National Security Issues Research Articles

Концепция юридического равенства государств и социальная сила права в условиях дипломатии двойных стандартов

The paper is devoted to highlighting the key issues of the cover theme of the issue of the journal “Legal Concept” = “Pravovaya paradigma” entitled “Law as a key regulator of ensuring sovereign identity, unity and security of the state”. The main purpose of the paper is the study and analysis of the scientific papers that have made up the heading “The cover theme of the issue” for the guidance of the journal’s reader in a comprehensive collective intersectoral research and the outline of the range of theoretical and legal, and law enforcement issues that determined its concept and title. The author substantiates the relevance of studying the category of state sovereignty both in theoretical and practical aspects, refracted through the prism of objective and subjective factors of modern reality, such as: globalization, the aggravation of issues of geopolitics and national security, the sanctions policy of the West as a conscious long-term strategy of economic and personal restrictive measures against Russia, as well as the need to help forward Industry 4.0 on a growth trajectory and accelerated recovery of industry and import substitution due to the Coronavirus Pandemic in 2020–2021. The reader’s attention is focused on the key elements of the structure of the theoretical and practical concept of national security - technological, natural, humanitarian, social, economic and military-political security, without which it is impossible to ensure state sovereignty and the realization of sovereign rights of the state. Lastly, it is concluded that the state sovereignty should be ensured by the unity of national, regional and international security.

Robotic flamethrower complexes as a prospect for the development of flamethrower units

The war in Ukraine and, as a result, the growth of international tensions became the main issue of national security and the need to identify effective prospective weapons. In conditions where the enemy is significantly superior in all components (technically and quantitatively), unmanned (robotic, remotely controlled) powerful fire weapons are able to influence the course of hostilities. The war Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) in and Ukraine (2014-2022) showed the high effectiveness of weapons placed on unmanned (robotic) platforms. The development and adoption of new weapons systems and military equipment, high-precision means of reconnaissance and attack, automated control systems will lead to the review and reform of the organizational and personnel structure of the troops, the timeliness and efficiency of the execution of combat tasks, the maximum preservation of personnel, etc. One of these means of fire damage can be a robotic flamethrower complex. The prospect of using robotic systems, their tactical and technical justifications are quite relevant and in demand in today's conditions. The purpose of the research is to study the perspective of using a robotic flamethrower complex, to determine its main characteristics, role and place in the organizational and staff structure of a flamethrower platoon of a radiation, chemical, biological protection company. The work analyzes the typical organizational and personnel structure of a flamethrower platoon and its combat capabilities. Tactical and technical characteristics for the development of a new robotic flamethrower complex were proposed, and a new typical organizational and personnel structure of the flamethrower platoon, which will be adopted, was developed. The effectiveness (probability) of hitting the target with the proposed weapon sample was calculated. Based on the analysis of the obtained results, the main advantages of the flamethrower platoon, which will be armed with a robotic flamethrower complex, are formulated. In particular, the autonomy of task performance, high accuracy of damage, mobility and survivability, increased damage range and power of flamethrower shots, the ability to perform tasks in any weather and at any time of the day, and the absence of a psychological factor. The introduction of a robotic flamethrower complex into the staff of a radiation, chemical, biological protection company will help reduce the number of personnel on the battlefield.

Gender Inequality: African Union Strategy to Combat Women Poverty Crisis in Somalia

Globalization has led to national security issues to occurred and resulted in people losing their fundamental human rights in some cases. Women’s poverty is clearly the deprivation of human rights for both women and young girls. Somalia, one of the nations in Africa regions, has suffered from the act of gender inequality that deprived the rights of women which led them to live in poverty. Social norms or traditions are playing a crucial role in worsening the condition of living hood among women in Somalia. While both men and women are indeed suffered poverty, however, men are getting wide chances to access job opportunities compared to women. However, in recent years, African Union has acknowledged the importance of women’s role in the economic development of the region, therefore African Union established the Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Strategy as a guide to both the government of the states and women’s agency to spread awareness regarding the rights of the women to be equal as men. Therefore, this paper further will discuss how successful such strategies are to be able to construct new ideas and social norms in Somalia.

