Salmonella Isolates Research Articles

Genotypic characterization of β-lactamase resistant Salmonella species isolated from different quail houses and their susceptibility to extracts of thyme and chitosan, and Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify Salmonella species in two systems for quail raising (deep litter system and cages system). Determination of antibiotic susceptibility, β-lactamase resistance genes profile and susceptibility to chitosan, thyme extract and S. cerevisiae was examined. Fifteen Salmonella isolates were isolated from eighty cloacal swabs examined, with a higher incidence from those of deep litter systems than cage housing systems. Regarding the environmental samples, Salmonella was higher in the deep litter system than in cage housing. Serological identification of 27 salmonella isolates typed them into 8 Salmonella spp. including S. Tsevie, S. Infantis, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, S. Larochelle, S. Molade, S. Enteritidis and S. Labadi. The profile of β-lactamase-resistance genes revealed the presence of blaTEM and blaSHV genes in S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis; blaTEM and blaCTX-M1 genes in S. Enteritidis and S. Molade, while S. Kentucky and S. Tsevie were positive for the blaCTX-M1 gene only. S. Larochelle was negative for all of them. Thyme and chitosan extract showed that S. cerevisiae had the highest inhibitory activity against the tested strains. In conclusion, farms with superior biosecurity and hygiene practices will reduce the risk of pathogens and eliminate the need for prophylactic antibiotics, thereby preventing antibiotic resistance.

Linking epidemiological and genomic data in cases of enteric fever in England to inform clinical management and public health action.

To explore the feasibility of linking data from enhanced surveillance patient questionnaires from each enteric fever case in England with genome sequencing data, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, from the corresponding isolate of typhoidal salmonellae. After linking data we interrogated the merged dataset and assessed the utility of passive surveillance data to match and monitor antimicrobial treatment regimens in enteric fever patients with the AMR profiles of the infectious agent. A high proportion of cases were given antibiotics (n = 1230/1415; 86.9%); half of the cases stated the class of antibiotic they were given (n = 630/1239) and half were prescribed cephalosporins (n = 316/630). Reported treatment with a combination of antibiotics increased with symptom severity. Nearly half of isolates (n = 644/1415; 45.5%) had mutations conferring resistance to ciprofloxacin. Based on genome-derived AMR profiles, typhoidal salmonellae isolates inferred to be susceptible to the recommended first-line antimicrobials were twice as likely to be isolated from individuals residing in the least deprived areas compared with the most deprived (n = 26/169; 15.4% versus n = 32/442; 7.2%). Due to the high proportion of missing data obtained from patient interviews, we recommend a more transparent and systematic approach to recording the antibiotic prescription details by healthcare professionals in primary and secondary care. A more robust approach to data capture at this point in the care pathway would enable us to audit inconsistencies in the prescribing algorithms across England and ensure equitable treatment across all sections of society. Integrating prescribing data with the genome-derived AMR profiles of the causative agent at the individual patient level provides an opportunity to monitor the impact of treatment on clinical outcomes, and to promote best practice in real time.

Antibiotics Sensitivity Reaction of salmonella Species Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Porridge Beans Sold in Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny of Rivers State

Salmonella specie is one of the four key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases. In this research we investigated the frequency occurrence of salmonella species isolated from ready-to-eat porridge beans sold from vendors in the proximity of federal polytechnic of oil and gas bonny island. A total of 40 samples were purchased from four different food vendors in four different spots [vendor 1(The first spot), vendor 11(second spot), vendor 111(third spot) and vendor 1V (fourth spot)] between February and May 2024.All samples were processed and analysed using standard culturebased, biochemical methods and antibiotic susceptibility test assays to confirm salmonella isolates. The highest total occurrence of heterotrophic bacteria population densities were: vendor1 4.0.0×105CFU/g; vendor11 4.4×107CFU/g, vendor111 4.5×102CFU/g and vendor 1V 4.2×109CFU/g. The highest total occurrence of salmonella population density were, for vendor1 3.9×102, Vendor11 2.7×104 , Vendor111 4.1×105,Vendor1V 4.4×103 respectively. Antibiotics susceptibility test was performed for the isolates which exhibited that all of them were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin (CPR)-5 g, Nitrofurantoin (NIT)-30 g, Oflotaxin (OFL)-5 g, were susceptible to Salmonella species. While Gentamicin (GEN)-10 g, and Cefuroxime (CXM)-5 g, were intermediate and Finally, Augmentin (AUG)-30 g, Cefuroxime (CAZ)-30 g, and Cefuroxime (CRX)-30 g were resistant to Salmonella species. Therefore, it can be stated that ready-to-eat porridge beans sold in the proximity of FPOG environment are possible route of transmission for Salmonella species. However, due to lack of intense antibiotic resistance among these bacteria, most of them can be treated with the antibiotics available in the market. Nonetheless, strict monitoring and regular surveillance is necessary.

Prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactam, methicillin, and vancomycin resistant zoonotic bacterial pathogens in milk

In this study, 194 samples of the dairy supply chain from various regions were collected, and the most prevalent pathogen discovered was Enterococcus spp., which was present at a rate of 25.77% (50/194), followed by S. aureus and E. coli, which were present at rates of 15.97% (31/194) and 14.94% (29/194), respectively. The double disc approach was used in this investigation to phenotypically confirm that five different E. coli isolates were Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers. By phenotyping by disc diffusion testing, it was determined that five isolates of S. aureus with coagulase positive were methicillin resistant (MRSA), while one sample of Enterococcus was found to be vancomycin resistant. This was confirmed using the BD Phoenix Diagnostic System. Further, three salmonella isolates found through conventional based techniques were confirmed as Citrobacter freuendii (n = 2), Serratia marcescens (n = 1), and Mannhemia histolytica (n = 1) using the Phoenix approach.

Isolation and molecular identification of salmonella from fermented foods

Isolation and molecular identification of salmonella from fermented foods

ЭТИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СТРУКТУРА САЛЬМОНЕЛЛЕЗА И ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ К АНТИБАКТЕРИАЛЬНЫМ ПРЕПАРАТАМ

Salmonellosis is one of the most common acute intestinal diseases, often occurring in the form of group outbreaks with food transmission factor. Among infections of bacterial etiology, it has the highest incidence rates. Infection is registered in all countries and is an pressing medical problem, including the Russian Federation. Also, the public health problem is the resistance of the pathogen to antimicrobial drugs, there is a constant need to determine sensitivity for the correction of therapy. The purpose of our study was to determine the etiological structure of salmonellosis and sensitivity of individual salmonella isolates to antibacterial drugs in the Republic of Mordovia in various years of observation. The material of this study was the case histories of 500 patients hospitalized in Republican Infectious Diseases Clinical Hospital. For this purpose, a retrospective analysis of medical records was carried out. We have identified that in the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, the incidence of salmonellosis for many years exceeded the average incidence in Russia. At the same time, its decline was noted during the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (as well as in Russia as a whole). The article reflects the results of the analysis of the etiological structure, provides data on the dynamic monitoring of the sensitivity of salmonella to antibacterial drugs in the republic. We noted that the appearance of new serological variants of the pathogen is often recorded. At the same time, S. Enteritidis remains predominant. Enteritidis, Munchen, Newport, and Glostrup were highly sensitive to fluoroquinolones, betalactams, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. However, there is a growing trend in the resistance of salmonella to antibacterial drugs, sometimes simultaneously to five and six. Low sensitivity was revealed to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline (more often in S. Enteritidis and S. Glostrup). The information obtained can be used to assess the epidemiological situation, to monitor antimicrobial resistance within the framework of epidemiological surveillance, to optimize antibacterial therapy, as well as in the educational process and clinical practice.

