Capital Of Israel Research Articles

INDONESIA'S DIPLOMATIC CONTRIBUTION TO THE ISRAEL-PALESTINE CONFLICT SINCE 1948

This article explores the dynamics of Indonesian diplomacy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Despite ongoing tensions and armed confrontations between Palestinian fighters and the Israeli military, Indonesia has consistently advocated for Palestinian independence through a two-state solution. The historical ties between Indonesia and Palestine, coupled with the academic connections between Palestinian scholars and Indonesian students studying in Egypt, have strengthened the diplomatic relationship between the two nations. Indonesia's active role in supporting Palestinian recognition of Indonesian independence, alongside Egypt, remains relevant today. Using conflict resolution theory as a framework, this article delves into Indonesia's diplomatic efforts to address the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Notably, Indonesia has actively participated as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council, opposing policies such as US President Donald Trump's decision to recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and relocate the embassy there. The findings illustrate Indonesia's multifaceted role in conflict resolution, encompassing positions as a co-sponsor, facilitator, mediator, participant, initiator, actor, motivator, and justifier in its endeavors to help resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. By presenting these insights, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of Indonesia's unique diplomatic contributions to the ongoing conflict while avoiding plagiarism.

Mapping Recent Universal and Particular Claims related to Jerusalem “As Capital of Israel” in Official Israeli and Palestinian Statements

A few years ago, the United States (US) officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and shortly afterwards the American diplomatic mission was relocated from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem/al-Quds, although internationally the decision was heavily criticized and met with protests on several levels. The US initiative was adopted as such by other countries supportive of US policy overseas, while Israeli and Palestinian politicians were given a new subject of confrontation at least at the level of speeches and official statements. The purpose of this research is to map universal and particular claims linked to the historic Jerusalem/al-Quds in official Israeli and Palestinian statements at the beginning of the 21st century in selected speeches or official statements of the following Israeli and Palestinian politicians: Naftali Bennet, Benjamin Netanyahu, Ismail Haniyeh and Khaled Meshaal by using discourse analysis in order to identify to which type of techniques and arguments the analysed political personalities resorted to in their speeches, in order to convince and influence their audience.

Identificarea și analiza recentelor revendicări universale și particulare legate de Ierusalim „drept capitală a Israelului” în declarații oficiale israeliene și palestiniene

A few years ago, the United States (US) officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and shortly afterwards the American diplomatic mission was relocated from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem/al-Quds, although internationally the decision was heavily criticized and met with protests on several levels. The US initiative was adopted as such by other countries supportive of US policy overseas, while Israeli and Palestinian politicians were given a new subject of confrontation at least at the level of speeches and official statements. The purpose of this research is to map universal and particular claims linked to the historic Jerusalem/al-Quds in official Israeli and Palestinian statements at the beginning of the 21st century in selected speeches or official statements of the following Israeli and Palestinian politicians: Naftali Bennet, Benjamin Netanyahu, Ismail Haniyeh and Khaled Meshaal by using discourse analysis in order to identify to which type of techniques and arguments the analysed political personalities resorted to in their speeches, in order to convince and influence their audience.

ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION RESPONSES ON THE ISRAEL AGGRESION AND THE UNITED STATES EMBASSY RELOCATION TO JERUSALEM

The aggression carried out by Israel against the Palestinian people and the declaration of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel with the relocation of the US Embassy received the attention of the OIC. As an organization committed to protecting Muslims' human rights, the OIC has the responsibility to take care of the human rights violations that occurred in Palestine. The objectives of this paper are to find out the OIC's role in maintaining Muslim peace in the world, how the OIC's response to Israeli aggression against the Palestinian people, and the relocation of the US Embassy to Jerusalem. The research method used in writing this journal is normative legal research, with historical approach to find out the beginning of the conflict between Palestine and Israel and an analytical approach to finding out the efforts made by the OIC for Israel's aggression against the Palestinian people and the United States Embassy relocation to Jerusalem under the provisions of international law.

