Licensing Issues Research Articles

MAIL: Micro-Accelerator-in-the-Loop Framework for MCU Integrated Accelerator Peripheral Fast Prototyping

The resource-constrained MCU-based platform is unable to use high-performance accelerators such as GPUs or servers due to insufficient resources for ML applications. We define a Micro-Accelerator (MA) that can accelerate ML operations by being connected to the on-chip bus peripheral of the MCU core. ML applications using general-purpose accelerators have a well-equipped SDK environment, making design and verification flow straightforward. In contrast, MA must be connected to the MCU core and on-chip bus interface within the chip. However, evaluating the interaction between the MCU core and an MA is challenging, as it requires the MA to connect with the core and the on-chip bus interface during target software execution. The cost of fabricating physical MA hardware is enormous, compounded by licensing issues with commercial cores. We propose a MA-in-the-loop (MAIL) framework that integrates a custom-designed MA into an emulation platform. This platform enables virtual execution by loading software onto the MCU, allowing observation of hardware-software interactions during ML execution. The proposed framework in this paper is a mixture of software that can emulate the environment in which general ML applications run on the MCU and RTL simulations to profile the acceleration on the MA. To evaluate the flow of ML software execution and performance changes according to the various architectures of MA in the framework, the MA can be reconfigured at runtime to explore the design space. To benchmark our proposed framework, we compared TinyML application profiles to the pure software execution. Experimental results show that the MA-accelerated framework performs comparably to actual MCUs, validating the efficacy of the proposed approach.

Impact of Seed Regulation Reform on Licensing Fees of Varieties in China

ABSTRACTCrop breeding research and seed industry development are critical to promoting sustainable growth in agricultural production and ensuring food security. The Chinese government introduced a significant reform to the original seed regulation system, which was overly focused on market access management. This revision can profoundly impact the licensing market of seed varieties in China. However, the licensing issue in the seed industry has barely been tapped owing to the limited availability of real licensing data. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the seed regulation reform on the licensing fees of varieties in China based on some unique actual transaction data of variety licensing. We employed a nationwide in‐person survey of seed companies and used a multivariate analysis. The results indicate that most seed companies in China were obliged to buy licenses for new varieties bred by others. An upfront lump‐sum fixed‐fee payment had also been the most used strategy for variety licensing. The estimation results of the multivariate analysis indicate that seed regulation reform in China led to an average decline of nearly half of the licensing fee of a variety. After the reform, the licensing prices of conventional rice varieties decreased the most, followed by maize varieties. By contrast, the reform did not significantly affect the licensing fees of hybrid rice varieties. The reform resulted in a 63% drop in licensing fee of a public‐bred variety, while having no significant impact on that of private‐bred varieties. Post reform, the licensee fee of a variety paid by smaller seed companies and non‐state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) decreased by 62% and 65%, respectively, while the fees paid by bigger seed companies and SOEs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the results confirm that newer varieties and the varieties with higher yield and exclusive contracts have significantly higher licensing fees, and large seed companies paid significantly more on a variety license. These results have important implications for market participants and policymakers in China's seed industry as well as other industries.

Critical Analysis of Green Technology and Green Patents

This research is mainly focused on the possibilities of green patents in supporting the global partnerships, open access and collaboration for the development of environmental technologies; patent thickets, blockages and licensing issues effecting the development of green technologies; Indian laws in promoting and safeguarding green patents.

Problematika Izin Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi Terhadap Upaya Penyadapan Tersangka Korupsi

The process of revising the KPK law gave rise to a new structure within the corruption erradiction commision. With the existence of the KPK Supervisory Board, the KPK's performance must be adapted to the results of the revision of the law. This article aims to explain cases of licensing issues experienced by KPK employees or investigators in an effort to wiretap corruption suspects to the KPK Supervisory Board. This arose due to the revision of the latest KPK law, namely Law number. 19 of 2019 so that there are many bureaucracies that hinder the performance of investigators in carry out efforts to eradicate corruption. The performance of investigators who are required to be fast and immediately confronted with layers of bureaucracy related to wiretapping. The research method used is a normative juridical approach using the statutory approach. The results of the research obtained are that the latest revision of the KPK law makes the wiretapping mechanism for corruption suspects must take permits and layers of bureaucracy. After a judicial review related to Law Number 19 of 2019, the Constitutional Court granted a material claim related to the article governing wiretapping. Now the KPK only notifies the Supervisory Board no later than 14 (fourteen) work days after the wiretapping is carried out. This is a good thing because the investigator's actions are impermeable and immediately can run well.

