Issue Of Gender Discrimination Research Articles

Lawsuits involving the police: a content analysis of newspaper accounts

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study lawsuits involving the police using newspaper accounts from three large cities in the USA.Design/methodology/approachA content analysis was conducted using 634 newspaper articles from the New York Times, Chicago Sun‐Times, and the Los Angeles Times from 1993‐2003.FindingsResearch findings reveal how prevalent racial and gender discrimination issues are in lawsuits involving the police; some of the differences in lawsuits filed by police employees compared to those filed by citizens; the extent of disciplinary action taken against police officers named in lawsuits, and any organizational changes (i.e. department policies, procedures, or training) made as a result of lawsuits filed against police agencies.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings from this study are based solely on what the newspapers chose to report. It may be the case that newspapers only report on extraordinary lawsuits involving the police, or lawsuits that result in moderate to large jury awards or settlements.Practical implicationsSince there is currently no national data collection effort focused on lawsuits filed against the police, researchers are left to use the data sources available to them (in this case, newspaper articles).Originality/valueThis paper presents the first study of lawsuits involving the police using newspaper accounts. Previous studies have used survey data, court records, and interviews.

A Community Health Programme in Rural Tamil Nadu, India: The Need for Gender Justice for Women

This article highlights the efforts of the Community Health and Development (CHAD) Programme of Christian Medical College to address the issues of gender discrimination and improve the status of women in the Kaniyambadi Block, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. The many schemes that are specifically for women and general projects for the community from which women can also benefit represent a multi-pronged approach whose aim is the improvement of women's health, education and employment in the context of community development. However, despite five decades of work with a clear bias in favour of women, the improvement in health and the empowerment of women has lagged behind that achieved by men. We believe this is because the community, with its strong male bias, utilises the health facilities and education and employment programmes more for the benefit of men and boys than women and girls. The article argues for a change of approach, in which gender and women's issues are openly discussed and debated with the community. It would appear that nothing short of social change will bring about an improvement in the health of women and a semblance of gender equality in the region.

Twin Pillars of Judicial Philosophy: The Impact of the Ginsburg Collegiality and Gender Discrimination Principles on Her Separate Opinions Involving Gender Discrimination

This Article examines the inherent tension between the collegial court philosophy embraced by Justice Ginsburg, and her own position on gender discrimination. This tension is likely exaggerated in light of the divisiveness of the Court and the frequent five-to-four voting on the issue of gender discrimination. Within the framework of her Supreme Court dissents and concurring opinions on gender discrimination, this Article explores whether Justice Ginsburg has been able to maintain dual fidelity to the bulwark of collegiality, i.e., restraint in separate opinion writing, and to her gender postulate. Or, in the alternative, has Justice Ginsburg abandoned the possibly gender-based goal of collegiality in the highly politicized and contentious arena of gender discrimination, particularly as her colleagues have increasingly engaged in individual opinion writing? Consequently, the Article examines not only whether and when Justice Ginsburg has chosen to dissent or concur but also the style and substance of her separate opinions. Part I of the Article examines Justice Ginsburg's career as a litigator and her deep commitment to the eradication of gender discrimination. Part II considers her thirteen-year tenure as a circuit court judge for the District of Columbia and her reputation as a pragmatic, centrist judge concerned with consensus-building and collegiality. Part III culminates the survey of her career with a study of her voting patterns as a Supreme Court justice in cases involving gender discrimination. Specifically, this Part explores whether her collegiality philosophy has led her to adopt a more moderate approach to gender issues, overlooking relatively minor differences with her more conservative colleagues. The Article ultimately concludes that the dual objectives of gender equality and collegiality need not be mutually exclusive. Indeed, as evidenced by Justice Ginsburg's separate opinions, these two goals can coexist as a substantial force in advancing the law.

Confronting Gender Discrimination in the Mexican Workplace

Abstract This article focuses on the issue of gender discrimination in Mexico, in light of NAFTA since passed in 1993. A model of transnational contention from social movement theories is modified and used to analyze the integration of actions by Mexican, US and Canadian women's and labor group's actions, as they fight for Mexican pregnant workers' rights. Data from interviews with labor leaders, female legislators, political parties and feminist NGOs in Mexico and tri-national government documents are processed in a typology of transnational contention, revealing a high degree of integrated transnational and domestic efforts-which I argue is the basis for a growing women's labor movement in the region.

