National Security Issues Research Articles

Extraterritoriality of the Application of Constitutional Norms in the USA: a View from a Constitutional and Legal Perspective

Introduction. The problem of extraterritoriality of the application of American law and, in particular, constitutional norms has become especially relevant in recent decades in connection with the adoption and application of a number of regulations whose effect extends directly beyond the borders of the United States and significantly affects the interests of independent states. In this regard, scholars and legal practitioners often turn to this issue to determine what is the legal basis for the application of extraterritoriality, as well as what judicial and doctrinal approaches to resolving this issue exist in the United States of America itself. It should be noted that some states understand the principle of extraterritoriality very broadly, when a state goes beyond its own jurisdiction. A similar situation is observed in the United States. In this article, authors turn to the history of the extraterritoriality of legal norms in the United States, analyze in detail the practice of the Supreme Court and identify different vectors of development of this concept in American law and judicial practice.Materials and methods. During the study, general scientific methods were used, including methods of cognition, description, analysis and special methods, such as comparative legal, formal legal, structural legal.Reseach results. The study showed that despite the long history of resolving the issue of extraterritoriality of a number of American legal norms, the vector of development of this concept has changed significantly over time, which is directly confirmed by the corresponding analysis of the practice of the US Supreme Court and a number of lower courts. The modern trend is to use more balanced approaches that take into account a variety of factors, such as the territory of the act and the citizenship of the party.Discussion and conclusion. The conducted research revealed that increasing attention is being paid to the analysis of the issue of the balance of power in the system of separation of powers, as well as to issues of national security in connection with the development of the concept of extraterritoriality. The development of the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the United States has a significant impact on the activities of executive authorities and affects the standards for resolving judicial disputes in lower courts. When resolving the issue of extraterritoriality, it is very important to maintain modern diplomatic approaches and, in particular, to maintain the principle of reciprocity and not to create a threat to the sovereignty of other states.

The Protracted Rohingya Refugee Crisis: A Growing Incertitude for Bangladesh, the Rohingyas, and the Regional Countries

The protracted Rohingya refugee crisis is one of the most significant ongoing refugee crises in the world. The Rohingyas have been facing decades of discrimination, statelessness and targeted violence in Myanmar which forced them to cross the Bangladeshi border for saving lives. The Rohingyas entered into Bangladesh after violent attacks in 1978, 1991-1992 and in 2016. The recent influx of Rohingya arrival in 2016 crossed the previous records that shifted the number of Rohingya refuges in Bangladesh to 1.2 million. This significant number of refugees have not only created humanitarian crisis but also security risks. Though, the host country is getting humanitarian assistance from international communities to support the refugees but the security risks are getting less attention. This study emphasizes on the security aspects of this refugee crisis. It explains that the protracted Rohingya refugee crisis has created multi-dimensional non-traditional security risks. The host country is in the risk of several national security issues and the Rohingyas are also facing human security crisis. This crisis has also posed security risks towards the regional countries at the same time. It also explains the necessity of immediate attention to resolve the crisis permanently by short-term and long-term measures.

Guarantees of security for Ukraine: unlearned lessons of the Budapest Memorandum

In the context of the war unleashed by the russian federation in Ukraine, the issues of national security and state security have acquired a remarkable scale of acuteness, actualized the expediency of both rethinking the current security documents and complex approaches to the issues of regulatory and legal security provision, became an impetus for the initiation of new processes related to the search for some new, more effective and efficient security guarantees for Ukraine. The proposed article raises an urgent problem in modern science and practice, in particular, the theory of law and the law of national security, international law, international relations - new regulatory security guarantees. Using the example of the Budapest Memorandum, a valid document on security guarantees, singned in 1994 in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, its legal nature is analyzed, attention is focused on the fallacy of attributing it to such a source of law as normative and legal contract, its features are singled out precisely as an act of «soft law», its place among other sources of law in the national legal system of Ukraine as a political document is specified, is classified as an auxiliary source of law, which has properties under certain conditions to penetrate into the main sources of law, contributing to the main law sources in the security issues legal regulation. The author states the problem of the necessity to substantiate the effectiveness of such documents in national security issues regulation, in particular their ability to counter real threats in the context of the right to security. Analyzing complex approaches to the understanding of security guarantees, the author tries to understand the needs, possibilities and expediency of the search for optimal security guarantees, as well as potential threats that may arise due to a misunderstanding of the role and place of acts of «soft law» among other sources of law. In this regard, aspects of both legal and non-legal issues are highlighted, and legal issues are first of all detailed and analyzed. Options for solving legal problems related to security guarantees are offered, as well as prospects for their development.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR NON TRADITIONAL MARITIME SECUIRTY

