Issue Of Gender Discrimination Research Articles

Does Gender Inequality Matter in Employment? A Content- and Consistency-Based Analysis of Female Labour Participation in the Nigerian Civil Service

Abstract The impact of gender inequality on female employment cannot be overemphasised due to its detrimental effect on women’s well-being, empowerment, development and progress. This study investigated gender discrimination issues women face and classified the impact on female labour participation in the civil service. The study administered semi-structured interview questions to 27 civil servants in Nigeria that were conveniently selected, and used a content-and consistency-based analytical technique to analyse the civil servants' subjective experiences, opinions, and perceptions. The findings suggest that gender inequality impacts negatively on women’s employment with systemic gender disparity issues having a higher consistency rate and significantly known among the civil servants than individual-driven gender disparity issues. The study recommends that the government enact and effectively implement policies that will eliminate systemic gender inequalities, which will eliminate or marginally reduce individual-driven gender inequalities.

Issues of gender discrimination in Ukraine: legislative innovations and new challenges

The article examines the peculiarities of the implementation of gender policy by the Ukrainian state. The main features of international and European legislation aimed at eliminating gender discrimination and establishing the principle of equal treatment are studied. The terms found in the domestic legislation are analyzed – «discrimination», «affirmative actions». It is emphasized that a distinction should be made between the terms «smart adaptation» and «affirmative action». One example of positive action is the so-called gender quotas in elections.
 The author emphasizes that the equality of the sexes in the army, police, and other previously purely «male» professions is an indicative characteristic of the Ukrainian state's desire to be equal to the world's leading states in gender issues. Undoubtedly, this is a specific part of the objective process of real reality and the strengthening of the role and influence of women in society.
 The implementation of gender policy in Ukraine is considered on the example of the spheres of military service and so-called «peaceful» professions.
 Emphasis is placed on the fact that strict adherence to obligations under international agreements is a constitutional principle of the Ukrainian state. Legislative changes help eliminate inequalities between women in the use of rights compared to men. However, it should be borne in mind that both men and women are equal but not similar in terms of, at least, physiological characteristics. Providing the same mechanism for realizing their potential should not be an obstacle to ensuring special rights tied to the objective natural features of the articles. Additional preconditions for self-realization can be borne by additional risks – demographic, psychological, mental, etc. for a particular person and society as a whole. It is important to find a reasonable relationship between the protection of women’s rights and freedoms and the systematic use of their resources.

Confronting Gender Inequalities in Education Leadership: A Case of Zimbabwe

The persistence of the marginalisation of women has dominated education leadership research recently. This study examined literature on women’s education leadership and management through the lens of social justice. The study used Shields’s tenets of transformative leadership to unearth and dissect issues of gender discrimination in education leadership. As a catalyst for a recent systematic review of research on Zimbabwean women’s education leadership literature, the study reviewed 22 publications used earlier in the systematic research review. The studies were identified through numerous electronic searches following carefully defined eligibility criteria. A thematic analysis was conducted through the use of mind maps to deduce common themes. The results suggested a transformation of persistent political, institutional, structural, economic, cultural and social inequalities and human rights violations to achieve social justice in education leadership. Further research should be undertaken to examine the root causes of persistent gender imbalances and the failure of gender equity.

Issues and challenges confronting Muslim student-mothers in Gombe State tertiary institutions (A case study of Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria)

The aim of this study was to identify the domestic and academic challenges that are confronting Muslim student-mothers in Gombe state tertiary institutions. A qualitative approach was adopted for this study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select 30 respondents from a group of Muslim student-mothers in Federal University of Kashere. It was observed that difficulty in caring for their family members at home due to school activities was their major domestic challenge and loaded academic work that had to be accomplished within a short time frame was their major academic challenge. The causes of these challenges were identified as financial constraints and the performance of their marital responsibilities at home as married women. The respondents expressed that these challenges led to low concentration during lectures and low academic performance at the end of school year. The research suggests that minimizing the pressure from their households, issue of gender discrimination and reducing the number of programs that had to be covered at the University can help them cope with the situation.