Review: Enemies among Us: The Relocation, Internment, and Repatriation of German, Italian, and Japanese Americans during the Second World War, by John E. Schmitz

As we watch in horror the Russian invasion of Ukraine, we are again faced with the question of how much responsibility individual citizens should bear for the atrocities their political leaders inflict upon other nations. We also are forced to think what should be done with the expatriates supportive of their aggressive homeland, and how the people connected to the adversarial nations through ethnic ties should be treated when they may or may not be sympathetic to their ancestral nations.John E. Schmitz’s Enemies among Us illuminates the complications posed by these questions by presenting how the U.S. government treated enemy aliens and U.S. citizens with ethnic ties with the enemies during World War II. Schmitz uses historical sources as well as personal episodes, including those of his grandparents who were incarcerated in POW camps as naturalized German Americans, to show that warring nations tend to prioritize national security concerns at the expense of individual human rights.The forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans (which Schmitz calls “relocation and evacuation”) is a prime example of the governmental abuse of its war powers. To this tragic episode of human rights violation, Schmitz adds the “internment” of German, Italian, and Japanese aliens and a smaller number of German and Italian Americans, and he tells a larger story of involuntary—and mostly wrongful—confinement of individuals whose loyalty was rendered suspicious. Schmitz’s research on the executive records, the FBI records, and the War, State, and Justice Departments’ archives reveals the comprehensive scheme of the Roosevelt Administration aiming at protecting the nation from fifth-column activities not only within the United States but in the Western Hemisphere. The earlier chapters elucidate how J. Edgar Hoover took advantage of FDR’s fear of the fifth column to transform the FBI into a formidable secret police agency. The book also offers much information on the U.S. government’s intervention into Latin American policies regarding the arrests and deportation of alleged Axis sympathizers and alien enemies.By connecting the “internment” schemes on the East and the West Coasts, this book illuminates the “internment” of Japanese nationals (Issei) in detention centers—an understudied aspect of the wartime Japanese American experiences—as a part of the larger anti-espionage federal policy. The hostage exchange scheme explains the abduction and shipment of Japanese Latin Americans along with German Axis sympathizers to the United States. Schmitz describes how the federal enemy alien policies were confusing and often shifted clumsily. In the case of the hostage exchange policy, the government had to abandon the scheme because it turned out to be more dangerous to deport subversive internees to the enemy nations than to keep them in the United States. The book illustrates the overall injustice that befell those who were labeled potentially adversarial, and the primary sources show how the U.S. enemy alien policies were poorly managed.The major problem of this book lies in its handling of the story of 110,000 Japanese Americans incarcerated in the War Relocations Centers. The book would have worked better if it had focused on the treatment of Japanese, German, and Italian enemy aliens. Schmitz carefully distinguishes the terms “internment” (detention of enemy aliens) and “relocation/evacuation” (involuntary removal of American citizens), but often his arguments become muddled throughout the book. On the latter issue, scholars in Asian American studies—such as Eiichiro Azuma (2005, 2019), Brian Masaru Hayashi (2004), Masumi Izumi (2019), and Erik K. Yamamoto, Lorraine J. Bannai, and Margaret Chon (2020)—have produced many works that explain the complex and significant roles Japanese Americans played in West Coast agriculture and in the debates related to national security and civil liberties. The book’s bibliography and many of the simplistic and faulty descriptions of the state of Japanese America before and during World War II reveal that the author was ill-prepared to explain how issues of national security, loyalty, and race intersected with one another when Japanese Americans were locked up in the inland concentration camps.