Non-Recognition of Territorial Acquisitions by the Use of Armed Force: The Status of Jerusalem before Italian Courts

Abstract This article comments upon two recent decisions of the Tribunal of Rome concerning the international legal status of Jerusalem. The issue before the court was whether rai, Italy’s public service broadcasting company, had aired false information by presenting the city as the capital of Israel. After summarizing the key aspects of the historical process which led to the current arrangement of Jerusalem, the article highlights that the international regulation of the city’s legal status mainly depends on the customary principle of non-recognition of territorial acquisitions by the use of armed force. It then analyses how the non-recognition regime affects the international legal status of Jerusalem. In this regard, it is argued that the position – taken by the Tribunal of Rome in the first of its two decisions – that Jerusalem is not recognized as the capital of Israel under international law seems excessive. The non-recognition regime only affects the status of East Jerusalem, while Israeli sovereignty over West Jerusalem appears largely uncontroversial. Therefore, defining Jerusalem as the “disputed” capital of Israel – as done by the tribunal’s second decision – is a more accurate depiction of the complexities surrounding Jerusalem’s status, which should eventually be defined through negotiations between the involved parties.

Municipal Elections in the Holy City: Campaigns, Results, and Coalition Building in Jerusalem, 1948-1973

The article deals with the municipal elections in Jerusalem, the capital of Israel. Section One, “The early years,” focuses on Daniel Auster’s term as acting mayor, 1948–49; Section Two covers “The chaotic period, 1950–55” and the successive mayoral terms of Shlomo Zalman Shragai and Yitzhak Kariv, whose ineffective administrations of the city led the government to disbanded the Municipal Council in 1955; Section Three, “The stable period, 1955–65,” discusses the terms of two mayors, Gershon Agron and Mordechai Ish-Shalom, both members of the Labor Party, Mapai, under whom Jerusalem underwent considerable development with the relocation of Hadassah Hospital to the western part of the city, and the establishment of the Israel Museum in 1965; Section Four, “The Teddy Kollek years, 1965–73” concerns Kollek’s election as mayor in November 1965 and the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967.

The Impact of United States of America Intervention On Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

The Israeli occupation of Palestine became a prolonged conflict; this conflict was caused by the seizure of the Jerusalem area. Jerusalem itself is a holy city for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The conflict began in 1917-1947 when during British rule in Palestine with Jerusalem as the center of government, the Balfour Declaration stated that Britain handed over the mandate of Palestine to the United Nations. During the ongoing conflict to date, not only two countries, namely Israel and Palestine, are involved, but there is also the intervention of the United States which has a fairly dominant role. For example, Donald Trump as President of the United States of America unilaterally announced that he recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in 2017, thus triggering a greater struggle than ever in the Middle East. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview, description, and understanding of the occurrence of conflict events in the Palestinian territories, by looking at the origins of the conflict, the role of the United States in it, and the impact of the dominant role of the United States in this prolonged conflict.

Analysis of United States Involvement in the Palestine and Israel Conflicts

The purpose of this research is to outline the United States' national interest in recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital, as well as the consequences of doing so. The qualitative research approach was applied. The majority of the data was gathered through book research, observation, documentation, and internet data searches. According to the study's findings, the United States' recognition is an endeavor to serve its country's national interests, which has influenced ties between the two nations, which have grown closer since the recognition

Trump and Israel: Exploiting a Partisan Divide for Political Gains

During his 2016 election campaign, Donald Trump vowed to change U.S. priorities and strengthen his administration's relationship with Israel and its government. As president, Mr. Trump carried through his campaign promises: He recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem; he recognized Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights; he withdrew the U.S. from the Iran Nuclear Deal; he cut funding for the Palestinians; took unilateral supportive actions at the U.N. and promoted peace negotiations between Israel and Arab countries in the region. The article reviews these measures as strategic partisan tools used by Donald Trump to fulfill commitments to his base and to appropriate issues which had long been avoided as partisan. In appropriating them for his own political gains, the former president tapped into and increased the ongoing partisan divide over Israel which may well become an irreversible trend.