A study on an efficient OSS inspection scheme based on encrypted GML

The importance of Open Source Software (OSS) has increased in recent years. OSS is software that is jointly developed and maintained globally through open collaboration and knowledge sharing. OSS plays an important role, especially in the Information Technology (IT) field, by increasing the efficiency of software development and reducing costs. However, licensing issues, security issues, etc., may arise when using OSS. Some services analyze source code and provide OSS-related data to solve these problems, a representative example being Blackduck. Blackduck inspects the entiresource code within the project and provides OSS information and related data included in the whole project. Therefore, there are problems such as inefficiency due to full inspection of the source code and difficulty in determining the exact location where OSS is identified. This paper proposes a scheme to intuitively analyze source code through Graph Modelling Language (GML) conversion to solve these problems. Additionally, encryption is applied to GML to performsecure GML-based OSS inspection. The study explains the process of converting source code to GML and performing OSS inspection. Afterward, we compare the capacity and accuracy of text-based OSS inspection and GML-based OSS inspection. Signcryption is applied to performsafe, GML-based, efficient OSS inspection.

The Role of Women in Family Economy in Kalipurwo Village: A Social and Islamic Economic Analysis

This research was inspired by the shift of rice fields in Kalipurwo Village, Kuwarasan District, Kebumen Regency into kale farms, with many women working as kale farm laborers to support their families. The study aims to explore why women choose this work, their role in improving household income, and to assess Islamic economic justice for these workers. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, interviews were conducted with randomly selected informants. The findings reveal that women work as kale farm laborers due to necessity, fluctuating perceptions, lack of skills, and education. Their contribution is evident in household needs, such as supplementing their husband's income and covering daily expenses and school fees. The Islamic justice review highlights issues in licensing, wages, and spending. The study calls for government support to empower female workers and develop the farming sector.

“The Law Doesn’t Work Like a Computer”: Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced by Legal Practitioners

“The Law Doesn’t Work Like a Computer”: Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced by Legal Practitioners

Politics of Mining: Ecological and Economic Dynamics in Maluku Utara

The mining issue in North Maluku Province has become a primary focus, resulting in serious impacts on the economic and investment climate. Challenges related to mining activities include environmental damage, pollution, land conflicts, illegal operations, and licensing issues. The conflict of interest among mining companies, the government, and local communities is worsening over time due to unmet community needs and a shift from protests to resistance. Factors influencing the escalation of conflict include centralization in decision-making regarding mining resources by the government, reducing the participation of local communities in policy processes. Additionally, the lack of concern from mining companies for the welfare of local communities, particularly regarding compensation and social impacts, is also a cause of escalating conflict. This research utilized a descriptive qualitative method. The research findings indicate that community opposition to mining concession policies is caused by neglect of the rights of local communities in terms of compensation, discriminatory treatment in workforce recruitment, and environmental damage post-mining. This underscores the need for holistic and sustainable solutions to resolve mining conflicts in the region, considering the interests of all involved parties.

Community-based Sustainable Ecotourism at Tangkahan Tourism Destination, Langkat Regency

Ecotourism is a sustainable tourism method that uses local ecosystems and community culture to preserve nature and generate benefits. Tangkahan, an ecotourism area in Indonesia, has a history of forest exploitation and illegal logging. The local community is working to make it a sustainable conservation area. This research will explain Community-Based Sustainable Ecotourism in Tangkahan Tourism Destination, Langkat Regency. This descriptive research uses a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews, FGDs, observations, and focus group discussions, and uses data analysis techniques as suggested. The results showed that the management of Tangkahan Ecotourism involved cooperating parties such as the North Sumatra Natural Resources Conservation Centre, Gunung Leuser National Park Centre, Forest Management FMU, Conservation Response Unit, PT Perkebunan Nusantara II, Tourism Office, and two Tangkahan Tourism Area Villages namely Namo Sialang Village and Serdang Village. The Tangkahan Tourism Board manages the area, including marketing, guide services, and rescue efforts. However, land licensing issues, trust, and access difficulties hinder development. The development model should be open and community-based, integrating ecotourism development with other community activities. Critical programs include regulatory regulations, tourist facilities, infrastructure, human resources, cooperation, and collaboration with relevant parties.

