management scenarios in the Istanbul Technical University Ayazağa Campus. The results of the case study show that, it is not possible to achieve ZW to landfill on university campuses. And simply diverting waste from landfill (min 74% to max ~100%) does not necessarily lead to circularity (min 20% to max ~66%) or directly address public attitudes towards ZW goals.

Assessment of the gate rudder system on the cavitation and underwater radiated noise characteristics of a containership

Predictions of model tests and numerical studies (Sasaki et al., 2016), both at model- and full-scale, as well as results of the recent sea trials, have demonstrated that the Gate Rudder System (GRS), a novel energy-saving device, increases propulsive efficiency and reduces fuel consumption of a ship. Despite detailed investigations into the impact of the GRS on powering performance and manoeuvring, studies on its effect on cavitation phenomena and underwater radiated noise (URN) are limited. In this study, the effects of the GRS on cavitation and URN were investigated experimentally and compared to a conventional rudder system (CRS). Cavitation observations and URN measurements were conducted on sister ships -one with the CRS, SAKURA, and the other with the GRS, SHIGENOBU- at Istanbul Technical University Cavitation Tunnel (ITUKAT). A wooden ship model was built to be used in resistance and propulsion tests and then truncated due to the cavitation tunnel's test section length limitation of 5.5 m. Numerical studies were performed for both the original and truncated models at model- and full-scale to assess their wake characteristics. The nominal wake distributions along the CRS and GRS propeller planes were measured using a Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) system. The test results supported the findings of the sea trials, showing that the GRS significantly reduces URN levels by up to 10 dB at high-frequencies, compared to the CRS, due to its effect on propeller loading and cavitation phenomenon.

Dose mapping of a 252Cf based non-destructive on-line elemental analysis device using Monte Carlo simulation and verification with experimental results

Environmental dose values are critical for human health in non-destructive analysis systems. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has defined specific limitations for permissible dose values. This study assesses the dose distribution of a prototype analysis device utilizing Californium-252 (252Cf) radioactive material through both Monte Carlo simulations and laboratory experiments. Conducted at the Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Energy Institute, the experimental investigation measured gamma-ray and neutron dose values surrounding the device. The objective was to compare dose maps generated by the Monte Carlo-based GEANT4 code with experimental data. Ten dose maps were created, and fundamental statistical analyses were performed. Results indicate that the dose values on the operator’s working surface of the prototype device are within ICRP limits, not exceeding 1 millisievert (mSv) annually, with an effective dose rate of 0.949±0.052 mSv per year. These findings underscore the device’s potential for safe and effective use in radiation safety and environmental dose assessment.

Underwater noise measurements of a free-running ship model

ABSTRACT The high background noise and narrow widths of towing tanks, which cause sound wave reflections, make them unsuitable for noise measurements, leading to a lack of published hydroacoustic data. To address this, we developed a free-running test model of the benchmark DTC container ship at a 1/80 scale and conducted hydroacoustic tests in the artificial lake at Istanbul Technical University. The model was remotely controlled to pass a fixed water station equipped with a hydrophone. We present ship noise measurements at three different velocities, noting a strong correlation between the propeller rotation rates from self-propulsion tests and hydroacoustic signals at high speeds. However, accuracy decreases at lower speeds due to background noise interference.

Design Students’ Affordance-based Messages in an Undesigned Design Studio

In this study, as PhD candidates and teaching assistants working in the Interior Architecture Department of the Faculty of Architecture at Istanbul Technical University (ITU) we aimed to explore the interrelationship between the students’ messages and the studio’s affordances by using participant observation and photovoice methods in the classes we attended in the same physical space. We used the photographs taken by us during the studio courses as the central data set to explore the messages triggered by the studio affordances, which are formed based on the complex environments and relationships created by the limited physical facilities of our design studio, the high student quotas and the large project groups using the same physical space at different and even the exact times. Through collaborative commentary and reflective writing, we produced written and visual reports on the final themes at the conclusion of the analysis process. Finally, we concluded that the four main themes, namely, direct message, indirect message, transcendent message, and no message but action, guided us in exploring and explaining our studio’s affordances.