Land use land cover analysis of the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) catchment using remote sensing and GIS techniques

ABSTRACT Evaluation of land use change is important for understanding the relationship between nature and the future policy design in sustainable natural resources management. In this study the dam-triggered land use cover changes since the time of its commencement of construction was evaluated by using satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques. To detect changes between 2011 and 2021, the post-processing technique was applied using QGIS’s SCP tool and two raster images of 2011 and 2021 as inputs for change simulation and the output classes were edited using reference classes. The study results revealed that the overall accuracy for the 2011 classification and 2021 classification was 0.89 (89%) and 0.94 (94%) respectively. The highest conversion was recorded between agricultural land to the mixed forest (14.61%) and mixed forest to shrub land (13.40%), while the lowest conversion was observed between the built-up area to a water body (0.02%) and to agricultural land (0.1%). It was recommended to consider the correlation between forest biodiversity conservation and the sustainability of hydroelectric dam by increasing restoration of degraded forests in the GERD catchment and growing forest cover should be viewed as an issue of national energy security as early as possible.

An Examination of the National Security Paradigms Within the International Relations Discipline As On And Post-Cold War

Today, the concept of national security is expanding and deepening in terms of its framework and dimensions, and threat perceptions evolve and take on an asymmetric and uncertain nature. In this context, it can be stated that conceptualizations related to national security become more complex with its interdisciplinary, pluralistic, and multidimensional structure. Thus, today's national security issues require a multidimensional and holistic understanding that balances military and non-military methods, considers cyber and asymmetric threats, and envisages comprehensive approaches. Therefore, this article presents a holistic approach to security conceptualizations that should be considered in the context of a rational and real-political foreign policy. In this study, the mainstream approaches related to national security within the discipline of international relations are discussed, and in this context, an examination of the aforementioned schools to national security within the international relations discipline are elaborated and summarized as of the cold war era and after. In this context, an analytical study is presented about the factors and components affecting national security issues, considering both current and future security paradigms, and national security issues are explained through different aspects of national security.

THE MARITIME DOCTRINE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AS A FUNDAMENTAL BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF ARCTIC POLICY IN THE NEAR FUTURE

This paper analyzes the impact of modern political challenges on the situation in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation, which predetermine the formation of legal protection and stability on the territory of the Russian Federation. The authors considered the Maritime Doctrine of the Russian Federation as a fundamental basis for the formation of Arctic policy in the near future. In the course of the study, an attempt was made to indicate the importance of strategic planning for the development of the northern territories of the Russian Federation. This article indicates that different approaches to the definition of the legal regime of the Arctic lead to the need to address a different range of issues due to the fact that the Arctic region intersects issues of national sovereignty and security, vast territories with a special climate, the ecological situation in which affects the climate of the entire planet.

Structure and analysis of the mining subsector from the national energy sector in the context of stability and increase of Romanian energy security

Until recently, the European Union's energy policy was against coal for pollution reasons, but with the start of the military war between Russia and Ukraine, coal has become one of the energy resources to reconsider. The lack or depletion of oil and natural gas from Russia has made the coal resource the most important source and means to provide energy security. Because there are many coal-fired power stations in Romania (hard coal and lignite), its extraction and recovery becomes a real problem of national security, because it produces electricity, which is vital to Romanian society. The need to analyse the mining subsector, which generates critical mining infrastructure, comes in the context in which the possible occurrence of cases of non-energy supply, or unexpected price increases, generates major issues of national interest, with European and OTAN implications. The aim of the paper is to structure and analyzse the mining subsector within the National Energy Sector in the context of stability and increasing national energy security. The authors consider that the approach of the mining subsector is a strictly national security issue because the lack of coal can cause damage to the power sector and the national economy, which are partly dependent on the mining subsector.

Stopping the slaughter: The economic rationale to anti-poaching in Tanzania

Having experienced significant declines in its wildlife populations, especially the elephant, Tanzania has embarked on a nation-wide anti-poaching program. These efforts are similar to those in regional countries and informed by security discourses that claim poaching is an issue of (inter)national security. However, far more widespread than the contemporary “poacher-as-terrorist” trope used to rationalize militarized conservation in other locations is Tanzania’s categorization of the poacher as an “economic saboteur,” who threatens the national economy. In this article, I show how this categorization is one aspect of a broader economic rationale directing the country’s increasingly militarized anti-poaching response. Here, the logic is that wildlife is central to the tourism industry, and critical for the economy, and therefore must be secured from its poacher enemies. Highlighting various examples of this economic threat discourse, the article details how conservation organizations and governmental actors, aiming to “stop the slaughter” of Tanzania’s elephant populations, utilize an economic rationality in their efforts to defend the value of wildlife to the Tanzanian economy. Premised on the desire to expand the economy, this economic rationale authorizes both the intensification of militarized conservation policy and practices and contradictory partnerships that arise within it, including with the extractive industries.