Culture of patriarchy, gender bias, and class discrimination in Mahesh Dattani’s Tara

This research paper, which makes use of Mahesh Dattani's play Tara (1990), emphasises the concept of social issues such as gender inequalities, suffering, and depression, which are experienced by both men and women in equal measure. Gender discrimination, injustice done solely on the basis of gender, and preference for male children in Indian homes are all issues that are the focus of this research. Tara, Dattani's other play, addresses the issue of gender discrimination. The play addresses the emotional and physical separation of conjoined twins. It exemplifies the society's ingrained patriarchal system. Women act as a key in patriarchy's hands, ensuring the survival of patriarchal values. The purpose of this article is to discuss and analyse the play's issue of female marginalisation. Chandan, a boy child, is preferred to Tara, a girl child, in an Indian family. Despite the fact that she is Tara's mother, Bharati wrecks her daughter's life and ultimately suffers as a result of her harsh behaviour. Dr. Thakkar makes an error in his capacity as a scientist and a technophile. Bharati and her father bribed him with a piece of land in exchange for Tara’s death.

Perceptions of participants on Online Learning in the Outbreak of COVID-19: Case Study

Corona pandemic wreaked havoc across the world, perilously hitting the education system. This comparative case study with tertiary students reveals their perceptions of on-line learning during the outbreak of the COVID-19. Tertiary institutes closed their doors, shifting students and staff to the on-line process without advanced notice or prior training. In-depth individual interviews were conducted via video conferencing, and thematic analysis was done using NVivo-12 software. However, it was explored 87% of Sri Lankan students struggled in the new learning space while it is 34% in New Zealand; Only 10% New Zealand students believed that online learning provided them with the ability to self-reliant learning in their own time and not be restricted by a classroom lesson, which they could miss. However, 5% Sri Lankan students had perception that online learning is benefited for self-reliant learn at the site may be highly adopted tuition culture of the secondary education, but they have struggled to overcome challenges in new learning space. This gap is seen across social norms and cultural values. It was revealed that in both countries, students faced cybersecurity and bullying and gender discrimination issues. It was also revealed that both countries have similar issues in on-line learning and teaching, such as lack of reliable internet access and technology issues. It is recommended that the teachers should be more competent since our learners are native digital speakers, while teachers are digital immigrants.

ENGLISH: Islamic View on Right to Equal Opportunity to Work for Female Ex-Offenders and Pakistan's International Obligation for Provision of Equal Opportunities for Work

Women in Muslim society faces obstacles to get employment since it is generally assumed that Islam does not allow women to work as their responsibility is to be shouldered by men. This misapprehension leads to issue of gender discrimination in employment and situation get further worse when women hold criminal record. Therefore this paper sheds lights on Islamic view of gender equality while taking into consideration the natural difference exist between man and woman. Then the study aims to discuss that Shariah recognizes human rights of women in Islam and allows women to work as there is no explicit Quranic verse or tradition which ban jobs of women. The article further elaborates that women with previous criminal record are abandoned by the society and their families which further substantiate their right of to get employment in order to meet their ends. The article further encompasses discussion of conflicting interest of ex-offender women and society and how the same can be settled with harmony while applying principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The article has referred verses of the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W.) practices of caliphs⁎ and opinion of Muslim jurists to enrich the legal analysis. The articles also encompasses Pakistan’s international obligation for provision of equal opportunities to work for all without discrimination to give an insight about basis to claim right to work for female offenders.

A sexual and reproductive health rights approach to menstruation

ABSTRACT While increased attention to menstruation as a significant health issue for women and girls is positive, some menstrual interventions promoted by Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) programmes primarily focus on hygiene, infrastructure, and product provision. This focus fails to challenge the social and cultural stigma surrounding menstruation, as well as interconnected issues of gender discrimination, marginalisation, and inequality. We advocate approaching menstruation as a matter of sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR), which recognises that sexual and reproductive health depends in part upon the realisation of the rights that support it. This requires a holistic approach to menstrual health that includes addressing shame, social stigmas and restrictions, and gender inequality, in addition to providing access to menstrual-friendly toilets. This holistic approach should also include comprehensive and community-driven sustained training and education about sexual and reproductive health and rights. Drawing upon research on four grassroots NGOs in India, Goonj, Barefoot College, Jatan Sansthan, and EcoFemme, we demonstrate that locally based NGOs are well-placed to create community-based educational trainings, provide access to context-specific and culturally appropriate menstrual products, and, perhaps most significantly, to challenge stigma around menstruation.