Adsorption of steroid hormone micropollutant by polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes with varying morphology

The effective removal of micropollutants necessitates the use of dense membranes, such as thin-film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes. TFCs have a polyamide active layer interfacially polymerized on a support layer that is typically made of polysulfone (PSu) or polyethersulfone (PES). Retention by NF and RO is often incomplete because micropollutants are adsorbed to the polymer material and subsequently permeate via a combination of convection and diffusion, which evidences a breakthrough curve. When describing breakthrough phenomena, the role of the support membrane is commonly neglected, even though the adsorption in this layer can be significant. This work investigated the adsorption of steroid hormone micropollutants (17β-estradiol, E2) by fabricated and commercial PES ultrafiltration membranes with varying morphology.By increasing the coagulation bath temperature between 10 and 70 °C, the pure water permeability increased from 13 to 3800 L/m2·h−1·bar−1, and consequently, the average pore size rose from 12 to 191 nm. The fabricated membranes with smaller pore sizes showed higher E2 removal via adsorption which can be attributed to the higher internal surface area. The adsorbed mass of fabricated PES membranes (using dimethylformamide (coded as PDG) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (coded as PNG) and PES (Istanbul Technical University (ITU), with non-woven supports) varies from 0.30 to 0.60, 0.27–0.60 and 1–1.2 ng·cm−2, respectively. These values are lower than the adsorbed masses with commercial Biomax (Millipore Inc.) membranes (0.5–2.0 ng·cm−2). Ultrafiltration membranes used as support for composite membranes, nanofiltration or as filters in sample preparation benefit from lower micropollutant adsorption.

Experimental analysis of self-propelled characteristics with uncertainty analysis of ONR tumblehome hull

In this paper, the self-propelled characteristics of the benchmark ONRT hull were studied experimentally at both Froude numbers, Fr = 0.20 and Fr = 0.30. The assessments were conducted under free-running conditions using a fully appended Office of Naval Research Tumblehome (ONRT), model 5613, scaled at 48.9, a customary proportion in academic research. To demonstrate the reliability of self-propulsion experiments conducted at the Istanbul Technical University, Ata Nutku Ship Model Testing Laboratory (ITU-AN), an uncertainty analysis method was applied to the ONRT results. The self-propulsion points from the studies in literature at both Fr = 0.20 and Fr = 0.30, were compared with the present test results. Based on the analysis results at self-propulsion points, it was noted that there was a high level of both intra-laboratory repeatability and inter-laboratory reproducibility characteristics. Through repeated tests, it was discerned that the uncertainties impacting essential parameters were, in descending magnitude, thrust, torque, and rotational rate. Consequently, this investigation enhances the precision and reliability of results by presenting the thrust and torque characteristics of the ONRT hull form, along with associated uncertainties for these Fr numbers.

Experimental burn-up analysis of ITU Triga Mark II reactor fuel elements

In this study, burn-up values ​​of spent fuels were determined using Non-Destructive Analysis (NDA) with the help of 137Cs burn-up indicator. Four spent fuel elements (F30, D18, B5 and E14) that burned in the core of the Istanbul Technical University Triga Mark II research reactor over the years were investigated with two different methods. In addition, the individual activity of the fuel elements along the axial fuel length was determined by the High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector. As expected, it was determined that the fuel element B5, located in the center of the reactor core, exhibited the highest burn-up value with both methods. The calculations conducted using method 1 revealed a burn-up rate of 5.40% for the B5 fuel element, while method 2 yielded a burn-up value of 205.59 MWd/tHM. Experimental results were compared with previous simulation burn-up studies.