Renewable Energy Policy as Indonesia's Energy Security Strategy

Indonesia has the potential of abundant natural resources that made the country a global energy producer before, but because of the dwindling energy reserves owned makes the position reversed and caused Indonesia’s policy to have energy supply from other countries, besides the high utilization of fossil energy in Indonesia has much impact on environmental damage such as air and water pollution and does not support economic development patterns. Sustainable. For this reason, the Indonesian government needs to improve its policy regulations by focusing on the development and management of new renewable energy as a form of a national resilience strategy and environmental impact reduction. This new renewable energy will be analyzed from 4 dimensions of political considerations in constructivist theory, namely idiographic, purposive, ethics, and instrument, to see if it will be appropriate for Indonesia’s national energy security strategic plan. This research uses qualitative methods that explain the two variables involved in this new renewable energy and energy security and look for reasons for the need to include the concept of renewable energy in the national energy security policy strategy, with qualitative data collection techniques and library literature sources and interview results of related quotations. The results of the four-dimensional analysis will explain that the concept of renewable energy ideas is a social construction that can be a policy recommendation in the field of energy for the government to maintain the availability of energy supply in the strategic issue of national energy security

Renewable Energy Policy as Indonesia's Energy Security Strategy

Indonesia has the potential of abundant natural resources that made the country a global energy producer before, but because of the dwindling energy reserves owned makes the position reversed and caused Indonesia’s policy to have energy supply from other countries, besides the high utilization of fossil energy in Indonesia has much impact on environmental damage such as air and water pollution and does not support economic development patterns. Sustainable. For this reason, the Indonesian government needs to improve its policy regulations by focusing on the development and management of new renewable energy as a form of a national resilience strategy and environmental impact reduction. This new renewable energy will be analyzed from 4 dimensions of political considerations in constructivist theory, namely idiographic, purposive, ethics, and instrument, to see if it will be appropriate for Indonesia’s national energy security strategic plan. This research uses qualitative methods that explain the two variables involved in this new renewable energy and energy security and look for reasons for the need to include the concept of renewable energy in the national energy security policy strategy, with qualitative data collection techniques and library literature sources and interview results of related quotations. The results of the four-dimensional analysis will explain that the concept of renewable energy ideas is a social construction that can be a policy recommendation in the field of energy for the government to maintain the availability of energy supply in the strategic issue of national energy security

СИСТЕМА КОНСТИТУЦІЙНО-ПРАВОВИХ ГАРАНТІЙ, ЩО ДІЮТЬ В УМОВАХ ОБОРОНИ УКРАЇНИ

Any war is directly related to a significant restriction of human as well as civil rights and freedoms. The war in Ukraine, which began in 2014 and escalated into a full-scale phase, has become the largest armed conflict on the European continent since World War II. It would seem that significant violations of human rights cannot be avoided with such a scale of armed confrontation but at the same time, the practical side of the issue demonstrates that no actual and systematic illegal decisions had been taken by Ukraine towards any conflict participants and civilians. The above raises a reasonable question: "How did Ukraine, in a very brutal, intensive and large-scale war, avoid the negative legal manifestations that had been inherent in any war for the last hundred years?" It was with the aim of understanding this issue that the article was written. The paper is devoted to the research of the issue concerning the system of legal norms protecting the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in Ukraine both under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law and a special period. Certain legal conflicts or inaccuracies that exist in the field of law governing the issues of national security and defense of Ukraine are clarified and explained in this study. Particular attention is paid to those constitutional and legal norms that are limited for the duration of the legal regime of martial law; the legitimacy of such restrictions is explained; a comparison with other constitutional and legal norms is made; as well as the correlation between the norms enshrined in the Constitution of Ukraine and inferior legal norms is demonstrated. The article analyzes of system of legal norms, which to some extent intersect with the constitutional and legal norms and which are aimed at ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the conditions of Ukraine's defense. For writing this work, the legal acts (including the acts of international law) that are a part of the national legislation of Ukraine in their logical and continuous connection with the norms of the Fundamental Law are analyzed; answers are provided to the questions as for the legitimacy and the need for certain legal restrictions; the issues of restricting the right to life in the sense of Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine are revealed. This article provides the explanations as for the way the Ukrainian state effectively regulates social relations that exist under the conditions of the legal wartime regime and does not allow arbitrariness on the part of any armed structures, government agencies, organizations and institutions with a special mode of functioning of all state institutions. It will be useful for reading not only by the persons who were not previously familiar with the system of legal norms governing legal relations in the field of national security and protection in terms of ensuring the rights and freedoms of man and citizen, but also for people informed in this field who have not systematized their knowledge into a single logical system yet.