Role of religion in American politics: An analysis of the influence of Evangelical Church in Israeli Palestinian conflict

The politics of the Holy land is of crucial importance to the followers of the three Abrahamic religions in terms of religious beliefs, which metamorphosed into military and political significance in the 20th Century. The United States (U.S) support for Israel is especially visible during the republican presidencies. The U.S had five republican presidents from 1980 to 2020, and their evangelical beliefs shaped American foreign policy toward this region, a policy that may loosely be termed as affected by Christian Zionism, which was originally a 16th Century religious Puritan movement, who latter shaped into Christian political movement. U.S Christian Zionism reiterates favourable images of Jews and is pessimistic about peace in Holy land. Christian Zionists believe Lord has bestowed the land of Palestine to Jews and have held up this claim since the turn of the 20th Century. This paper first describes the fundamental nature of Christian Zionism, their view of the modern Israel and resultant political and military policies. This also focuses Christian Zionists support of republican presidents and specially President Trump relationship with Christian Zionism. The shifting of U.S embassy to Jerusalem, the formal approval to Jerusalem as the capital of Israel by President Trump are studied.

Pax Americana: Palestine and the Middle East in the Trump Era

Abstract Peace between Israel and the Arab world appears to be progressing like never before. It started with the UAE, followed by Bahrain and Morocco, and then with Sudan. A “new” Middle East is finally becoming a reality. Yet, on the other hand, the colonization of Palestinian land is progressing at full speed ever since President Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the American Embassy there. During both the Embassy move and the so-called Abraham Accords with Arab countries and throughout the Trump era, biblical language has been employed. This paper will examine these political developments and biblical connotations. At the heart of the issue lies the question of what constitutes real peace. This paper argues that ‘the deal of the century’ was a form of Pax Romana rather than Pax Christi.

Brief Synopses of New Arabic-Language Publications

Brief Synopses of New Arabic-Language Publications

ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE PERIOD THE PRESIDENCY OF DONALD TRUMP (2017-2020)

The European Union has met Donald Trump's presidency in a crisis, caused by Britain's exit, quarrels over migration policy and prospects for European integration. Trump has abandoned a project to create a transatlantic free trade area. He demanded a one-sided trade advantage for the United States. The rejection of the liberal project of multilateral foreign policy contributed to the deepening of contradictions between the EU and the US in the field of trade, environment, the regime of international disarmament treaties, the algorithm for resolving regional conflicts. The Trump era in US foreign policy was a time of abandoning liberal globalism. But it is impossible to realize this task in one cadence. The question is whether it is possible for Democrats to fully restore liberal globalism in equal cooperation with the European Union.Trump has abandoned the project of a transatlantic free trade area between the United States and the European Union. This shocked the European elites. Differences in approaches to world trade contributed to the coolness. The European Union is promoting a liberal approach. Trump insisted on the priority of the patronage of American interests. As a result, the tradition of relationships has suffered. Until 2017, the United States bought European goods and paid the most to the NATO budget. Trump demanded trade parity and more European funding for NATO. European elites perceived Trump's approach to migration issues as unacceptable. Trump's policy on international conflicts has become another reason for mutual misunderstanding. Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and helped establish diplomatic relations between Israel and the United Arab Emirates. This has become a challenge for the European Union's Middle East policy.

President Trump Peace Strategy: Emerging Conflict Between Israel and Palestine

When Donald Trump was elected as US President in November 2016, he initially signaled some real hope for the peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Some analysts argued that he may actually manage to deliver what he calls "the deal of the century" and bring peace to Israel and Palestine. These assumptions were based on the fact that President Trump is the type of person that could wake up one morning, say "enough", and pressure Israeli and Palestinian leaders to sign a peace deal on his terms. Early on in his presidency, Trump made the conflict a strategic priority and unconventionally chose to go to the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Israel and Palestine) on his first trip abroad as President. During a press conference with Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas in Bethlehem, he said that "if Israel and the Palestinians can make peace, it will begin a process of peace all throughout the Middle East." This was in line with Europe's standard inside-out approach (Israeli-Palestinian peace first, Israeli-Arab normalization later). But on December 2019, Trump made it clear that his much-anticipated peace deal will favour Israel when he recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and promised to move the US embassy there. This led Abbas to brand Trump's peace efforts as "the slap of the century" and say the US could no longer play any role in the Middle East peace process following the move. This paper has general objective of appraising the Trump peace deal in Middle East, and evaluate it to see does the process would bring real peace or escalation of crisis in the Middle East. The paper has argued that for peace to be guaranteed in the Middle East, justice, fair play and inclusiveness must be demonstrated by any third party who want intervene and bring peace in the Middle East. Keywords: Conflict, Middle East, Peace Deal, US intervention DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/82-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2020