Isolation Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella and S Aurous from Selected Dairy Farms in Beedle and Nekemte Districts Western Ethiopia

Background: Bacterial diseases transmitted through food pose a serious threat to human and animal health. Salmonella and S. aurous are among the major foodborne pathogens. It is becoming a worldwide problem to date. In this regard, there is a lack of information among farms in western Ethiopia. Therefore, the study was conducted to isolate, identify, and assess the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Salmonella and S. Aureus from Selected Dairy Farms in the study area. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done from December 2018 to June 2019 on small scale dairy farms from Bedele and Nekemte town, Western Ethiopia with the objective of isolating and identifying Salmonella and S. Aureus from lactating cows, milkers’ and milking equipment at farms and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates. A total of 383 samples consisting cow milk, feces, cow nasal swab, milkers’ hand swab, milkers nasal swab, bucket swab, and floor swab were collected from 20 dairy farms. The samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella and S. Aureus following standard techniques and procedures. Agar disc diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Results: The overall occurrence of Salmonella and S. Aureus was 2.35%and 2.35% respectively. Out of the 9 Salmonella isolates, 5(4.95%), 3(2.97%), and 1(5%) were isolated from udder milk, rectal feces and floor swab respectively. S. Aureus isolate was highest in udder milk 3(2.97%), followed by cow nasal swab 2(1.98%), feces 1(0.99%), bucket swab 1(5%), floor swab 1(5%) and milker’s nasal swab 1(5%). All salmonella isolates were 100% sensitive to nalidixic acid, however 55.55%, 22.22 %, and 11.11, respectively, were resistant to cefoxitin, tetracycline, and gentamycin. The antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the S. Aureus showed that 55.55% and 11.11% were resistant to Penicillin G and Erythromycin, respectively and were 100% sensitive to cefoxitin, nitrofurantoin, and gentamicin. Conclusion: Even if the current study shows lower prevalence, lower antimicrobial resistance and higher susceptibility for most antimicrobials, stringent control measures, such as treatment of positive cases with effective medications and preventative measures including strict hygiene standards, such as cleaning of the floor, pens, and milking equipment, as well as adequate hand washing throughout the milking process, should be adopted.

Isolation of salmonella from goats slaughtered at export abattoirs in Bishoftu town

Isolation of salmonella from goats slaughtered at export abattoirs in Bishoftu town

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolates from commercial layer farms in and around Hyderabad, Telangana

Isolation and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella isolates from commercial layer farms in and around Hyderabad, Telangana

Antibacterial potency of Vernonia amygdalina on antibiotic-resistant non-typhoidal salmonella isolates from human and animal sources in southern Taraba, North-East, Nigeria

Antibiotic discovery was considered a wonder of the world. Shortly after, many microorganisms began to exhibit resistance to prior antimicrobial actions of antibiotics. Notwithstanding, Quinones, Flavonoids, Flavones, Flavonols, Tannins, and Coumarins are major phytochemicals synthesized by plant parts and have shown decisive antimicrobial activities against a panel of microorganisms. In this research hot and cold extracts of fresh and dried Vernonia, amygdalina showed remarkable in vivo antimicrobial activity on antibiotic-resistant Salmonella isolates from various poultry farms and food vendors in Ibi, Donga, Takum, and Wukari. 5 g-10 ml, 10 g-10 ml, 15g-10ml, 20g-10ml, and 25g-10ml are arrays of Vernonia Amygdalina concentrations tested on the inocula. Significant light growth was observed for both menstruum extracts of dried and fresh leaves of Vernonia Amygdalina at higher concentrations levels of 20g-10ml, 25g-10ml, while and moderate growth was seen at lower concentrations levels of 5g-10ml, 10g-10ml. Also, heavy growth of Salmonella was detected in the control plates inoculated with the test microorganism but without the addition of any extracts. Weak political will in implementing regulation policies, funding of research, and perceived antimicrobial resistance to plant extracts as well as acceptability and cultural factors have threatened the extensive use of plant extract in the management of health. Improved universal health coverage and enhanced economic potentials are core benefits of the use of plant extracts for health management. Conclusively, plant extracts possess appreciable antimicrobial activities against Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) microorganisms compared to currently prescribe synthetic drugs. Hence, further studies on clinical efficacy trials and the safety of more plants need to be intensified.