Navigating Türkiye's Energy Horizon: A Bibliometric Exploration of Academic Contributions to Energy, Fuels, and Hydrogen Subjects

This paper aims to unveil the intellectual structure and knowledge flow within Türkiye's academic landscape, shedding light on influential research clusters and highlighting the interconnections between different research themes. The manuscript also synthesizes findings from a Web of Science database, elucidating the growth trajectories of Türkiye's contributions to the global discourse on energy, fuels, and hydrogen. Additionally, the role of interdisciplinary collaboration has been explored and the impact of Türkiye's research output on the international stage has been assessed. According to results, the oldest date goes back to 1972 for energy&fuels topic and 1989 for hydrogen topic. Whereas Ayhan Demirbas and Ibrahim Dincer are the most productive authors, Istanbul Technical University and Yildiz Technical University are the most productive institutions. Moreover, USA and Canada are the most efficient countries for colloborations. Last of all, while new trends in Energy&Fuels publications have been observed as machine learning, supercapacitor, nanoparticles, electric vehicle and graphene, new trends in hydrogen publications were observed as methanolysis, multigeneration, ammonia, thermodynamic analysis and graphene.

Social Media Use in Dermatology in Turkey: Challenges and Tips for Patient Health.

Social media has established its place in our daily lives, especially with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has become the leading source of information for dermatological literacy on various topics, ranging from skin diseases to everyday skincare and cosmetic purposes in the present digital era. Accumulated evidence indicates that accurate medical content constitutes only a tiny fraction of the exponentially growing dermatological information on digital platforms, highlighting an unmet patient need for access to evidence-based information on social media. However, there have been no recent local publications from Turkey analyzing and assessing the key elements in raising dermatological literacy and awareness in digital communication for patients. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first collaborative work between health care professionals and a social media specialist in the medical literature. Furthermore, it represents the first author-initiated implementation science attempt focusing on the use of social media in addressing dermatological problems, with the primary end point of increasing health literacy and patient benefits. The multidisciplinary expert panel was formed by 4 dermatologists with academic credentials and significant influence in public health and among patients on digital platforms. A social media specialist, who serves as a guest lecturer on "How social media works" at Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, was invited to the panel as an expert on digital communication. The panel members had a kickoff meeting to establish the context for the discussion points. The context of the advisory board meeting was outlined under 5 headlines. Two weeks later, the panel members presented their social media account statistics, defined the main characteristics of dermatology patients on social media, and discussed their experiences with patients on digital platforms. These discussions were organized under the predefined headlines and in line with the current literature. We aimed to collect expert opinions on identifying the main characteristics of individuals interested in dermatological topics and to provide recommendations to help dermatologists increase evidence-based dermatological content on social media. Additionally, experts discussed paradigms for dermatological outreach and the role of dermatologists in reducing misleading information on digital platforms in Turkey. The main concluding remark of this study is that dermatologists should enhance their social media presence to increase evidence-based knowledge by applying the principles of patient-physician communication on digital platforms while maintaining a professional stance. To achieve this goal, dermatologists should share targeted scientific content after increasing their knowledge about the operational rules of digital channels. This includes correctly identifying the needs of those seeking information on social media and preparing a sustainable social media communication plan. This viewpoint reflects Turkish dermatologists' experiences with individuals searching for dermatological information on local digital platforms; therefore, the applicability of recommendations may be limited and should be carefully considered.

A Field Study of Individual, Energy-Efficient, and Human-Centered Indoor Electric Lighting: Its Impact on Comfort and Visual Performance in an Open-Plan Office Part 1

In this field study, we examined the impact of human-centered lighting on an open-plan office environment, involving the participation of sixty office workers. The objective was to investigate the effects of the Circadian Stimulus (CS) and Equivalent Melanopic Lux (EML) metrics. This study took place at Istanbul Technical University in Istanbul, Turkey. The office was equipped with single Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) light emitting diode (LED) sources, featuring two different light beam distributions: Direct Suspended Linear (L1) and Direct and Indirect Suspended Linear (L2). To minimize energy consumption, we proposed simulations for a suspended individual lighting system. The office workers were invited to complete visual cognitive performance tests, proofreading tasks, and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) test to measure alertness. Additionally, participants were asked to provide feedback on the comfort criteria associated with the designed human-centered lighting concept. The preliminary findings from part 1 of this field study shed light on the potential of office lighting modifications in enhancing energy efficiency and meeting the standards set by WELL v2 2023 Q4 and UL Design Guideline 24480 (2019). Part 2 of this study will further optimize the proposed lighting quality concept to determine the most suitable individual lighting solution for office workers.