THE EFFECT OF TRANSFERING ISRAEL CAPITAL CITY TO JERUSALEM TOWARD INDONESIA MACRO ECONOMY

United States President Donald Trump has just issued a controversial policy by giving Jerusalem recognition as the capital of Israel. This controversial policy triggered a strong reaction from a number of countries, especially Islamic countries including Indonesia. Indonesia through President Jokowidodo strongly condemned the policy of moving the Israeli capital to Jerusalem because it would disrupt political and security stability in the Middle East region. In the midst of the political impact caused by President Donald Trump's policies also affected the global economy. The world stock exchanges reacted immediately with the existence of these policies, one of which was the fall of the stock market index in Japan and South Korea due to investor concerns. The impact of the policies implemented by President Donald Trump also affected the Indonesian economy. This policy will affect the financial markets and capital markets in Indonesia. Trump's policy triggered an increase in the US $ exchange rate against the currencies of other countries including the Indonesian currency. Some of the negative effects on the Indonesian economy were the increase in world crude oil prices. Indonesia is currently no longer an oil exporting country, so that with the increase in world crude oil prices it will provide a fiscal burden in the State Budget (APBN). Fuel subsidies in the state budget will increase along with the increase in world crude oil prices that occur. In addition to the impact on the rupiah exchange rate against the US $, Donald Trump's policy also affects the inflation rate and the SBI interest rate. Through 2018, Bank Indonesia has raised the SBI interest rate by 150 basis points (bps) or 1.5%. The BI Governor explained that one reason for changing the benchmark interest rate was US monetary policy. The determination of high SBI interest rates also had an effect on reducing inflationary pressures. This study aims to look at the influence of President Donald Trump's policies regarding the transfer of the Israeli capital to Jerusalem against Indonesia's macroeconomic indicators. Indonesia's macroeconomic indicators are seen from 3 variables, such as the inflation rate, SBI interest rates and the rupiah exchange rate against US $ Key words : Donald Trump, inflation, SBI interest rates, exchange rates / exchange rates

Book Review Selling Destinations: Geography For The Travel Professional

Book Review Selling Destinations: Geography For The Travel Professional

İSRAİL DEVLETİ’NİN KUDÜS’Ü BAŞKENTİ İLAN ETME KARARININ TÜRK BASININDA YANSIMALARI

Ortadoğu, tarih boyunca dünya devletleri için önem taşıyan stratejik bir bölge olmuştur. Bu nedenle kriz merkezi olarak ifade edilebilecek bu bölgedeki gelişmeler, domino etkisiyle dünya devletlerinin gündeminde de yer almaktadır. Ortadoğu’ya ilişkin yaşanan sorunlardan birisini, İsrail-Filistin anlaşmazlığı oluşturmaktadır. Aynı coğrafya üzerinde tarihsel ve dinsel gerekçelere dayandırılan iki toplum arasındaki bu çatışma, uzlaşmazlıkları ve çözümsüzlükleri de beraberinde getirmiştir. İsrail-Filistin arasındaki anlaşmazlığın önemli başlıkları arasında, sınır sorunları, yerleşim bölgeleri, mülteciler, güvenlik, Filistin’in tanınırlığı, dünya devletlerinin bloklaşması gibi konular yer almaktadır. Her iki toplum için siyasi tartışma konusu olan başlıklardan bir diğeri de Kudüs’ün statüsü konusudur. Hem İsrail hem de Filistin için Kudüs, kutsallık arz etmektedir. Bu nedenle, her iki toplum Kudüs’ü kendi başkentleri olarak görmektedir. Bu anlaşmazlığı tırmandıran karar ise, İsrail Devleti’nin Kudüs’ü başkenti ilan etme kararı olmuştur. 30 Temmuz 1980 yılında İsrail Parlamentosu tarafından kabul edilen kanunda, “Kudüs tam ve birleşik olarak İsrail’in başkentidir”, ifadesi yer almaktadır. Bu karar, iki toplum arasında anlaşmaya varmayı daha zorlaştırdığı gibi dünya devletlerinin pozisyonunu da güçleştirmiştir. Çünkü sorun salt siyasal sebeplere değil, dini ve tarihi gerekçelere de dayandırılmaktadır. Siyasal, tarihi ve dini tartışmaların odağında bulunan Kudüs’ün statüsü, dünya gündeminin önemli sorunları arasında yer almasının yanında doğal olarak Türkiye Cumhuriyeti için de özel bir anlam taşımaktadır. Dolayısıyla İsrail Devleti’nin Kudüs’ün statüsü konusunda aldığı bu karar Türkiye’de de büyük yankı yapmıştır. Bu çalışma, iki toplum arasında gerginliğe yol açan, dolayısıyla tüm dünyada yankı uyandıran, İsrail Devleti’nin Kudüs’ü kendi başkenti ilan etme kararının Türk toplumundaki yansımalarını basın perspektifinden değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, alınan karar ile ilgili Türk basınında yer alan haberler analiz edilerek şekillendirilmiştir. Farklı yayın politikalarına sahip gazeteler seçilerek, söz konusu gazetelerin Kudüs kararını değerlendiriş biçimi ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmış, ilgili haberlerde parlamento kararının ne şekilde ifade edildiği belirlenmeye çalışılarak elde edilen bulgular değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İsrail, Filistin, Kudüs, Türk Basını