Isolation of Salmonella Sp. and E. Coli from Fermented Milk Product (Nono) in Kuje Area Council (Fct, Abuja, Nigeria) and their Antimicrobial Resistant Status

This study was undertaken to assess the incidence of antimicrobial susceptibility status of Salmonella species and Escherichia coli isolated from a fermented cow milk product (Nono) in Kuje, FCT, Abuja. For the purpose of this study, Kuje was divided into; Kuje North (KN), Kuje East (KE), Kuje West (KW), Kuje Central KC) and Kuje South (KS). In number, a total of 154 fermented samples of the products were collected for bacterial isolation and identification from the regions using conventional bacteriological identification methods. The identified isolates were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibility status using four different types of antibiotics by disc diffusion method. The prevalence of Salmonella sp. was 10/154, while that of E. coli was 18/154. The presence of Salmonella isolates was higher in those milk samples products where nearby stream was the primary source of available water for all routine domestic use including milk processing (KE and KN) respectively. All the salmonella isolates were found to be susceptible to gentamicin but 91.3% to amoxicillin, 90.2% to sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim and 88.9% to tetracycline. Three of the Salmonella isolates showed multiple drug resistance to two drugs. The findings from this research showed that the fermented dairy milk product (nono) obtained from local processing households in Kuje, FCT, Abuja was contaminated with public health important bacterial species; Salmonella species and E. coli. Also of utmost importance is the resistance of the pathogens to certain antimicrobial drugs which call for attention. Therefore, in order to ensure safe quality of fermented milk products are supplied to the FCT, the respective stakeholders engaged in this business need to be educated in basic hygienic practices and the implication of poor sanitation on human health

Characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella isolates from food sources of animal origin in Meru municipality, Kenya

Salmonella infections originating from food sources have become a menace to the world. Salmonella causes gastroenteritis and eventually death especially to children below five years of age and individuals who are immunocompromised. Antibiotics are the major therapeutic means used to mitigate Salmonella species. However, in the recent past, studies have reported that Salmonella species have developed resistance to common drugs available in the market. This study aimed at isolation and characterization of salmonella species from food sources of animal origin in Meru Municipality, Kenya. To achieve this collected samples were subjected to culture and sensitivity testing where seventy-six (76) meat samples were collected from butcheries, hotels, supermarkets, and slaughterhouses. Of these 14 (18.4%) were found positive for salmonella species. Additionally, 72 egg samples were collected from vendors and these yielded a two percent (2.1%) prevalence of salmonella species. In 80 milk samples collected from milk vendors in Meru township, all the samples were found free of salmonella species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated that majority of the salmonella isolates (40%) were resistant to more than four of the tested antimicrobial agents. The study recommends further studies to determine gene sequence and thus check for base pair differences among the salmonella isolates obtained. This will enable understand mutational changes which could be attributable to reported antimicrobial drug resistance among the isolates. Data obtained will enable policy change especially on use of antimicrobial agents especially during treatment of food animals. The study recommends working together of key players in the health sector, environmental sector and animal health sector in a view to improving the one health strategy in the study area, which may later be cascaded to all other counties in the country and beyond.

Evaluation of antibiotic resistance in salmonella isolated from camel in a Najaf province

Non-Typhoidal Salmonellosis (NTS) is a form of salmonellosis that infect human from host-non adapted serotypes of salmonella, these salmonella strains are distributed in the environment, water and food via warm blooded animals causing gastroenteritis illnesses mostly, accompanied by high antibiotic resistance profile. In Najaf, camel meat considered one of the most used meat for human consumption. Yet, studies on distribution of salmonella and antibiotic resistance is scarce. In this research, (32) isolates of salmonella were isolated from camels in the province of Al-Najaf, using ordinary bacteriological methods, according to internationally known protocols for the cultivation and characterization of this bacteria. Then, all positive isolates subjected by antibiotic sensitivity test. The results showed a very high multidrug resistance profile was noticed among the isolated salmonella.

Comparison of colourimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), PCR and high-resolution melt curve analysis and culture-based diagnostic assays in the detection of three salmonella serotypes in poultry

ABSTRACT The accuracies of two molecular tests, PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay were compared with bacterial culture in detection of salmonella in poultry clinical samples. The icIR family transcriptional regulator gene was targeted and, out of 56 clinical specimens, 20 poultry field isolates were found positive for salmonella. Along with human isolates, reference strains of three different serovars, Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis, were also tested. Eight different but genetically closely related bacterial genera (Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Escherichia and Pasteurella) were also used to evaluate the specificity of assay. The LAMP assay showed 80.8% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.66–0.95) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 0.71–1.00) when compared with microbiological culture and PCR, both with 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 0.87–1.00) and 100% specificity (95% CI, 0.71–1.00). High-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis following PCR was able to differentiate between salmonella isolates based on their melting points, and all specimens were genotyped in three distinct HRM curve profiles. Each normalized melt curve profile represented one salmonella serotype and differences between the three melt profiles were correlated with nucleotide variations in the target gene sequences which demonstrated high discriminatory power of this technique. The colourimetric LAMP assay provided an alternative detection method capable of being used in the field, and showed analytical sensitivity for detection of 1 pg of salmonella DNA per reaction. The advantages and disadvantages of each test in detection of salmonella are discussed.

