Design Issues Research Articles

Cognitive issues of mobile map design and use

ABSTRACT Internet-connected mobile devices have changed how people access information. Like other information sources, maps have benefited from and been re-envisioned for mobile devices, and they are used in new contexts. However, these new contexts often generate additional cognitive load. We explored in depth two strategies designers could use to mitigate high cognitive loads associated with mobile map use: offloading cognition and reducing cognitive load by improved design to support the allocation of attention between the map and the environment. In reviewing these strategies, we considered their relevance to several mobile map use cases (navigation, individual and collaborative spatial decision making, information enrichment, and entertainment). Next, we identified recent progress in our understanding of how to measure cognitive load and map use context. Finally, we explored the wider implications of mobile maps for human behaviour and cognition. We identified two important cross-cutting research questions: 1) How can mobile maps be designed to reduce cognitive load by providing what is really needed by users to facilitate their cognitive processes?; 2) How can the intrinsic additional cognitive load created by the characteristics of mobile maps be managed and minimised by supporting the distribution of the user's attention between the map and environment?

Adaptability of BIM technology to mitigate the cost overruns in design and build projects

Purpose Cost overruns are an inevitable issue in design and build (D&B) projects. In D&B projects, causes for cost overruns can be managed by adopting appropriate building information modelling (BIM) functions. Because there is a research gap in synergy between the use of BIM for mitigating cost overruns in D&B projects, this study aims to evaluate the adaptability of BIM to manage cost overrun issues in them. Design/methodology/approach Research objectives were attained through a quantitative research approach adopting the Delphi technique, which consists of three rounds of a questionnaire survey. Through statistical tools, the collected data were analysed. Findings This research revealed the ten most crucial causes for cost overruns in D&B projects, where continuous changes in designs and drawings are the top causes. Change and revision management and interoperability are the most crucial BIM functions to address the aforementioned cause. Subsequently, 16 enablers, 26 barriers and 19 strategies to implement BIM to manage the identified significant causes of cost overruns were overviewed. Originality/value This study addresses the literature gap pertaining to the cost overrun in D&B projects and the application of BIM by studying the causes for cost overrun, suggesting BIM functions to mitigate the above cause. Moreover, this study assessed the probable barriers and enablers for BIM adoption in construction projects from D&B perspective.

Conceptual design of coolant circuits and thermal stress analysis for JA-DEMO divertor

Engineering design of the JA-DEMO divertor concept, i.e. double-coolant circuits of 200°C coolant (5MPa) for high heat load targets (CuCrZr-pipe) and 290°C coolant (15MPa) for high neutron load Plasma Facing Units (F82H-pipe) and cassette body (CB), has been developed. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation of the coolant distributions to targets, baffles, reflectors, dome and to CB was performed in order to determine the feasibility of the key concepts. (i) All PFU support designs for the coolant distribution to PFUs were optimized to reduce variation of the flow velocity (Vcool) at the inlet of PFUs less than 5 – 6 %. Parallel coolant circuit design for the dome and reflectors was also developed, and mass flows were adjusted by orifices and the main mass flow rate. (ii) A new cooling concept with two layers of puddles and fins at the side routes was proposed for CB. The design provided Vcool = 0.55 – 1.27 m⋅s−1 and average Vcool = 1.04 m⋅s−1 with the fin transparent ratio of 0.1. It was enough to exhaust the nuclear heat, and the design issues were identified under the coolant condition. (iii) Heat exhaust on fish-scale surface target and stress-strain of the CuCrZr pipe were investigated under assuming a DEMO divertor condition. Steady-state heat load at wet region by plasma (qtwet) was restricted below 13.5 MWm−2 to avoid W-recrystallization. In the stress-strain cycle of higher qtwet ∼15.3 MWm−2, maximum tensile σ (120 – 200 MPa) and total change in strain during the heat load cycle (Δε ∼0.25 %) were relatively small. These evaluations suggested that such high heat load cycle may not be a critical lifetime issue, but reduction in Tcool is preferable to handle ITER-like slow transients such as 15 – 20 MWm−2.