Textual Metafunction in Donald Trump’s Speech “Recognizing Jerusalem as Israel’s Capital”

This research aimed to discover the realization of textual metafunction and to discover kinds of mood and theme types dominated in speech since the data itself was Donald Trump’s speech “Recognizing Jerusalem as Israel Capital”. This research employed a qualitative research method and content analysis approach. The data was obtained from the trusted website and the data itself was analyzed by using Halliday’s theory by considering the steps of data analysis proposed by Gay et al. As a result of the analysis, it was discovered that: (1) the realization of textual metafunction in Donald Trump’s speech was applied. 84 clauses found in Donald Trump’s speech, and each clause contained Theme and Rheme which carry the message told the listeners; (2) mood (theme in declarative clauses) were mostly dominated particularly unmarked theme, which had 44 clauses while marked theme 38 clauses. Otherwise, (theme in imperative clauses) were the lowest calculation, it was obtained 2 clauses from the total number of clauses. Meanwhile, (theme in interrogative clauses) was not found, yes or no as well as wh-question; theme types (ideational/topical theme was dominant), it was derived 57 clauses, the second was (textual theme), it was derived 25 clauses and the last was (interpersonal theme), it derived 2 clauses. To sum up, based on textual metafunction perspective, the speaker attempts to get the listeners’ attention to focus on the message of what is being said, and giving many statements to tell the listeners his recognition that Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.

PERAN DIPLOMASI INDONESIA DALAM KONFLIK ISRAEL-PALESTINA

<p>This article examined how Indonesian diplomacy has taken place in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Friction and armed clashes between Palestinian fighters and the Israeli military still occur and can even befall Palestinian civilians. Throught the history of Indonesia's closeness with Palestine, Indonesia is one of the countries actively calling for Palestinian independence with a two-state solution. The scientific relationship between Palestinian scholars and Indonesian students studying in Egypt made Palestine one of the countries that recognized Indonesia's independence with Egypt. Relations between the two countries continue today. This article is described using conflict resolution theory. Furthermore, the authors find the findings of Indonesia's diplomacy in resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Indonesia plays an active role through its role as a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council. Even Indonesia opposed US President Donald Trump's policy on Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel and moves its embassy to Jerusalem. It is proven that Indonesia plays the role of co-sponsor, facilitator, mediator, participator, initiator, actor, motivator and justifier in helping resolve the IsraeliPalestinian conflict.</p>

Information Effect of Trump’s Declaration of Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel on the Nigerian Stock Market.

The study examined the information effect of Trump’s declaration of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on the Nigerian stock market. The required data spanning 1st January to 31st December, 2017 were analyzed using Event study methodology. The result of the analysis showed that the news of Trump’s declaration of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel caused statistically significant negative abnormal returns in the Nigerian stock market. The study recommends that the Government and the Nigerian stock market key players should keenly monitor emerging events around the globe, as these often have implication for emerging markets through contagion.