Publishing and Copyright Laws in Nigeria: A Critical Review

This paper examines the state of publishing and copyright laws in Nigeria while considering the historical context, current impact, and the pressing need for reform. Publishing not only preserves and propagates knowledge but also stimulates economic growth. However, the vitality and sustainability of this sector heavily depend on the legal framework governing it, primarily the copyright laws. These laws are not only essential for safeguarding intellectual property but are also pivotal in ensuring the prosperity of authors and publishers alike. A comprehensive review of the state of publishing and copyright laws in Nigeria reveals a multi-faceted narrative, one fraught with historical legacies, contemporary challenges, and a pressing need for reform. An examination of the publishing and copyright laws in Nigeria, suggests that this dynamic relationship significantly impacts the nation’s cultural and economic landscape. The Nigerian publishing industry, with its rich literary tradition and vibrant creative voices, stands as a testament to the importance of effective copyright legislation. The paper observes that Nigeria’s copyright laws suffer from inadequacies in adapting to the digital age, weak enforcement mechanisms, and limitations in international recognition. These issues hamper the industry’s growth and hinder the full realization of its potential. Nonetheless, there is hope on the horizon. The Nigerian government has recognized the importance of reforming copyright laws and supporting the creative sector. The paper recommends that the government should embark on a comprehensive review and update of the Copyright Act to address digital rights, licensing, and enforcement issues, making it more relevant to the digital age and Nigeria should actively engage in international agreements and organizations that promote copyright protection. This engagement will enable the global recognition of Nigerian works and expand market access for local publishers.

The Use of Licensing to Promote Competition among Telecom Operators and the Growth of Mobile Telecommunication Networks in Nigeria, 2011-2022

Many practitioners and investors have praised the use of licensing to enhance competition in the telecom sector due to its real effects on the Nigerian economy. However, since 2011, subscribers in the industry have had a mixed experience with the license issue due to problems with telecom companies' exploitative tendencies and antics, which make it difficult for customers to acquire reliable and reasonably priced telecoms services. With a focus on the institutional and legal safeguards put in place by the government to ensure that the operators abide by the licensing and regulation powers granted to them by the law, the study essentially examines how licensing affects competition among telecom operators and the expansion of mobile telecom networks in Nigeria. The paper's methodology adopted the documentary approach, and the data were ostensibly gathered from secondary sources and examined in terms of substance. Neo-liberal theory of the state provided a sufficient theoretical foundation for the examination of the study. The paper's findings demonstrate that while the expansion of Nigeria's mobile telecom networks is aided by the use of licensing to promote competition among telecom operators, consumers' access to affordable and high-quality telecommunications services is restricted by the exploitative tendencies and antics of telecom companies. The paper's suggestions were based on these findings, and one of them was that Telecommunications service tariffs must always be cost-oriented and reflect the actual costs borne by operators to provide the services in question.

PERENCANAAN PENANGANAN PERIZINAN PEMBANGUNAN TAMAN WISATA ALAM PEMANDIAN MEGA MENDUNG NAGARI SINGGALANG KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR

This research is motivated by the natural tourist park tourist attraction which is located on the Sicincin-Bukittinggi highway, precisely in the Anai Valley, where the location of this tourist attraction is included in a natural conservation area. This research aims to design a planning for handling permits for the construction of the Mega Mendung Natural Tourism Park in Nagari Singgalang, Tanah Datar Regency. This research focuses on analyzing licensing regulations, mapping licensing procedures, and preparing recommendations to simplify and speed up the licensing process for developing Nature Tourism Parks. The research methodology involved data collection, regulatory analysis, interviews, and field surveys. The results of this research show that the government is taking a middle path to resolve licensing issues in the form of managing natural conservation areas in accordance with existing regulations, while the entrepreneurs themselves will later follow government decisions in the future considering that this tourist attraction has been operating for quite a long time and without an official permit.

SISTEM IDENTIFIKASI PERIZINAN KIR DENGAN QR-CODE BERBASIS ANDROID

The security and authenticity of a proof of KIR licensing is very important, because proof of KIR licensing is obtained after going through a series of processes and fulfilling the requirements in accordance with applicable legal rules. The Department of Transportation in the service of KIR in Jayapura City licensing issues proof of passing the KIR test in the form of a KIR book, zinc plate and stickers. In this study, the design of the KIR licensing identification system was carried out using a QR-Code based on an Android mobile application and web service. The QR-Code is used as a marker of the authenticity of the proof of KIR licensing which is added to the KIR licensing sticker. In the resulting QR-Code has been added an encrypted information using the 3DES algorithm. This study uses the waterfall model software development method which is preceded by system requirements analysis, system design, system creation, and system testing. The final result of the research that has been done proves that the use of QR-Code as an identification tool and the selection of the Android platform as a QR-Code scanner application can be used as a solution as a tool to identify the authenticity of KIR licensing.

“And we also have it online”: cultivating an etextbook collection in a community college library

This case study details how a community college library, in response to rising textbook costs and Covid-related closures, advocated for and received an increase in funding to provide online copies of many textbooks in its reserve collection. It also provides a glimpse into the roadblocks acquisitions librarians might encounter in trying to bolster online textbook collections, such as licensing issues, expense, and loan periods. The initiative resulted in a major expansion of access to etextbooks, particularly lower undergraduate titles from large textbook publishers. The new etextbooks varied greatly in popularity. Circulation statistics of print textbooks are presented along with usage data for etextbooks for the first year of this initiative. Initial statistics illustrate the potential popularity of etextbooks and also show the need for further investigation about which disciplines are best served by etextbook access, and how best to raise awareness of these titles for professors as well as students.