Susceptibility to Flooding of Urban Areas Puerto Vallarta - Mexico

The Mexican Pacific coast is frequently affected by meteorological systems that cause rain. These events are beneficial when they precipitate in the internal valleys of the basins and water is captured from the highlands by filtration, recharging the aquifers, and allowing surface runoff through rivers and runoffs that are the natural sources of freshwater. On the other hand, these systems are adverse when they precipitate in excess, and additionally, they are associated with bad decisions and urban planning errors that put at risk the life and patrimony of some social sectors, this aspect has become a national security issue for the authorities. The region of Bahia de Banderas has a rainwater drainage network through open-pit channels that partially cover the urban area, a situation that puts the population and its assets at risk since rain considered common causes significant puddles, a situation that is progressively worsening, but the great danger of an extraordinary amount of rain, as has occurred in the past, is represented by the hydrological basins that cross or are adjacent to it, an aspect that will be discussed in greater detail in this article.

THE RUSSIAN NEGOTIATION CULTURE THROUGH THE EYES OF FOREIGNERS

Foreign negotiators’ observations represent a valuable source of understanding the Russian negotiation culture. They pay attention to the duality and inconsistency of the Russian character, significant fluctuations in the mood of Russians, which determine the unpredictability of their behavior. However, foreign observers also point a significant experience of rational behavior within the Russian negotiation. Researchers notice the special attention that Russians pay to the issues of national security and their respect for “power” and “strength” (that sometimes is explained as “imperial thinking”). Also, Russian negotiators are persistent in defending their position, they demonstrate desire to realize it as fully as possible, they struggle for equal partnership relations and sometimes these efforts bring unilateral advantages for them. Russians want to play a leading and even dominant role during negotiations, they prefer to set the agenda and try to hide their weaknesses in aim to prevent a counterpart from taking advantage that may cause damage. Such approach explains the reluctance of Russians to make compromises, which they perceive as a manifestation of weakness. Russians trust and cooperate primarily with members of their community (“intracultural negotiations”) and demonstrate less openness to foreign colleagues who represents the “alien” group (“intercultural negotiations”). Western negotiators note the decisive role of opinions made by delegation heads rather than experts. The fear of making mistakes and consequently the fear of punishment holds the Russians back from risky negotiating behavior and deviations from their instructions. The Russian negotiators are taken very seriously by their foreign colleagues. Nevertheless, some experts recommend that exaggerating the “threatening” and “overwhelming” power of the Russian partners should be avoided. They advise to be firm dealing with Russians, to strive to establish trust and good personal relations, and to prove reliability in their eyes for gaining benefits from negotiations.

جائحة كورونا والمفاهيم السياسية: الامن والحقوق وجدل الاولويات

The Corona crisis has revived controversy and debate about the value and intellectual system on which institutions and practices are based in our contemporary world. A major review process has begun at the philosophical and intellectual level for the ideological and intellectual foundations, and for the structures and institutions that have been entrenched during the last decades. This crisis has shed light on the failure of globalization policies, and restored consideration The role of the state, as it brought to light the issue of national security and its concept, and strengthened the authority of states and governments at the expense of the rights of individuals and groups, and it seems that this review process may force a review of the content of many of the political concepts that have prevailed in recent decades.