The discussion that arose around the Security Studies study area following the conclusion of the Cold War provides a useful foundation for understanding this intellectual tradition. "Military power is the central focus of the field," according to Stephen Walt, who was merely restating the discipline's conventional wisdom. Walt contended that despite efforts to broaden the definition of security, the subject would not benefit from losing its "intellectual coherence," given its sensitivity to the internal reasoning behind the field's development. His warning to scholars in the domain to furnish the prerequisites of the scientific canon demonstrated his devotion to science as a philosophical approach to study political life. This was seen as a call for "public documentation of theoretical and empirical claims, unbiased measurement of critical concepts, and careful and consistent use of terms."1 Thus, the demands of Security Studies were understood to expressly legitimise a pragmatic instrumental social engineering tendency. Since state survival was ultimately what mattered, the national security issue remained at the centre of the endeavour. Walt thought that people who oppose constrictive security measures should likewise direct their investigation towards this goal, rather than only those in positions of authority. In order to grasp his perspective on this issue, it is helpful to note that '[t]he steadfast conviction that those opposed to war ought not to research Comparing national security to trying to treat cancer by not studying medicine and letting tobacco firms be the only ones conducting research on the illness. Walt effectively indicates that it is worthwhile to investigate other perspectives on security, but he ultimately returns to his main concern of "under what conditions should states employ military force and for what purposes?" Keywords: Theoretical framework, non-traditional maritime security threat

Contemporary Community Policing and National Security in Nigeria

Crime has been identified as the most endemic problem affecting security in Nigeria. This was confirmed by the United Nations which listed Nigeria among the fifteen countries of the world that are most vulnerable to insecurity. Just like a natural disaster, crime and insecurity retard a nation’s progress. Thus, the amended 1999 Constitution of Nigeria prescribed a national police structure to maintain internal security for the country. Noting that its incident-driven policing approach has not provided adequate security for Nigeria, the police reinforced it with a police-community partnership paradigm. Even with this, frequent cases of bombings from Boko-Haram, brutal attacks on communities by herdsmen, kidnappings, killings and harvesting of human organs for money rituals among others have not reduced. The paper interrogated the challenges of contemporary community policing against national security in Nigeria and what should be done. It is an analytical-empirical paper whose data were sourced from relevant published materials and observation methods. The data were analysed through descriptive methods. Using the liberal structural conflict theory as a theoretical framework, community policing was found appropriate to deal with national security issues in Nigeria. However, among other challenges, the existing community policing was identified as incompatible with the present Nigerian political environment. Hence, it has failed to guarantee security in Nigeria. The paper concluded that community policing is central to the proper management of public security and recommended comprehensive community policing to deal with national security issues in the country.