Trial Design with Win Statistics for Multiple Time-to-Event Endpoints with Hierarchy

The conventional approach to the analysis of composite endpoints is time-to-first event analysis. However, this approach has been criticized because it ignores the differences in clinical severity and may end up emphasizing the less severe time-to-event. To overcome this limitation, win statistics (win ratio, win odds, or net benefit) have become popular in analysis of hierarchical time to event endpoints. However, design of randomized clinical trials using the win statistics is lagging behind. In this article, we derive formulas for the win statistics and probability of ties under specific assumptions that can be useful in practice. We also address two design issues: the selection of meaningful and justifiable design parameters and power calculations, when the win statistics method is the primary analysis method for multiple time-to-event endpoints for a pre-specified hierarchy. Finally, we identify patterns where the win statistics approach would have greater statistical power than time-to-first event analysis. Several examples are used to illustrate the usefulness of the formula-based power calculations.

Machine Learning-Based Methods for Code Smell Detection: A Survey

Code smells are early warning signs of potential issues in software quality. Various techniques are used in code smell detection, including the Bayesian approach, rule-based automatic antipattern detection, antipattern identification utilizing B-splines, Support Vector Machine direct, SMURF (Support Vector Machines for design smell detection using relevant feedback), and immune-based detection strategy. Machine learning (ML) has taken a great stride in this area. This study includes relevant studies applying ML algorithms from 2005 to 2024 in a comprehensive manner for the survey to provide insight regarding code smell, ML algorithms frequently applied, and software metrics. Forty-two pertinent studies allow us to assess the efficacy of ML algorithms on selected datasets. After evaluating various studies based on open-source and project datasets, this study evaluated additional threats and obstacles to code smell detection, such as the lack of standardized code smell definitions, the difficulty of feature selection, and the challenges of handling large-scale datasets. The current studies only considered a few factors in identifying code smells, while in this study, several potential contributing factors to code smells are included. Several ML algorithms are examined, and various approaches, datasets, dataset languages, and software metrics are presented. This study provides the potential of ML algorithms to produce better results and fills a gap in the body of knowledge by providing class-wise distributions of the ML algorithms. Support Vector Machine, J48, Naive Bayes, and Random Forest models are the most common for detecting code smells. Researchers can find this study helpful in better anticipating and taking care of software development design and implementation issues. The findings from this study, which highlight the practical implications of ML algorithms in software quality improvement, will help software engineers fix problems during software design and development to ensure software quality.

Comparative Testing of Asphalt Concrete for Fatigue Life Using Various Modern Laboratory Methods

Statement of the problem. At present, one of the most significant tasks in the road industry is the actua-lization of the methodology for designing flexible pavements. In order to ensure extended pavement service life, design issues are of particular relevance, which requires the improvement of existing and the development of new calculation criteria, one of which is the calculation of asphalt concrete layers for fatigue life. Results. Comparative tests of various types of asphalt concrete selected at road construction sites were carried out using modern laboratory methods to evaluate their fatigue properties. The dependences between the relative tensile deformation of asphalt concrete and the number of load application cycles during tests by various methods are obtained. Conclusions. Through the course of the research, possible reasons for the heterogeneity of the results obtained on four-point bending installations were identified. For further research, the indirect stretching method is set forth as the main method, as it provides greater uniformity and determinism of the results, and the four-point bending method is proposed to be considered as an additional one, confirming the results obtained with indirect stretching.

“Canva”, A Graphic Design Application That Does Not Have A Visual Design Identity In Fundamental Concepts Of Design

Sustainability in business and development involves approaches that consider environmental, social, and economic impacts to ensure today's practices don't compromise future generations' resources. This concept is closely linked with ethical issues in graphic design, emphasizing social responsibility and the long-term effects of visual identities. Visual identity in graphic design encompasses all design elements that uniquely express an identity, differentiating it from others. Graphic design is not merely about aesthetics but also functionality and identity, which are influenced by technological advances and design applications like Canva. This article examines the use of Canva for rapid graphic design and its impact on visual identity within the industry, based on fundamental design principles. The study employs qualitative descriptive methods, including surveys and interviews with Communication Science students at AMIKOM Yogyakarta University, to explore if Canva can create distinctive visual identities. Despite Canva's wide range of templates, its users often experience limitations in creativity, resulting in designs that may lack uniqueness and are perceived as generic.