ISOLATION IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SALMONELLA SPP. FROM POULTRY AND POULTRY PRODUCT IN KHARTOUM STATE- SUDAN

Salmonella, a genus of the family Enterobacteriaceae with over 2450 species, has been responsible for diseases ranging from typhoidal salmonellosis to non- typhoidal salmonellosis. Several groups of antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, cephalosporin and sulfonamides are used against Salmonella species. 27 Salmonella spp. were isolated out of 385samples from poultry carcasses, poultry products, and from poultry environment in 2019-2022. These Salmonella were identied to their exact source, and some were serogrouped, serotyped, and tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Food poultry samples tested included broilers poultry and poultry carcasses, poultry eggs, poultry water supply, poultry feed stuff, and also samples were collected from poultry organs (liver, kidney, intestine, ovaries) All specimens were collected and transfer to the food and water department at national health laboratoryfor isolation and identication of salmonella spp. Serogroups of the isolated organisms were done by API20E method then byserology test usingpolyvalent and monovalent antisera and nally conrmed by polymerase chain reaction.(PCR) which revealed 25 out of 27 isolates ofSalmonella spp.( 6.6%) The percentage of isolates were describe respectively as ows from poultry carcass13(.52%), from feed stuffs 3(12%), from poultry intestine 3(12.%). from poultry water supply 3(12%), from local eggs 2 (8%) and from broiler poultry1(4.0%) The conrmingorganisms revealedasS.enteritidis,S.typhimurim,S.arizona, s.pullorum,S.chlorasuis and S.paratypi(c)lastly the isolates of salmonella species was carried out against antibiotics sensitivity test 9 different types of standardantibiotic disc use against conforming isolateswhich were found sensitive to Ceftrixone , Cefotaxime, Kanamycin, and moderate sensitive to Ciprooxacin, Chloromphenicol, and Co-trimexazole while appear resistant to Erythromycin, Tetracycline, and Ampicillin Many Salmonella species had developed resistance to several antibiotics Some factors identied to contribute to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistant- Salmonella include; miss-used of antibiotics, used of antibiotics in agriculture, unregulated sales of antibiotics, inappropriate prescription and dispensing practices, and poor hygiene practices (external or behavioral factors), A more radical approach and commitment from the policy makers in health sector to solving problems emanating from .increasing spread of resistant Salmonella in different antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to isolate, and assess prevalence of Salmonella infection In poultry in Khartoum state from different poultry locations (farmers, broilers , factories) Matrial And Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the poultry carcass of different eight factories, broiler poultry, also from water supply and feed stuff of different poultry cultivation area and lastly from poultry products (liver, kidneys, intestine, ovaries, eggs)in sites of Khartoum state in Sudan to an isolate and identify the prevalence of Salmonella infection in different type of poultry and poultry environment (including feed stuff and water supply) buffer peptone water, tetrathionate and Rappaport vassiliadisbroth are use as preenrichment and selective media forisolation and identication for salmonella spp.organism isolates of microorganism will be done by serological test using Commercial antisera and biochemical test using APIE20, andnally conventional PCR method use as molecular conrmatory test Results: The results showed that the maximum number percentage of different Salmonella species was recovered and which obtained as ows respectively from raw and frozen poultry (49.8%), from feed stuff (16.6%), poultry organs (12.2%),water supply (9.9%), poultry products(6.6%), broiler poultry(3.3%) In additionally six species of Salmonella were obtained from this study, namely: Salmonella typhimurium. S.enteritidis, S. arizonae, S. pullorum, S. chlorasuis, and S. paratyphi©. Conclusion: Poultry can be one of the most important food but still zoonotic disease risks exist. Human Salmonellosis from contact with live poultry is a challenging, for health problem. Prevention requires an integrated one health approach including public health and animal health ofcials collaborating with feed store industry and healthcare providers, veterinarians, and backyard ock owners. To dissolving and eradicate the infection among population. Several factors such as misuse of antibiotics, use of antibiotics in agriculture, poor hygiene practices by hospitals and individuals, unregulated sales of antibiotics and genetic factors affecting potentially in infections and transmission of Salmonella organisms among community health and the efforts of collaboration with stockholder must be done to protect the public's health.

Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella Serotypes Concurrently Isolated from the Environment, Animals, and Humans in South Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

One of the main global concerns is the usage and spread of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars. The animals, humans, and environmental components interact and contribute to the rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, directly or indirectly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance (AR) profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from the environment, animals, and humans in South Africa by a systematic review and meta-analysis. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to search four databases for studies published from 1980 to 2021, that reported the antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated in South Africa. The AR was screened from 2930 Salmonella serotypes which were isolated from 6842 samples. The Western Cape province had high pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella isolates with AR profiles followed by North West, Gauteng, and Eastern Cape with 94.3%, 75.4%, 59.4%, and 46.2%, respectively. The high PPE and heterogeneity were observed from environmental samples [69.6 (95% CI: 41.7−88.3), Q = 303.643, I2 = 98.353, Q-P = 0.045], animals [41.9 (95% CI: 18.5–69.5), Q = 637.355, I2 = 98.745, Q-P = 0.577], as well as animals/environment [95.9 (95% CI: 5.4−100), Q = 55.253, I2 = 96.380, Q-P = 0.300]. The majority of the salmonella isolates were resistant to sulphonamides (92.0%), enrofloxacin and erythromycin (89.3%), oxytetracycline (77.4%), imipenem (72.6%), tetracycline (67.4%), as well as trimethoprim (52.2%), among the environment, animals, and humans. The level of multidrug-resistance recorded for Salmonella isolates was 28.5% in this review. This study has highlighted the occurrence of AR by Salmonella isolates from animals, humans, and environmental samples in South Africa and this calls for a consolidated “One Health” approach for antimicrobial resistance epidemiological research, as well as the formulation of necessary intervention measures to prevent further spread.

Analysis of Blood Culture Data Influences Future Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections: A 5-year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

ABSTRACTBackgroundBlood cultures are the most significant samples received in a microbiology laboratory. Good quality control of pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic stages can have a significant impact on patient outcomes. Here, we present the improvements brought about by reviewing blood culture data with clinicians at a tertiary care institute in India.MethodsFour-year blood culture data (phase I—February 2014–February 2018) were shared with clinicians in the clinical grand round. Several take-home messages were discussed in a quiz format, and a number of holistic quality control measures were implemented at different levels. Based on observable changes in blood culture reports, another dataset was analyzed and compared in phase II (April 2018–April 2019).ResultsIn phase II, the blood culture contamination rate improved from 6 to 2% along with four times reduction in ICU isolates and three times increased isolation of salmonellae and pneumococci. The development of resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae to carbapenems and piperacillin–tazobactam was reduced. Colistin resistance in ICU isolates hovered around 15%. Vaccine-preventable pneumococcal serotypes were predominant in the under-five age-group. Typhoidal salmonellae were more commonly isolated from adults with 50% showing sensitivity to pefloxacin and 97% to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole. Candida parapsilosis was the leading non-albicans Candida (NAC). Fluconazole resistance was observed in 50% of NAC.ConclusionReviewing blood culture data with clinicians mutually helped us to improve the overall quality of blood culture reports. It had a major impact on epidemiological trends and thus, found to be superior to just sharing an antibiogram with the clinicians.How to cite this articleSharma A, Samaddar A, Maurya A, Hada V, Narula H, Shrimali T, et al. Analysis of Blood Culture Data Influences Future Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections: A 5-year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(11):1258–1262.