Education and the labour market in Botswana

Using primary data from a 1993/4 Household Income and Expenditure Survey in Botswana, this article presents empirical results on occupational attainment, its determinants, and the extent of filtering down in Botswana's labour market, given changes in labour market conditions over time. It was found that the Botswana labour market has been characterised by some ‘filtering down’ of educated workers into less skilled jobs as the supply of skilled manpower exceeded demand. Those who entered the labour market earlier, those with more education, those located in the urban areas and male workers are more likely to occupy jobs that are higher up in the hierarchy than to be in an unskilled blue-collar job. Jobs higher up in the hierarchy are also more rewarding financially. The article shows that there is occupational segregation of workers by gender in Botswana's labour market in that female workers are generally confined to a narrow range of occupations. The policy implications are that employment creation has to be pursued vigorously and the issue of gender discrimination investigated further.

Sex selection and preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Sex selection and preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Males need not apply

The issue of gender discrimination has historically referred to discrimination against and suppression of women. Legislation prohibiting gender discrimination was first enacted in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The Civil Rights Act, and its 1991 revisions, expressly prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex or national origin. With the Civil Rights Act and changes in the social and political systems, women have been entering the work force in ever growing numbers. As increasing numbers of women enter medicine, a new issue has arisen: discrimination against male physicians on the basis of their gender. This is particularly illustrated in the world of Obstetrics and Gynecology where only female patients and women’s health problems are addressed. There is a growing bias against male obstetrician/gynecologists among potential employers, fellow physicians and patients. Society must realize that workplace gender discrimination, whether male or female, is illegal, morally inexcusable, and eventually harms everyone.

Social Contract Theory and Gender Discrimination: Some Reflections on the Donaldson/Dunfee Model

Abstract:This paper relates Donaldson and Dunfee’s Integrative Social Contracts Theory to the problem of gender discrimination. We make the assumption that multinational managers might seek some guidance from ISCT to resolve ethical issues of gender discrimination in countries indifferent or hostile to gender equality. The role of Donaldson and Dunfee’s “hypernorms” seems especially crucial, and we find that, under their writings thus far, no “hypernorms” exist to make unethical the most blatant acts of sex discrimination in a host country whose local norms tolerate such discrimination. The genesis of “hypernorms” as “global moral minimums” is recounted, and specific application of ISCT to a familiar ethics case (“A Foreign Assignment”) is provided.

Social Contract Theory and Gender Discrimination

This paper relates Donaldson and Dunfee’s Integrative Social Contracts Theory to the problem of gender discrimination. We make the assumption that multinational managers might seek some guidance from ISCT to resolve ethical issues of gender discrimination in countries indifferent or hostile to gender equality. The role of Donaldson and Dunfee’s “hypernorms” seems especially crucial, and we find that, under their writings thus far, no “hypernorms” exist to make unethical the most blatant acts of sex discrimination in a host country whose local norms tolerate such discrimination. The genesis of “hypernorms” as “global moral minimums” is recounted, and specific application of ISCT to a familiar ethics case (“A Foreign Assignment”) is provided.

Use of positive-negative deviant analyses to improve programme targeting and services: example from the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition Project.

This paper describes the characteristics of southern rural Indian children who grow best (positive deviants) and worst (negative deviants) as compared to median growers. A 100 each of positive and negative deviants and 120 median growers were selected after analysing the 12-month growth patterns (weight-for-age) of 2954 children enrolled in the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition Project (TINP), a major health and nutrition intervention project covering nearly one million children in rural south India. The determinants of poor growth that have been left unaddressed by 6 years of TINP exposure are delineated to address the question of what more needs to be done. Further, the rationale for differential targeting of services to negative deviants and to median growers is discussed, as are the implications for programme evaluation. Data indicate that the next generation of projects targeted at the most needy (negative deviants) should address the issues of gender discrimination in childcare, of breastfeeding, of diarrhoeal disease, and of maternal empowerment. Such interventions will, however, not improve the growth of median growers in the direction of positive deviance. Instead, programmes targeted at the median growers need to support the hygienic use of nonbreast milk supplements. Improving family wealth will also improve the nutritional status of the median growers, but less so than for the negative deviants.