Child Safety and its Place in the National Security System

The article is devoted to the issues of the safety of children – one of the most vulnerable categories of the population and at the same time the most important priority of the state policy of Russia. The subject of the study are threats and the system of ensuring the safety of children. The methodological basis of the research was made up of an interdisciplinary approach, logical, comparative, concrete sociological (content analysis, questionnaire) and special legal (formal legal, technical legal, interpretation) methods of cognition. The information base of the study was the Constitution of the Russian Federation and other legal and technical acts regulating issues of child safety and national security, scientific publications and information and analytical materials. The empirical base of the study was made up of the materials of the questionnaire of persons living in Yekaterinburg with children (N=127, 2022). Special attention is paid to the study of the relationship between the safety of children and the national security of the state. The scientific novelty of the work consists in: the author's approach to understanding the safety of children, its structure and content; identified by the results of the survey conducted by the author of the problems of ensuring and threats to the safety of children at home, on the street and in educational institutions; formulated proposals for their solution and minimization. It is concluded that the safety of children in the system of ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation should be isolated as a separate strategic national priority and stand in the first place.

ЗАКОНОДАВЧІ ОСНОВИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ УКРАЇНИ

In the conditions of transformational changes in Ukraine, the issue of national security is one of the key ones. Military intervention in relation to our state, crisis processes in the economy, politics, finance, social sphere, opposition to political extremism, separatism, collaborationism, various forms and methods of crime in today's realities are acute, painful problems that require an immediate solution. The state is the defining institution of the political system of Ukraine, the main guarantor of the constitutional system and performs the functions of ensuring national security through legislative, executive and judicial authorities, the key place among which should belong to the parliament, which provides regulatory and legal support for national security in the state. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, within the functional powers defined by the Constitution of Ukraine, determines the principles of internal and foreign policy, the foundations of national security, forms the legislative framework in this area, approves decisions on the introduction of a state of emergency and martial law, mobilization, determination of the general structure, number, and functions of allies and participation in military-political alliances; professionalism of the personnel of the armed forces; the size of military expenditures, the state of military science and the nature of military doctrine. These factors are important objects of Ukraine's military policy. Because it is the effective functioning of the security and defense sector and defense in conditions of limited state resources and the consistent and constructive support of Ukraine by the international community that is the key to the successful provision of socio-political and socio-economic development and regional security, the restoration of peace in Ukraine. Without proper legislative support, the national security system of Ukraine will be formal and unable to protect the rights and freedoms of the Ukrainian people. The article uses a number of general scientific, legal, and philosophical methods and approaches. The worldview position of the authors is determined by the development of the modern complex state of our country, martial law, challenges, globalist military intervention of Russia, etc. All this requires characteristic approaches and methodological expansion of the problem on the basis of the civilizational approach, conceptual approaches of jurisprudence with the application of systemic methods. The theoretical and practical significance of the study includes a comprehensive analysis of the outlined issues of institutional support of the problem of national security in Ukraine at the legislative level.

Health Security Ideas of Major Political Groups and the US Military Government during the Liberation Period (1945-1948) in Korea.

The liberation period in Korea was when creative imagination and various debates existed about plans for political, economic, and social systems. Among them was the debate over the national health security underlying the social safety net. Although the US influenced the Korean health security after liberation, major political groups on the Korean peninsula also expressed various opinions. However, previous studies have shown little interest in national health security, which operates the public health and medical care systems. To overcome these limitations, this study focuses on the ideas on national health security presented by major political groups, analyzing the reply proposal of "Jŏnpyŏng" and the health care proposal of the US military government, which has not been reviewed before. The opinions of major political groups including the right-wing Im-hyŏp and left-wing Min-chŏn diverged on national health security issue regarding insurance coverage, measures to secure financial resources, items of insurance benefits, and measures to stabilize the supply and demand of medical personnel. The claims of the US military government can be understood by "Labor Problems and Policies in Korea (Korean Subcommittee)," "Korean Labor Report (Stewart Meacham)," and "Proposed Political Platform Provisional Korean Democratic Government (Sub-commission #2)." The major political groups and the US military government agreed on the need for social protection against death, old age, disability, disease, injury, and unemployment. All of them claimed national health security, in which the roles of the private sector and the government were mixed, should be gradually introduced. The major political groups, in particular, proposed to (1) set workers as beneficiaries of insurance, (2) share financial resources jointly among the state, employers, and workers, and (3) promote the expansion of the number of doctors and medical institutions and prefer cooperative operations of the hospitals established in small administrative units. This paper argues that the ideas on national health security during the liberation period did not completely deviate from the global trend immediately after World War II when countries tried to expand the number of people covered by national health security and strengthen its coverage. Although these ideas were not fully reflected in the Constitution of 1948, it is significant in that the Constitution codified for the first time the state's responsibility for those who have no ability for living due to their health conditions.