Meaningful life changes following hearing aid use: a qualitative user perspective

Objective This study aimed to explore meaningful life changes due to hearing aid use in adult users. Design A cross-sectional survey design was used with open-ended questions analysed using inductive qualitative content analysis. Study Sample US-based adult hearing aid users (n = 653) from the Hearing Tracker website community and Lexie Hearing database. Results Participants had a mean age of 65.4 years (13.6 SD), including 61.2% males, 38.3% females (0.5% other). Analysis of 2122 meaning units from responses identified two broad domains: 'meaningful benefits’ (n = 1709; 80.5%) and 'remaining difficulties’ (n = 413; 19.5%). The meaningful benefits domain included five categories (27 sub-categories): (a) psychosocial benefits, (b) improvements in hearing, (c) personal benefits, (d) hearing aid features and connectivity, and (e) situational benefits. Participants reported enhanced relationships and improved occupational functioning as key benefits. The remaining difficulties domain contained four categories (25 sub-categories): (a) hearing aid limitations, (b) hearing and communication issues, (c) situational difficulties, and (d) personal issues. Notable difficulties included hearing aid design issues and challenges in noisy environments. Conclusion Hearing aid users reported diverse benefits and persistent challenges related to device use, illustrating the complexity of their lived experiences. These findings can inform empathetic, effective rehabilitation strategies and user-centric hearing aid technologies.

Sistem Informasi Manajemen Audit Trio Motor Banjarmasin (Studi Kasus : General Affair)

The study discusses the development of the Audit Management Information System (SIMA) at PT. Trio Motor, a company selling cars and motorcycles, also serving as the Main Dealer for Honda motorcycles in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. SIMA addresses branch separation and reduces fraud in audits. Its goal is to streamline data collection, storage, analysis, and enhance planning, execution, and reporting efficiency. The research formulates design, creation, and implementation issues of SIMA for spare part audits. SIMA scans real-time part numbers, shelf locations, generates H3 format reports, and conducts synchronized warehouse audits. It aims to design, create, and utilize SIMA as a spare parts audit tool. The benefit lies in improving spare parts stock opname data collection. SIMA uses UML for database design, SQLServer for storage, and is developed with codeigniter 3 and bootstrap. It offers user access levels: Super Admin, Auditor Manager, Auditor, General Affairs, and Warehouse. Recommendations suggest ongoing development for complexity, features, and regular maintenance to prevent bugs. This research is crucial in aiding PT. Trio Motor's Audit Division for efficient and effective spare parts audits, reducing fraud risk.

Optimized Magnetically Docked Ingestible Capsules for Non‐Invasive Refilling of Implantable Devices

Automated drug delivery systems (ADDS) improve chronic disease management by enhancing adherence and reducing patient burden, particularly in conditions like type 1 diabetes, through intraperitoneal insulin delivery. However, periodic invasive refilling of the reservoir is needed in such a class of implantable devices. In previous work, an implantable ADDS with a capsule docking system is introduced for non‐invasive reservoir refilling. Yet, it encounters reliability issues in manufacturing, sealing, and docking design and lacks evidence on intestinal tissue compression effects and chronic in vivo data. This work proposes an optimization of the different components featuring this ADDS. The ingestible capsule is designed, developed, and tested following ISO 13485, exhibiting high insulin stability and optimal sealing for six days in harsh gastrointestinal‐like conditions. A magnetic docking system is optimized, ensuring reliable and stable capsule docking at a clinically relevant distance of 5.92 mm. Histological tests on human intestinal tissues confirm safe capsule compression during docking. Bench tests demonstrate that the integrated mechatronic system effectively docks capsules at various peristalsis‐mimicking velocities. A six‐week in vivo test on porcine models demonstrates chronic safety and provides hints on fibrotic reactions. These results pave the way for the further evolution of implantable ADDS.

Comparative Study of Simulation of Temperature Rise in Ring Main Unit.

The Ring Main Unit (RMU) is a critical device in power distribution systems used for connecting and distributing electricity. However, due to its compact internal structure and high current load, heat dissipation issues are particularly prominent. To address this problem, this study innovatively proposes a simplified RMU model, employing finite element simulation methods to accurately solve for the ohmic losses of conductors under actual operating conditions and obtain ohmic loss data for various components. This is the first in-depth investigation of the RMU's temperature rise problem using such a comprehensive approach. Subsequently, the temperature field was solved using two different temperature field analysis modules, with a detailed comparison and analysis of the simulation results to identify similarities, differences, and trends in temperature distribution. The results indicate that the temperature field solution model, which considers convective heat transfer, is more accurate and aligns with actual operating conditions. This research provides an innovative approach and practical solutions for the design and optimization of RMUs. Future research can further explore multiphysics coupling analysis methods to address structural design and mandatory validation issues for high and ultra-high voltage RMUs and other electrical equipment, thereby providing important insights for engineering design.