MONITORING OF GLACIERS ON HORSESHOE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA BASED ON A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION ORTHOPHOTOS (TAE-6 & TAE-7)

Abstract. Global climate change is a phenomenon that seriously affects the balance of a wide variety of ecosystems and is the intense focus of climate scientists and environmental researchers. In this context, periodic monitoring of glacier areas in terms of a better understanding of atmosphere-ocean interactions; thus, predicting the effects of climate change and planning against future threats by evaluating environmental impacts is an important research area. Especially the polar regions, where the melting of glaciers and the rise of sea levels are visibly observed, are important for climate scientists in providing crucial observations to understand and predict global climate change. In this study, within the scope of the international bilateral cooperation project carried out in cooperation with Istanbul Technical University (ITU) and the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) (Project No: 121N033), the spatial changes in snow/glacier areas obtained from UAV Photogrammetry products generated during the 6th and 7th Antarctic National Science Expeditions. Snow/glacier areas were segmented with the K-Net deep learning approach which has been previously tested for accuracy and provides glacier mapping with accuracy metrics over 99%, on the high spatial resolution orthophotos produced during the two periods. The snow/glacier areas difference between the two periods were calculated and compared and water bodies which are critical areas, were specifically examined. The result of this comparison shows that the glacier area decreased by approximately 11% in just 1 year. However, to better understand these changes in snow/glacier areas, the region needs to be observed closely for longer time periods. It is thought that future studies will contribute to efforts to manage global environmental impacts and cope with climate change by focusing on monitoring and better understanding changes in these critical regions.

Preface to the Proceedings of the 10th Asian Physics Symposium (APS) 2023

The 10th Asian Physics Symposium 2023 (APS 2023) was held on 3-4 October 2023, in Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia with the theme of “The Role of Physics in Supporting Sustainable Development Goals” and was implemented in a hybrid manner in purpose of increasing sustainability of this scientific event, accessibility and also increasing participants engagement. This event provides the widest possible opportunities for the young Indonesian scientists to present the latest research results in the physics and its related fields, to foster research collaborations with well-known overseas scientists and to extend international research networking in the future.The 10th APS 2023 is organized by the Undergraduate and Graduate Programs in Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, in collaboration with Physical Society of Indonesia (PSI). The program of APS 2023 features 7 invited talks in 45 minutes for each plenary session and 116 contributed oral presentations in 15 minutes of presentation including the Q&A session, which come from several countries: Japan, Malaysia, Turkey and Indonesia. All abstracts and papers have been reviewed by selected reviewers from the APS committee.I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Wahyu Srigutomo, Dean of Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science (FMIPA) ITB for the support and advice in preparing this scientific event and to Institute of Research and Community Service (LPPM) ITB Support Program for organizing the Year International Conference 2023.I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. David Andrew Bradley (Sunway University, Malaysia), Assoc. Prof. Seda Aksoy Esinoglu (Istanbul Technical University, Turkey), Prof. Alexander Iskandar (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Kayoko Yamamoto (University of Electro-Communications, Japan), Prof. Fumiyuki Ishii (Kanazawa University, Japan), Dr. Hijaz Kamal Hasnan (University of Malaya, Malaysia), and Prof. Nandang Mufti (University of Malang, Indonesia) as the Keynote speaker for sharing the knowledge and research to all the participant in APS 2023. I would like to say my deepest thanks to Prof. Agung Nugroho (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Ahmad Ridwan Nugraha (National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia), Prof. Camelia Panatarani (Padjadjaran University, Indonesia), Prof. David Marpaung (University of Twente, the Netherland), Prof. Ding Lu (Institute of Materials Research and Engineering- A*Star, Singapore), Dr. Dwi Irwanto (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Fatimah Arofiati Noor (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Freddy Haryanto (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Halim Kusumaatmaja (Durham University, England), Prof. Husin Alatas (Institut Pertanian Bogor, Indonesia), Prof. I Made Joni (Padjadjaran University, Indonesia), Prof. Khairurrijal (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Mitra Djamal (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Rizal Kurniadi (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Satria Zulkarnaen (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan), Prof. Sidik Permana (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Triyanta (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Umar Fauzi (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Prof. Widayani (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia), Dr. Yuliati Herbani (National Research and Innovation Agency, Indonesia), Prof. Yudi Dharma (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) and Prof. Zaki Su’ud (Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia) for their willingness as an advisory board to give guidance and advice for the implementation of this scientific event.Finally, I would like to say thanks to all the organizing committee members and reviewers for their excellent work and all of authors for their valuable contributions in APS 2023.Bandung, January 2024Chairman of APS 2023,Dr. Eng. Priastuti WulandariFaculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandungpwulandari@itb.ac.idList of Advisory Board of the 10th Asian Physics Symposium (APS) 2023, Technical Committee of the 10th Asian Physics Symposium (APS) 2023 are available in this Pdf.