National Security, FDI and Economic Development in Nigeria

The issue of national security is one that cuts across every sector of economic growth and development. Security offers some degree of certainty which enables people to set goals and invest in their future and that of their children. It also encourages innovation, strengthens social connections and build trust in others and in institutions. The idea is that the more secured a nation is, the easier it is to carry out economic activities which further translates to economic development both local and international. This paper examines the prominent role national security plays in the area of foreign direct investment and economic development in Nigeria. The study aims at providing empirical evidence on the impact of national security on foreign direct investment and economic development in Nigeria. Ordinary least squares (OLS) technique was used in estimating the structural parameters in the equation, we conclude that insecurity is a threat to development because it produces economic stagnation. We recommend that government at all levels and key actors in policy formulation should adopt the culture of transparency such that funds allocated to the security sector are effectively utilized for equipping the security system to meet 21st century standard.

STAN ŚRODOWISKA CYBERNETYCZNEGO I NARODOWA STRATEGIA CYBERBEZPIECZEŃSTWA W KRAJACH ROZWINIĘTYCH

In the context of integration into modern information technologies, the state, society, business structures and individuals face critical challenges in the field of information and its authenticity in cyberspace, secure use of electronic services, protection of personal data, data completeness and confidentiality. In an environment where new cyber threats are constantly emerging and evolving, it is important for countries to have flexible, operational cybersecurity strategies against global cyber threats. In the modern era, cyberattacks and cyber defense are considered as an integral part of all operations. At present, no military operation is carried out without a cyber element. However, very few countries are able to respond to such attacks with state resources . Today, the issue of cybersecurity is considered one of the priorities. Every year, governmental, non-governmental and international organizations hold various events in this area at the regional and global levels. As it is seen, cybersecurity is a very broad and urgent problem. The Azerbaijani state has taken appropriate steps to assess the existing gaps and threats in this area in a timely manner and will continue to work with great determination . Currently, the number of cyberattacks and cyber-espionage against government agencies and private companies is growing rapidly. The consequences of well-planned and successful cyberattacks targeting interconnected and dependent information infrastructure can be devastating. Cybersecurity and privacy of personal information is becoming a strategic national issue affecting all levels of society. Therefore, cybersecurity becomes a necessary condition for the development of the information society. Each state has a different approach to cybersecurity, there are such views on cybersecurity as information security, the issue of national security, the issue of law enforcement agencies and the economic issue. Although all countries recognize the importance of international cooperation in the field of cybersecurity, the lack of a common language and approach complicates the process of international cooperation. Therefore, the partnership and cooperation of countries in the field of cybersecurity is vital. Provision of reliable cybersecurity is beyond the access of small states independently, and solving this problem requires the partnership and cooperation of all interested parties - states, law enforcement agencies, the private sector and citizens. The cross-border nature of cyber threats encourages countries to work closely together in the field of cybersecurity. Nowadays, the issue of cybersecurity is becoming a national strategic problem and affects all sectors of society. Fast, efficient and effective fight against cyber threats requires the definition of the right strategic goals. The development of a national cybersecurity strategy is the first and main step in the fight against cyber threats. To develop a successful and optimal national cybersecurity strategy, available national cybersecurity strategies should be analyzed and successful practices against cyber threats should be used.