Overcoming biodiversity blindness: Secondary data in primary citizen science observations

Abstract In the face of the global biodiversity crisis, collecting comprehensive data and making the best use of existing data are becoming increasingly important to understand patterns and drivers of environmental and biological phenomena at different scales. Here we address the concept of secondary data, which refers to additional information unintentionally captured in species records, especially in multimedia‐based citizen science reports. We argue that secondary data can provide a wealth of ecologically relevant information, the utilisation of which can enhance our understanding of traits and interactions among individual organisms, populations and biodiversity dynamics in general. We explore the possibilities offered by secondary data and describe their main types and sources. An overview of research in this field provides a synthesis of the results already achieved using secondary data and different approaches to information extraction. Finally, we discuss challenges to the widespread use of secondary data, such as biases, licensing issues, use of metadata and lack of awareness of this trove of data due to a missing common terminology, as well as possible solutions to overcome these barriers. Although the exploration and use of secondary data is only emerging, the many opportunities identified show how these data can enrich biodiversity research and monitoring.

Government Policy on Licensing for the Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) as an Effort to Accelerate the Realization of the Goals of a Welfare State

According to Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation Number 98 of 2014 concerning Licensing for Micro and Small Enterprises, it states that to encourage regional economic growth, empowerment for MSME actors is needed. This empowerment is carried out by simply granting permits to micro and small business actors. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) need protection because of the various limitations and constraints they have including licensing issues, while on the other hand micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are currently making a very large contribution to Indonesia's economic growth and are the largest contributor to the country's gross domestic product. The benefits of issuing these permits are business legality, ease of obtaining capital, access to business assistance from the government, and empowerment from the government. Government policies in terms of easy granting of permits for the development of MSMEs can accelerate the goals of the welfare state.

The Law Doesn't Work Like a Computer: Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced by Legal Practitioners

The Law Doesn't Work Like a Computer: Exploring Software Licensing Issues Faced by Legal Practitioners

Utilisation of Open Educational Resources by Academics and Students among Nursing College in Siliguri Subdivision

This study investigates the perspectives and utilization of Open Educational Resources (OER) among faculty members and students in five nursing colleges located in Siliguri sub-division. With a total sample population of 250, the research delves into the factors influencing OER adoption at macro, meso, and micro levels. Institutional policies, quality measures, licensing issues, and micro-level factors such as perceived usefulness and ease of use are analyzed. Additionally, the benefits of OER for academics, challenges in student efficacy, and pedagogical integration are explored. Recommendations are provided to maximize OER utilization through awareness promotion, professional development, and addressing adoption challenges, ultimately enhancing the quality and accessibility of education.

A Review of Deep Learning-Based Binary Code Similarity Analysis

Against the backdrop of highly developed software engineering, code reuse has been widely recognized as an effective strategy to significantly alleviate the burden of development and enhance productivity. However, improper code citation could lead to security risks and license issues. With the source codes of many pieces of software being difficult to obtain, binary code similarity analysis (BCSA) has been extensively implemented in fields such as bug search, code clone detection, and patch analysis. This research selects 39 papers on BCSA from top-tier and emerging conferences within artificial intelligence, network security, and software engineering from 2016 to 2022 for deep analysis. The central focus lies on methods utilizing deep learning technologies, detailing a thorough summary and the arrangement of the application and implementation specifics of various deep learning technologies. Furthermore, this study summarizes the research patterns and development trends in this field, thereby proposing potential directions for future research.

A Novel Privacy-Preserving Graph Convolutional Network via Secure Matrix Multiplication

Graph convolutional network (GCN) is one of the most representative methods in the realm of graph neural networks (GNNs). In the convolution process, GCN combines the structural information of the networks with the features of nodes. In practice, the structure information of the networks and the features of nodes may be controlled by different parties, which can render GCN ineffective when information sharing is constrained by privacy concerns or licensing issues. Therefore, it is of significant importance to design an effective and secure scheme for GCN that can collaboratively merge information from both parties while safeguarding their sensitive data. In this paper, we introduce S-GCN (i.e., Secure GCN Scheme), which employs secure matrix multiplication (SMM) to compute the product of two matrices in a privacy-preserving manner. The S-GCN scheme requires frequent utilization of SMM to merge information from both parties, resulting in high time and space complexity. To address this issue, we introduce SF-GCN (i.e., Secure and Fast GCN Scheme), which minimizes the use of SMM. Additionally, both S-GCN and SF-GCN may be susceptible to privacy breaches when dealing with dense networks. Hence, we further enhance security by introducing differential privacy through the Laplacian mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed schemes do not significantly reduce accuracy in downstream tasks, and, more importantly, effectively protect the privacy information of both parties.