성인초기 남녀의 성차별 메타-인식에 대한 잠재프로파일 분석과 유형별 성역할갈등, 이성과의 거리감, 성차별 논쟁에 대한 지지도 차이

본 연구는 성별 간 갈등이 가장 극심하게 나타나는 성인초기 남녀의 성차별 메타-인식 양상을 탐색하기 위해 ‘여성의 남성을 향한 양가성에 대한 인식’과 ‘남성의 양가적 성차별에 대한 인식’, ‘한국 사회의 성차별 실태’에 대한 지각을 측정하여 잠재프로파일 분석을 실시하고, 각 유형에 따른 성역할갈등, 이성과의 거리감, 성차별 논쟁에 대한 지지도의 차이를 살펴보았다. 이를 위하여 만 18세 이상 39세 이하 남녀 330명을 대상으로 자료를 수집하였고, SPSS 20.0과 Mplus 7.4 프로그램을 사용하여 자료를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 여성은 ‘성차별 둔감형 여성’, ‘성차별 민감형 여성’, ‘성차별 저항형 여성’ 총 3가지 유형, 남성은 ‘성평등 인식형 남성’, ‘역차별 인식형 남성’ 총 2가지 유형이 도출되었다. 여성들은 성차별 메타-인식이 높은 유형일수록 성차별에 대한 지각과 성차별 논쟁에 대한 지지도가 높아진 반면, 남성들은 성차별 메타-인식이 높은 유형일수록 역차별에 대한 지각이 높아졌다. 남녀 모두 성차별 메타-인식 수준이 높은 유형일수록 더 높은 성역할갈등과 이성과의 거리감을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 현 한국 사회의 성별 갈등 현상에 대한 시사점과 본 연구의 제한점, 후속 연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.

Gender differences in pay among university faculty in Russia

AbstractThe study focuses on the issue of gender discrimination in pay among university faculty in Russia, a country with an exceptionally high share of female faculty in higher education. Using a comprehensive and nationally representative survey of university faculty, we found that although women in academia earn considerably less than men, gender inequality among university faculty is lower than in the non‐academic sector. The study shows that gender differences in pay can be mainly explained by vertical gender segregation: women are less likely to achieve senior positions in the university hierarchy, which brings a high wage premium. Another explanation is horizontal segregation, when there is a prevalence of male faculty in Moscow‐based universities, which provide a considerable wage premium compared to regional ones. A decomposition of the gender wage gap shows that slightly more than half of it can be explained by observable factors, while the rest can be attributed to discrimination and unobservable characteristics. Within the unexplained part the major part can be attributed to favoritism towards men and the minor part to discrimination against women. We found some evidence that faculty in research universities, which actively implement performance‐related pay, experience less gender inequality.

Golf coaches’ mindsets about recreational golfers: Gendered golf experiences start on the practice tee.

Gender gaps in golf participation persist. Women make up less than 20% of golf’s population in the United Kingdom and United States. Their underrepresentation detrimentally impacts the golf industry, society, and women who are excluded from golf’s well-documented benefits. This paper connects theoretical constructs from motivational psychology with issues of gender discrimination in golf. In this paper we examine the relationship between golf coaches’ perceptions of recreational women golfers (their mindsets) and women golfers’ coaching experience. Specifically, two studies identified that (a) golf coaches reported more of a growth mindset about men golfers compared to women golfers, (b) that these mindsets were significantly related to the adaptiveness of coaches’ feedback, and (c) that growth mindsets about women golfers’ ability can potentially be fostered through experimental manipulation. Results are discussed in the relation to their significance for addressing gender gaps in adult recreational golf participation.