APPROACHES TO EXTENDING THE LIFE OF BIOLOGICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES AT UKRAINIAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Problem statement. Ensuring the safety of nuclear power plants is one of the main issues of Ukraine's national security. The operation of operating nuclear power units in Ukraine has always been associated with the risk of radiation leakage into the soil, rivers or the atmosphere. Since the late 2000s, the power industry has faced a significant challenge: ‘How to extend the regulatory operation and prolong the use of biological protection of the units?’ There are 15 nuclear power units in operation in the country, three ChNPP units are being decommissioned in the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone, and Unit 4, together with the Shelter and the new safe confinement, is in the process of being transformed into an environmentally safe system. Ukraine has a number of facilities with spent nuclear fuel, radioactive waste and ionising radiation sources. In addition, radiation technologies are used in industry, medicine, science and other sectors. The purpose of the article − analysis of the technical condition and operation of Ukrainian nuclear power units and consideration of the issue of assessing the physical deterioration of NPP unit structures and measures aimed at improving their operational safety. To further improve the level of safety of power units, reduce the risks of accidents at NPPs during natural disasters or other extreme situations, improve the efficiency of managing design and beyond-design basis accidents at NPPs, and minimise their consequences. Conclusion. The considered issues on lifetime extension of power units in operation in Ukraine are highly relevant. The issue of extending the life of biological protection of nuclear power units, taking into account national and international experience, allows to continue operation of a nuclear power plant without shutdown and mothballing. Taking into account the actual state of the building structures of the units, an improved control system was proposed that allows assessing the risks of abnormal and emergency situations during the operation of power unit equipment and eliminating violations during scheduled design and repair work.

THE TREND IN CORRUPTION, CRUDE OIL THEFT, AND NATIONAL SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA

Over the past decade, Nigeria has faced a complex set of challenges, with corruption, crude oil theft, and national security issues being at the forefront. These problems have created a vicious cycle, where each issue exacerbates the other, leading to significant economic, political, and social repercussions. This study employs a longitudinal research design to investigate the relationship between national security, crude oil theft, and political corruption in Nigeria from 2013 to 2023. Nigeria, a leading global oil producer, has long grappled with security challenges, particularly in the Niger Delta region, where crude oil theft, violent events, and corruption have been pervasive. Using secondary data sourced from repositories, the study examines trends in crude oil theft, violent fatalities, and political corruption. Data were cleaned and analysed using R. The analysis reveals fluctuating trends in crude oil theft and corruption over the decade, with periods of peak activity aligning with political and security instability. The highest levels of crude oil theft were recorded in 2013 and 2023, while the political corruption index saw a significant decline from 2015 onwards, suggesting the partial success of anti-corruption measures. The findings highlight a complex interplay between corruption and oil theft, with spikes in violence and fatalities corresponding to key years of political unrest. The study underscores the importance of targeted interventions to address the cyclical nature of corruption, theft, and insecurity in Nigeria’s oil sector.

CAPACITY BUILDING FOR CIVIL SERVANTS AND STATE MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS OF VIETNAM'S SEAS AND ISLANDS

Vietnam's seas and islands greatly influence political and legal life for national, regional, and international development in history, present, and future. The article analyzes the need and importance of capacity building for civil servants and state management organizations on seas and islands in the context of developing the marine economy and protecting Vietnam's sea and island sovereignty. With a long coastline and a rich island system, Vietnam is facing many challenges from resource exploitation, and climate change to national security and defense issues. The article discusses the current status of the sea and island management capacity of civil servants, officials, and related organizations, including limitations in expertise, management skills, and the ability to respond to complex situations. The article also proposes strategic solutions to improve management capacity through training, professional development, enhanced international cooperation, and application of modern technology in sea and island management. The article emphasizes that improving the capacity of civil servants and state management organizations is the key to effectively implementing policies for sustainable marine economic development and protecting national maritime interests, making an important contribution to the comprehensive development of Vietnam.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0712/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОКАЗАНИЯ ПЕРВОЙ ПОМОЩИ И ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ДЕТЯМ В ЭКСТРЕННЫХ И ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЯХ

The issue of interaction of employees of EMERCOM of Russia with children is highlighted. The activities and measures contributing to maximizing the effectiveness of emergency rescue, evacuation, and rescue operations involving children are presented. Revealing the issue of national security of the country, we touch upon the description of the protection of the population and territories from emergency situations. Protection is provided by the availability of highly qualified specialists. Special attention is paid to such components as: knowledge of child psychology, physical fitness, personal qualities (responsibility, endurance, sociability, observation), stress resistance. The rationale for the measures of a careful algorithm of work when working with children is as follows: in the event of an emergency, it is necessary to act decisively and quickly, and at the same time carefully and thoughtfully.