Preliminary report of field reconnaissance on the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras Earthquakes in Türkiye

AbstractOn February 6, a successive rupture of major faults in the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone and Cardak-Surgu fault triggered a strong mainshock (Mw 7.7) and a major aftershock (Mw 7.6) in Kahramanmaras. The successive earthquake sequence hit southern provinces in Türkiye and northern regions in Syria, causing severe fatality and economic loss. After the earthquakes, the International Consortium on Geo-disaster Reduction (ICGdR) organized an investigation team, involving specialists from China, Japan and Türkiye, to conduct a primary field reconnaissance on seismic damage of infrastructure and ground failures. The 10-day reconnaissance, including a mini-symposium at the Istanbul Technical University (ITU), was conducted from 25 March to 3 April and specifically focused on fault ruptures, liquefaction, landslide, rockfall and lateral spreading along the major ruptured faults from Antakya in Hatay to Goksun in Kahramanmaras, passing through provinces of Gaziantep, Adıyaman and Malatya. By this reconnaissance, a large amount of original seismic data was collected and a primary understanding was established for further steps on mitigation and reduction of seismic damages and its secondary geohazards.

Current issues and future directions in engineering ethics education

This paper reports on engineering ethics education (EEE)-related issues based on a comparison of three technical universities: Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Friedrich-Alexander University, and Istanbul Technical University. Besides the presentation of the current state of EEE, future challenges are also discussed.

Possible approaches to the study of emissions from ships during their operations in ports

The emissions from ships are the key factor influencing the air quality near large ports. Although ship emissions are difficult to quantify, doing so can help port management find logistical solutions that can reduce the impact of having a large number of giant ships in a limited space. The joint study between the University of Naples and Istanbul Technical University, which focuses on the investigation of ship emissions in ports, is presented in this paper. It is expected that this study will lead to create new techniques for calculating, measuring, and validating emissions from ships at ports.

Decarbonizing university campuses: A business model for food waste management at Istanbul Technical University (İTÜ) Ayazağa Campus, Turkey

AbstractFood waste is a significant environmental issue today, as it contributes to depleting natural resources and greenhouse gas emissions from improper management. To address this, alternative food waste management and recovery strategies must be developed to promote nutrient recirculation and move towards decarbonization. University campuses could play a crucial role in pioneering such strategies, through pilot studies and implementation of effective waste management. The aim of this study is to devise a food waste management strategy that provides a more circular and decarbonized economy. A case example was developed based on ITU Ayazağa Campus, Turkey, with annual separated food waste of 577 tonne per year. A Life Cycle Assessment was conducted using the EASETECH software. Four scenarios were evaluated: anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration, and landfill. Of these, incineration resulted in the highest CO2‐eq savings, but lacked decoupling and circularity of resources. Conversely, anaerobic digestion demonstrated the highest circularity and lowest toxicity. Based on these findings, anaerobic digestion was selected for further investigation. Economic transactions for the anaerobic digestion system's business models were analyzed, including revenues, municipality fees, and operating costs. The new economic model is expected to align with circular economy strategies and promote stakeholder collaboration as a significant social outcome.