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN: ARDL BOUND TEST COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS

This research explores the issue of gender discrimination and offers its solutions with reference to Pakistani context. A time series data from the period of 1990 to 2016 was used in this study. Dependent variable is GDP growth rate whereas independent variables are gender inequality index (GII), Term of Trade (TOT), Literacy rate (Lit), Interest Rate (CMR), Inflation (wpi) and Female access to Higher Education (HE). For time series we check stationarity of data by employing Unit Root Test which showed that series have mixed level interrogation, so, ARDL technique for best possible estimation. This has highlighted the long run relationship between inequality and economic growth in Pakistan. The results indicate that gender inequality and economic growth are inversely related to each other. Further results revealed that Literacy rates, Interest rate and inflation rate are negatively and significantly related to economic development while female access to higher education was found to have positive and significant impact while terms of trade have negative and insignificant impact on economic development. Keywords : Economic Development, Gender Inequality, Gender Inequality Index, Pakistan JEL Classifications: O1, O2, O4, O5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.10028

Gender discrimination in haute cuisine: A systematic literature and media analysis

Haute cuisine has become an essential activity within the hospitality industry, and gastronomy plays a vital role in tourism economics, receiving significant attention from the media each day. Thus, women’s access to the culinary profession and their barriers to progress in the field to chef status have been profusely studied within the academic literature and covered by global media. This article will analyze and compare how academia and media have dealt with the issue of gender discrimination in haute cuisine, whether their conclusions are similar, and what they outline; it is a relevant contribution with an original literature analysis on gender and haute cuisine.

Gender research in hospitality and tourism management: time to change the guard

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explain the problem with how gender is positioned in hospitality and tourism management studies. It recommends critical theories to investigate how gender is researched in the sector’s academic and institutional systems.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual study explains contemporary gender theories and gives examples of relevant hospitality and tourism management studies. A four point critical agenda for researching gender is proposed and justified.FindingsThe study highlights how the focus on “female leadership” as different from the male norm and the use of traditional theoretical framings reinforce stereotypes about the primacy of women’s domestic commitments to their detriment.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of this academy focussed study is that it has not recommended specific initiatives to combat specific issues of gender discrimination in hospitality and tourism employment. A further limitation is that the primary focus was on critical management theory to explain heteronormative based gender discrimination. It did not discuss queer theory.Practical implicationsIn addition, a new research agenda, steps are proposed to change the masculine culture. Hospitality and tourism universities and research institutions should review men’s/women’s/gender diverse representation at leadership levels. Critical gender research approaches may also be fostered by sectorial conference streams and journal special issues and university graduate research students should be taught to design such studies.Social implicationsThe use of contemporary approaches in gender studies will enable researchers to propose more targeted equality and diversity management actions for industry. They will also assist educators to better design curricula that protect and promote the interests of women studying a hospitality, tourism or events degree and those who identify as gender diverse.Originality/valueThe paper challenges the masculine status quo in hospitality and tourism management gender studies, arguing that adherence to traditional orthodoxies has stifled the development of critical paradigms and methodologies. Its key contribution is to reveal the advantages that critical gender theorising can bring to further the aim of gender equality by showing practical applications.

Discrimination of Women at RMG Sector in Bangladesh

Women are discriminated in professional, personal and community levels by their male counterpart across the globe in general. More specifically, women are not treated equally at workplace in many societies due to the dominance of patriarchal social system and traditional norms. Women equity and empowerment are spoken widely, but these are not practiced in reality. The primary aim of this study is to explore the women’s current position and status at the workplace in Ready Made Garments (RMG) sector in Bangladesh in terms of wages, promotions, safety and security. Secondly, this paper highlights the challenges that women face at RMG. This paper adopts qualitative approach to study this crucial issues. This study also congregates and analyses the most pertinent data both from the existing literature and primary sources. In-depth Interviews (IDIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) have been conducted among the female RMG workers appointed in different industrial zones in Bangladesh. This study has some remarkable findings such as, a) women employee do not get proper respect at workplace from their male colleagues. b) Women are often harassed verbally by their male coworkers. c) Owners, managers and supervisors have the bad intention to fulfill their sexual desire with female workers. d) Male supervisors often force their female subordinates to do overtime till the late night. e) Though female workers are doing the same job, but they do not get proper justice in terms of getting desired job posting, salary on time and promotions based on their skills and competencies. Finally, this study focuses on resolving the issues of gender discrimination at the workplace and contributes towards the equity and empowerment of women in RMG sector in Bangladesh.