Gaskeuniversiteete (Mid Sweden University) to Host 2024 Polar Law Symposium

In September 2024, Gaskeuniversiteete (Mid Sweden University) will host the Polar Law Symposium. It will be the first time a Swedish university hosts the symposium. This symposium, which began in 2008 during the fourth International Polar Year, serves as a venue for scholars and practitioners to address emerging issues in international law and policy pertaining to the polar regions. This year’s event is scheduled for September 23–25 in Staare (Östersund), Sweden, located in the southern part of Saepmie. The symposium will focus on two primary themes: Implementation of International Minority and Indigenous Law at National Levels, and Governance, Resources, Security, and Jurisdictional Issues in the Circumpolar Area. Mid Sweden University’s role as the host underscores its high-quality multidisciplinary research profile, and growing commitment to Saami studies and research, furthering its mission to enhance collaboration with the Saami community.

A Bibliometric Literature Review on Trends in the Internationalization of Higher Education

In recent years, the internationalization of higher education has become a critical theme, reflecting global interconnectedness and the increasing mobility of students and academics. This study aims to identify and analyze trends in internationalization research from 2015 to 2024. Utilizing a bibliometric analysis of 9,180 articles and 44,000 keywords from Web of Science and Scopus databases, the research synthesizes developments in nine key fields over the past decade. Methods include data cleaning, keyword determination, and the use of Excel for data processing and analysis. The results reveal significant progress in understanding the complexities of internationalization, such as student mobility, societal and cultural integration, educational methods, and quality assurance. The study highlights the accelerated role of digital technology due to the COVID-19 pandemic and emerging national security issues. Conclusions offer new theoretical and practical insights into the role of internationalization in higher education outcomes and predict future trends. The findings have significant implications for policy-making, institutional strategies, and future research directions. This research contributes to the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of past trends and suggesting directions for future studies, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts from educational institutions, governments, and international organizations. Emphasis is placed on inclusivity and sustainability, with a call for innovative strategies to address emerging challenges and leverage new opportunities in the field of higher education internationalization.

Decarbonization under geoeconomic distress? Energy shocks, carbon lock‐ins, and Germany's pathway toward net zero

AbstractHow can decarbonization governance endure under increasing geoeconomic distress? Global tensions threaten to divert financial and political resources from the green transition toward national security issues. However, we lack the analytical tools to assess decarbonization governance in this age of global rivalries. To address this gap, we develop an analytical framework to study the effects of geoeconomic shocks through investment, operational, and political channels. Using macro‐ and company‐level data and document analysis, we empirically test our framework using Germany's decarbonization governance following the cutoff of its Russian gas supply in 2022 as a case study. We find that this shock had negative short‐term effects on decarbonization via the operational channel, mixed effects via the political channel, and positive long‐term effects via the investment channel. Our framework and findings contribute to establishing climate change and energy politics as core issues for future political economy research.

Immigration and Its Impact on Europe's Societal Security: Examining the Rise of Far-Right Parties (2014-2024)

This study examines the relationship between immigration and the rise of far-right parties in Europe from 2014 to 2024, focusing on the implications for societal security. It explores how far-right parties have capitalized on immigration, framing it as a critical threat to national identity and social stability. Applying the Copenhagen School’s securitization theory, the research analyzes how these parties have redefined immigration as a national security issue, thereby legitimizing more stringent immigration policies and exclusionary practices. The findings indicate that far-right parties have effectively utilized public anxieties and uncertainties surrounding immigration to influence the political discourse across Europe. This shift has significant socio-political consequences, posing challenges to the European Union’s foundational principles of integration, democracy, and human rights. The study highlights concerns over democratic backsliding, the erosion of social policies, and threats to freedom of movement and human rights. Additionally, it examines the potential impacts on the EU’s cohesion policy, foreign policy, enlargement process, and environmental sustainability. The research underscores a major transformation in Europe’s political landscape with far-reaching implications for the stability of the European Union and its member states.