Toward Secure and Robust Federated Distillation in Distributed Cloud: Challenges and Design Issues

Toward Secure and Robust Federated Distillation in Distributed Cloud: Challenges and Design Issues

Usability Testing of Industrial Engineering UPNVJT Website Using Eye Tracking and System Usability Scale

Websites are essential for agencies and organizations to ensure their information is accessible to the public. The eye tracker method is effective for evaluating user usability. The Industrial Engineering Study Program at Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" East Java has an official website, tekindustri.upnjatim.ac.id, which has not been tested for usability. Initial problem identification revealed issues such as inaccessible menus and hidden information. This study aims to assess and improve the user experience on the website using a combination of Eye Tracking and System Usability Scale (SUS) methods. The average effectiveness score for 39 respondents is 89.10%, with 8% rated as ineffective, 28% as effective enough, and 64% as very effective. The efficiency value, measured across 39 respondents and 4 tasks, is 0.0276 goals/second, indicating each respondent completes 2.76% of tasks per second, requiring about 36.23 seconds to reach 100% task completion. The initial SUS score was 69.49%. Five issues were identified in the Home, Facilities, Education, Thesis, and MBKM sections and one design issue. A prototype was developed and tested, resulting in a final SUS score of 80.06%, placing the website in the marginally high acceptability range, category B for grade scale, and excellent for adjective ratings. The SUS score improvement was 10.57%. This research shows that combining Eye Tracking and SUS is an effective method for increasing website usability. The implications of this research can help organizations improve the quality of their websites and provide a better user experience.

Interface Design and Functional Optimization of Chinese Learning Apps Based on User Experience

This research paper investigates the interface design and functional optimization of Chinese learning apps through the lens of user experience. With the increasing popularity of Chinese language learning apps in the era of rapid mobile internet development, users' demands for enhanced interface design and interaction experience have grown significantly. The study aims to explore the influence of user feedback on the design and functionality of Chinese learning apps, proposing optimization strategies to improve user experience and learning outcomes. By conducting a comprehensive literature review, utilizing methods such as surveys and user interviews for data collection, and analyzing user feedback, this research identifies existing issues in the interface design and interaction experience of Chinese learning apps. The results present user opinions, feedback analysis, identified problems, improvement directions, and specific optimization strategies. The study discusses the potential impact of these optimization strategies on enhancing user experience and learning outcomes, compares findings with previous research, addresses limitations, and suggests future research directions. In conclusion, this research contributes to enriching the design theory of Chinese learning apps, offering practical optimization recommendations for developers, and supporting the continuous advancement of Chinese language learning apps.

Reducing self-harm in adolescents: the RISA-IPD individual patient data meta-analysis and systematic review.

Self-harm is common in adolescents and a major public health concern. Evidence for effective interventions is lacking. An individual patient data meta-analysis has the potential to provide more reliable estimates of the effects of therapeutic interventions for self-harm than conventional meta-analyses, to explore which treatments are best suited to certain groups. A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of therapeutic interventions to reduce repeat self-harm in adolescents who had a history of self-harm and presented to clinical services. Primary outcome was repetition of self-harm. The methods employed for searches, study screening and selection, and risk of bias assessment are described, with an overview of the outputs of the searching, selection and quality assessment processes. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance is followed. We identified a total 39 eligible studies, from 10 countries, where we sought Individual Patient Data (IPD), of which the full sample of participants were eligible in 18 studies and a partial sample of participants were eligible in 21 studies. We obtained IPD from 26 studies of 3448 eligible participants. For our primary outcome, repetition of self-harm, only 6 studies were rated as low risk of bias with 10 rated as high risk (although 2 of these were for secondary outcomes only). Obtaining individual patient data for meta-analyses is possible but very time-consuming, despite clear guidance from funding bodies that researchers should share their data appropriately. More attention needs to be paid to seeking appropriate consent from study participants for (pseudo) anonymised data-sharing and institutions need to collaborate on agreeing template data-sharing agreements. Researchers and funders need to consider issues of research design more carefully. Our next step is to analyse all the data we have collected to see if it will tell us more about how we might prevent repetition of self-harm in young people. This article presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number 17/117/11. A plain language summary of this research article is available on the NIHR Journals Library Website https://doi.org/10.3310/GTNT6331.