The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health

The impact of gender discrimination on a Woman's Mental Health

Gender Discrimination in Novel SOLD (2006) by Patricia MCCormick

AbstractThis thesis is an analysis of a novel written by Patricia McCormick entitled Sold (2006). This analysis looks at the gender discrimination that is experienced by women who are victims of gender discrimination acts. This analysis is related to the feminist approach and the concept of gender discrimination by Simone de Beauvoir. The analysis focuses on the issue of gender discrimination. The aim of this analysis is to what extent the character, conflict (plot), setting and stage direction contribute to reveal the issue of gender discrimination. This analysis also depends a lot on the narator to determine which parts of the novel are used as the data. The result of the study shows that Lakhsmi experienced gender discrimination such as marginalization, subordination, stereotype, violence and double burden.

Where Are the Women? Giving a Voice to Five Leading Female Professionals in Brussels’ Cultural Scene

In 2017, four female students from the Master in Management of Cultural Sector at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) studied the issue of gender discrimination in the cultural and artistic sector in Brussels. The importance of this particular issue quickly became apparent to the students. By comparing their respective professional settings with their academic environment, they observed that while women made up the majority of students in their programme, this was not the case for positions of responsibility in the cultural sector. The students interviewed five women in positions of responsibility in Brussels, asking them to speak on different subjects such as joint management, sexism, machismo, discrimination, work-life balance and particular behaviours they had developed throughout their careers in working with their peers in the cultural sector.

ДРУШТВЕНА (БЕЗ)ОПАСНОСТ РОДНОГ ХУМОРА: КРИТИЧКА АНАЛИЗА РОДНООМАЛОВАЖАВАЈУЋЕГ ЈЕЗИЧКОГ ХУМОРА

This paper critically addresses the issue of gender discrimination in gender-disparaging humour. The aim of the paper is to review the research conducted within the studies of humour, gender, and language, on the issue of whether and how gender-disparaging humour influences the creation and perpetuation of gender-discriminatory stereotypes and, if it does, whether such humour warrants censorship and whether it is discriminatory inherently or depending on other factors. The paper comprises influential theories of humour and relevant theories from gender studies, used in conjunction to frame the critical analysis of gender disparagement in jokes. The analysis is based on gender-related cultural patterns in Serbia and Anglo-American countries, compared through short canned jokes in English and their translatability into Serbian.

‘Gender Sensitivity’ in the Sexual Harassment Cases and the Principle of Free Consideration of Evidence

This paper analyzes the meaning of the Supreme Court ruling on sexual harassment sentenced on April 12, 2018, in relation to the Principle of free consideration of evidence under the Civil Procedure Law. The Supreme Court ruling declared, “Sexual harassment cases ought to be resolved with gender sensitivity in striving for gender equality and better understanding of gender discrimination issues (see Article 5(1) of the Framework Act on Gender Equality). In rendering judgment on the instant case, the Supreme Court emphasized that: (a) sexual harassment victims are constantly insecure and afraid that they may be exposed to ‘secondary victimization’ (also known as ‘victim-blaming behavior or practice’) upon having reported the incident and may be subjected to unfavorable treatment or suffer emotional distress; and, as such, (b) a victim remains silent and stays in contact with the offender (if the offender is a boss or holds a higher position), or raises the issue together with other victims after a considerable time has passed, or tends to become passive when giving testimony. As can be seen, readily denying the admissibility of a victim’s statement without sufficiently taking account of the extenuating circumstances of a sexual harassment victim cannot be deemed as establishing proof based on empirical and logical rules in line with the principle of justice and equity.” The Supreme Court ruling is a very meaningful one that can contribute to the realization of gender equality in civil and administrative litigations related to sexual harassment, because the responsibility for proof of sexual harassment in the case of sexual harassment litigation lies with the counterpart of the sexual harassment actor, and in fact the existence of sexual harassment is recognized by the admissibility of a sexual harassment victim’s statement. However, the Supreme Court ruling proclaimed such things as empirical rules without providing any evidence on the special circumstances of victims of sexual harassment. Based on previous research on the attitudes of victims of sexual harassment and secondary damage, the empirical rules declared by the Supreme Court is not wrong. The Supreme Court, however, should have opened a plea to hear the statements of expert references, to have the parties make a plea for them, and then declared in his judgment the empirical rules that was accepted in that plea.