Tracking of Resistant Salmonella Species in Poultry Farms: New Method of Control Using Essential Oils Nano- Emulsion Conjugated with Antimicrobial Agents

This work was designed to monitor and track Salmonella spp. in the different internal organs (heart, liver, spleen, and caecum) of 247 bird species (chickens n=176, chicks n=47, ducks n=15, and ducklings n=9) with variable ages in two governorates; El-Fayoum and Beni-Suef, Egypt. Besides assessing the antimicrobial activity of antibacterial agents, essential oils, oils nano-emulsion, and their interactions with each other against salmonellae isolates for their control at the farm level. All samples were collected aseptically for further microbiological and serological investigations. Moreover, the efficiency of essential oils and oils nano-emulsion (thymol, carvacrol, basil, and cinnamon) against recovered Salmonellae were tested using the agar dilution method. A total of fourteen Salmonella serotypes were detected from different investigated internal organs (heart, liver, and spleen), and the three most predominant serovars were S. virchow (17.14%), S. infantis (11.43%), and S. anatum (11.43%). The resistance profile of Salmonella spp. referred to 47.14%, 40.0%, 31.43%, 25.71%, 21.43%, 21.43%, and 21.43% against ampicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, aztreonam, cefazolin, cefotaxime, and tobramycin, respectively. The ability of essential oils (carvacrol oil 0.01%, basil 0.1%, cinnamon 0.01%, and thymol oil 0.01%) to inhibit the growth of Salmonellae differed significantly at 34.29%, 17.14%, 11.43%, and 1.43%, respectively (p<0.05). Oppositely, essential oils nano-emulsion (thymol 0.01%, carvacrol 0.001%, basil 0.1%, and cinnamon 0.01%) showed no inhibitory effect on the growth of Salmonella species. In conclusion, the interactive action between essential oils and antimicrobial agents approved the ability to enhance the susceptibility of the resistant Salmonella isolates against gentamicin, tobramycin, chloramphenicol, and cefazolin. In addition, the interactive action between essential oils nano-emulsion and antimicrobial agents on resistant Salmonella isolates revealed a complete enhanced effect against cefotaxime and variable enhancement against aztreonam.

Detection of Salmonella spp. in exotic pigeons of North Kerala and its antibiogram

Pigeon breeding has transformed from being a mere hobby to becoming established as an industry. The increased trade of pigeons inadvertently invites the risk of dissemination of infections including zoonoses like salmonellosis. Pigeons once infected remain carriers for life. This coupled with the ability of the organism to acquire antimicrobial resistance makes salmonellosis, particularly from pigeons an important, public health risk for pigeon handlers. Cloacal swabs from a total of 200 exotic pigeons belonging to 24 lofts from Northern districts of Kerala were collected and attempted to isolate Salmonella and understand its antimicrobial resistance profile. Five isolates of salmonella could be obtained from four of the lofts studied. A prevalence of 2.5 per cent was identified for salmonellosis with 16.67 per cent of the lofts affected. Antimicrobial sensitivity based on disk diffusion assay revealed that all the five isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate and all were resistant to tetracycline and streptomycin. Sixty per cent of the isolates were sensitive to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, cefoperazone, amikacin and gentamicin.

Epidemiological fectors and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella spp

serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are known to cause enteric fever. Multidrug resistance in and has emerged as a cause of concern. To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enteric serovar Typhi () and obtained from blood culture.: All isolates obtained from blood cultures of clinically suspected cases of enteric fever coming to microbiology laboratory, Nirmal hospital, from January 2015 to September 2017 were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined using commercial antimicrobial disks chloramphenicol (30 μg), nalidixic acid (30 μg), ampicillin (10 μg), azithromycin (15 μg), cotrimoxazole (1.25/23.75 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines of respective year by KirbyBauer disc diffusion method.: Total 330 isolates of salmonella are there out of that 298 is . 32 are Salmonella para A, while 1 is of Salmonella para B. Enteric fever cases pick month are April, May, June and July. Sensitivity to first line drugs are &amp;#62; 80%, Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella (NARS) are 79%, while Multi drug resistant (resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole all three)Salmonella are 3%.: Periodic evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility pattern is necessary to see changing pattern of antibiotics. Evaluation of Nalidixic acid resistant Salmonella and periodic evaluation of multi drug resistant Salmonella is also important as emergence of MDR strain is observed in our study.