International experience of partnership of private companies and special services in the interests of national security and its significance for Ukraine

The article is devoted to topical issues of national security. Its purpose is to justify the need to review approaches to the partnership of special services of Ukraine and private companies. The current state of threats to national security from the aggressor country is characterized within the scope of scientific research. Attention was drawn to the fact that after the attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine, there were changes in the security paradigm and approaches to national security and the world system as a whole, and the need, in this connection, to find additional resources to counter the Russian Federation, to develop new effective models of organizing the activities of national special services by involving the potential and resources of non-state institutions in this activity. It was established that the effective partnership of special services and private enterprises in the interests of national security is a stable international practice, and in some cases, the only means of increasing the effectiveness of special services in conditions of shortage of personnel and resources, which meets the requirements of international and national legislation. The international experience of such a partnership is characterized using the examples of the “Griffin”, “ECSA – CERBERUS”, “ProtectUK” projects, as well as the activities of private intelligence and security companies. Prospective directions for strengthening the capabilities of Ukraine’s special services through partnership with private enterprises and their security structures are highlighted, including: creation of security platforms (educational and informational and communicative in nature); obtaining operationally significant information in the interests of ensuring state security both in the country and abroad, including its processing; assistance in the use of existing and development of new software products for the search and identification of persons who pose a threat to the state security of Ukraine, the recording of their criminal activities, etc.; carrying out analytical studies, summarizing a large array of data in the interests of national security; personnel training for work in modern conditions, including using the latest technologies. The need for clear legal regulation of the rights and obligations of the parties to such a partnership is emphasized.

The role of political institutions in the religious sphere before and during the Russo-Ukrainian war: national security vs. freedom of religion

The paper aims to demonstrate characteristics of interaction between governmental efforts to maintain national security and the situation with freedom of religion in Ukraine. To answer the questions of how political decisions have influenced the religious sphere in Ukraine over the past five years including wartime and whether there is a balance between national interests and freedom of religion we apply event impact assessment comparing trends of transitions of parishes and people attitudes towards different Orthodox churches before and after political actions and governmental decisions during 2018–2023. The paper confirms that although religion was repeatedly brought into the political sphere religious pluralism persists in Ukraine on the territories that are under government control. We demonstrate that establishing the Orthodox church that was independent of Russia bolstered freedom of religion and full-scale Russia invasion caused a steep increase in many religious transfers from the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UPC MP) to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). Despite an increased role of the state and issues of national security due to Russian aggression, the religious sphere was quite autonomous.

Redefining Climate Change as a National Security Issue: Local Climate Adaptation as a Communicative Point

Climate change is already taking a toll in the United States and globally and thereby threatens public safety and challenges national security. This reality requires educating the American public about climate change in tandem with security. However, climate change is not usually associated with national security to the public, although the climate security framework may accelerate to buffer the combative posture from the climate-dismissive and reduce polarization amongst political parties. In this study, we seek to provide an in-depth understanding of barriers to climate communication by bringing together climate politics and communication literature. We identify information silo effect and ideological factors that cause both conservative and liberal individuals to believe a certain way about certain issues and use motivated reasoning to justify those beliefs. We also suggest a potentially viable way to educate people about climate change and expand the notion of national security in public discourses. We argue that to help individuals see climate change as a security issue, climate communication should focus on fostering community resilience with local climate issues. In this way, policymakers can avoid getting trapped in an infinite loop of debate about climate science and overcome polarization while helping communities understand climate change as a national security issue and adapt to climate-induced impacts on ecosystem and community viability.

Taiwan democracy and the conceptualization of ideological security in Tsai administration’s discourse

Utilizing the theoretical lens of securitization and the Taiwan Democracy Ideology Securitisation conceptual framework (the TDIS), this article explains how the Tsai administration (Republic of China) transforms Taiwan democracy into the issue of security by conceptualizing Taiwan’s ideological security. In this study, I employ Tsai’s administration’s governmental discourses concerning the issues of democracy and national security to understand how political language and words support an interpretation of the social realities in which Taiwan democracy could be treated as a national security object.The findings show that the Tsai administration conceptualized ‘ideological security’ to bring the issue of democracy security to the public. The conceptualization was handled in three main ways: forming Taiwan democracy as a dominant political ideology; spiritualizing Taiwan democracy as a political asset and revolutionarily ‘hard-earned’ achievement; and shaping Taiwan’s ideological security. Furthermore, the paper quantitatively demonstrated that the majority of the Taiwanese public agreed with the government’s transforming Taiwan democracy into ideological security.