Implementing Circular Economy Elements in the Textile Industry: A Bibliometric Analysis

Significant environmental and social issues confront the textile and apparel industries, including resource depletion and excessive textile waste. Implementing circular economy principles is essential for the sustainability of this industry. The present paper is a bibliometric analysis study type designed to identify collaborative networks, prolific countries, journals, and influential articles pertaining to the implementation of the circular economy in the textile and apparel industries that may serve as a starting point for an in-depth understanding of the subject, facilitating the knowledge of essential bibliometric parameters for pre-publication phases. The data were extracted from the Web of Science and analyzed using both the Web of Science web interface and the VOSviewer software version 1.6.19. The bibliometric data were divided into two distinct periods to analyze the evolution of this subject over time: from 1975 to 2010 and from 2011 to 2023. In the first period, the most productive country was the United States, with 527 publications, accounting for 10.81% of the scientific output during that time. In the second period, China emerged as the most productive country, with 2478 published documents, constituting 18.44% of the total production in this period. During the first period, Istanbul Technical University was the most active institution, with 91 publications (1.87% of the total production), while in the second period the Indian Institute of Technology System was the most productive, with 265 documents (1.95%). These key findings demonstrate the textile industry’s commitment to sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. They also highlight the industry’s adoption of advanced technologies and its exploration of new research areas; but there is still room for improvement, which is why continuous research implemented through future research areas is essential.

Bibliometric analysis of disinfection by-product research trends in Türkiye

The goal of this study is to reveal the time dynamics of studies systematically and comprehensively on drinking water treatment and disinfection, as well as the situation in the literature, by using the bibliometric analysis method to examine scientific publications in the field of "Disinfection By-Products" between 2001 and 2022. The data gathered from the investigated articles is shown using the visual mapping approach. In this regard, the research provides for an evaluation of the disinfection by-products literature. The study's database contained 115 scientific papers retrieved from Web of Science. Istanbul Technical University is the most productive university with 23 published articles on Disinfection By-products, followed by Suleyman Demirel University with 18 published articles. Trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids are the most studied types of carbonaceous disinfection by-products in published articles, and N-nitrosodimethylamine is one of the most widely published nitrogenous disinfection by-products. The precursors of disinfection by-products or the removal of disinfection by-products are the two main focuses of the purpose of all studies. Coagulation, advanced oxidation processes and membrane processes constitute the methods used in the control of disinfection by-products. Brominated, and nitrogenous DBPs have attracted much attention due to their high toxicity. Future studies on disinfection by-products should focus on water quality standards, precursor controls, toxicity, and health effects. The necessity of bibliometric analysis of disinfection by-products is a necessity to fill the existing knowledge gaps in global and regional studies.

3D modeling of historical measurement instruments using photogrammetric and laser scanning techniques

Historical artifacts are the common heritage of all humanity. Therefore, preserving historical artifacts is very important in keeping the cultural heritage alive and passing it on to generations. One of the most effective methods used in documentation studies is the photogrammetric method. Although these methods are widely used, they are changing and developing day by day by gaining momentum with technology development. Laser scanners, which have entered our lives with the development of technology, have provided new opportunities to three-dimensional (3D) modeling and have become a frequently used method because they can model even objects with complex geometry in a short time and in a practical way. In this study, Theodolite (18th century), Sextant (18th century) and Graphometer (18th century) instruments on display at the Istanbul Technical University (ITU) Geomatics Engineering Department Historic Measurement Instruments Museum were modeled using photogrammetric and laser scanning methods. To compare the accuracy of the models, caliper measurements were taken from specific points of the instruments used in the modeling. Measurements were made on the models using the same points, and a comparison was made on the findings.