Numerical Simulations in Support of a Long-Term Test of Gas Production From Hydrate Accumulations on the Alaska North Slope: Water Production and Associated Design and Management Issues

Numerical Simulations in Support of a Long-Term Test of Gas Production From Hydrate Accumulations on the Alaska North Slope: Water Production and Associated Design and Management Issues

Design of main parameter of modular multilevel converter applied in power grid simulator

Abstract In the context of application in a power grid simulator, we investigated the parameter design issues of several crucial components of the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) topology applied to the power grid simulator system. These components include the bridge arm inductance and submodule capacitance. Based on the fundamental circuit of the MMC applied to the power grid simulator system, we introduced an equal discharge time constant H. We analyzed the capacitor voltage fluctuation rate and the equivalent capacitance discharge time constant “H”, discovering that they still exhibit an inversely proportional relationship across different engineering scenarios. Consequently, a general method for determining submodule capacitance parameters was proposed, and in conjunction with previous engineering parameters, recommended values for an equal discharge time constant of 40 ms were provided. Furthermore, we introduced the concepts of double-frequency circulating resonant angular frequency and phase resonant angular frequency, outlining the principles for determining the bridge arm reactance values. Through the analysis of corresponding parameters in previous engineering studies, universally applicable recommended values for the bridge arm reactance parameters were proposed, considering the unit resonant angular frequency as the power grid frequency angular frequency 1.0ω.

Challenges and Solutions in High-Speed SerDes Data Path Design

Modern high-performance communication systems require high-speed Serializer/Deserializer (SerDes) data path design to meet the growing demand for data throughput and reliability due to technological advancements and data-intensive applications. This research article examines the complex problems of designing high-speed SerDes data routes and suggests novel solutions. Data fidelity across high-speed channels requires signal integrity, the first key difficulty. Attenuation, crosstalk, and EMI may degrade SerDes signal performance. Advanced methods like equalization, impedance matching, and effective shielding mitigate these impacts. Equalization, including feedforward and feedback methods, reduces channel losses and distortions, enhancing signal quality. Power consumption is another major issue as data rates and system complexity rise. Power-hungry high-speed SerDes circuits cause thermal management and energy efficiency difficulties. Adaptive power management, low-power design, and new materials with higher thermal performance and lower power dissipation are discussed in the study. Design complexity is another issue in high-speed SerDes data route design. High-precision timing and synchronization and many component integration in a small area need advanced design tools and methods. The study emphasizes simulation and modeling for complexity management and design for testability (DFT) for full verification and debugging.

Video Oyunları Seviye Tasarımı için Mimari Tasarım Süreci

In this study, the similarities of the design process between video game level spaces and the architectural designprocess, as a spatial production, and the methods that can be used will be examined. In this context, the issue of videogame level design will be discussed, the architectural representation techniques and methods, including the softwaresused in these level design process will be shown. The basic design tools in architecture will also be examined in thissense and the techniques of use in level design will be explained with examples. An architectural design processapproach in level design will be explored, and methods similar to architectural design process and representation toolsin level design will be explained. To be able to understand the design process similarities for both architectural designsand video game level designs, a system will be tried to be revealed with an architectural approach.

Ethical Issues in Schizophrenia Research: A Scoping Review and Qualitative Interview Study

Schizophrenia is a major research focus due to its complex etiology and treatment challenges. Ethical issues in schizophrenia research include informed consent, decision-making capacity, and the protection of vulnerable populations. Not all schizophrenia patients can provide ethical consent, highlighting the need for careful consideration in research practices. This study examined empirical studies on these ethical domains, identifying significant gaps and offering recommendations. We aimed to synthesize ethical issues from the literature and understand ethics committee members' perspectives through a mixed-methods approach, including a scoping review and qualitative interviews with three ethics committee members. For the review, four major databases were systematically searched for studies related to ethical issues in schizophrenia research. As a result, 35 of 5,222 moderate and high-quality records were included in the scoping review. Eight themes emerged from the scoping review and interview process: informed consent and decision-making capacity; willingness to participate and compensation in research; risk-benefit consideration and perception; therapeutic misconception; participants safeguard; ethical issue in various study designs; research guidelines; and recommendations for the involved parties in schizophrenia research. We conclude that individuals with schizophrenia should actively participate in research decision-making, ensuring dignity and respect.