What Do News Editorials Point to in the Framing of Nigerian National Security? Does Media Content Project Public Lens or Elites Power Hierarchies?

Growing cases of the role of media in national security tend to suggest that news is reflective of on the spot assessment. Yet, a corpus of literature shows that media influence is highly dominated by elites’ power, where media framing projects more of these power and influence. This paper therefore expounds on the extent to which news media editorials are reflective of public concerns or portray more of elites’ power. Succinctly, the aim is to explore what media editorials point to in the framing of national security issues. In view of the precarity of insecurity and mounting challenges of Nigeria’s national security, it is pertinent to unravel what constantly preoccupies media establishments, mostly, their editorial contents. And what trajectory and path do they tilt towards in the broader mediatization of the nation’s national issues occasioned by terrorism, militancy, banditry, kidnapping and other crimes. Overall, the paper provides a clue about how news editorials showcase and often pander to hierarchal power within Nigeria’s national security architecture.

Participatory Forest Management in Burkina Faso: Perceptions of Local Populations in the Cassou Managed Forest

In recent decades, the participation of local populations has become an imperative and a solution in forest management. Mystified and idealized, the participatory approach is seen as the key to sustainable management of this resource. This approach was adopted in Burkina Faso in the mid-1980s, leading to the establishment of the Forest Management Sites (FMS or CAF in french), administrative and technical structures for sustainable forest management involving local populations. However, the area of managed forests has continued to decline at an alarming rate. In such a context, we are tempted to ask whether there really is participation in systems described as participatory forest management, and if the populations have appropriated the approach. This study, carried out among the local populations of Cassou forest management site, attempts to answer these questions. Its aim was to gather local people's perceptions on their involvement in the forest management. To achieve the study's objective, eight (8) focus groups with men and women were organized during July and August 2022 in the villages of Cassou, Vrassan, Kou and Dao. The study analyzed local people's perceptions of the following scales of participation: “<i>consultation, involvement, information sharing, collaboration, decision-making and sharing of economic benefits</i>”. The data analysis using Nvivo 21 software showed that local people felt 100% involved only in sharing economic benefits, while the level of participation on the other scales was barely 20%. These results show the low level of participation of local people in the forests management. The decision-makers therefore need to work towards genuine involvement of local populations in the management of these areas, so that they see them as part of the community heritage to be defended. The socio-political situation in Burkina Faso today proves that this is all the more important given that, in addition to the environmental stakes, forests represent a national security issue.

President Rule Article 356 Federalism and Issue of National Security

Federalism is an organisational structure in which authority is shared or split among all of the subordinate governmental institutions rather than being solely vested in the central government. The relationship between the Union and the States is depictedin the Indian system.Because the constitutional division of powers by levels of government can control the potential hazards that security and intelligence authorities represent for individual and collective freedoms, federalism may be preferable to unitary security regimes. Federalism, however, can also be a security problem since it is believed to obstruct effective decision-making about public safety.The legal-institutional framework and constitution of the federal system in India exhibit a unique trend. Studies on national security legislation typically centre on striking a balance between security and liberty, with the vast majority of these studies\ examining this balance along the horizontal axis between federal branches. The vertical axis and the post-9/11 emergence of state and local government in American national security legislation and policy are two additional features that this article adds to question that traditional focus. It promotes a federalist framework that places a strong emphasis on vertical intergovernmental arrangements for the longterm promotion and mediation of a wide variety of policy values. When it comes to national security intelligence and counterterrorism, the federal and local governments collaborate and sometimes clash. This federalism framework clarifies these dynamics and provides insights that can help shape future reforms.