Abstract
One of the main global concerns is the usage and spread of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars. The animals, humans, and environmental components interact and contribute to the rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, directly or indirectly. Therefore, this study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance (AR) profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated from the environment, animals, and humans in South Africa by a systematic review and meta-analysis. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to search four databases for studies published from 1980 to 2021, that reported the antibiotic resistance profiles of Salmonella serotypes isolated in South Africa. The AR was screened from 2930 Salmonella serotypes which were isolated from 6842 samples. The Western Cape province had high pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella isolates with AR profiles followed by North West, Gauteng, and Eastern Cape with 94.3%, 75.4%, 59.4%, and 46.2%, respectively. The high PPE and heterogeneity were observed from environmental samples [69.6 (95% CI: 41.7−88.3), Q = 303.643, I2 = 98.353, Q-P = 0.045], animals [41.9 (95% CI: 18.5–69.5), Q = 637.355, I2 = 98.745, Q-P = 0.577], as well as animals/environment [95.9 (95% CI: 5.4−100), Q = 55.253, I2 = 96.380, Q-P = 0.300]. The majority of the salmonella isolates were resistant to sulphonamides (92.0%), enrofloxacin and erythromycin (89.3%), oxytetracycline (77.4%), imipenem (72.6%), tetracycline (67.4%), as well as trimethoprim (52.2%), among the environment, animals, and humans. The level of multidrug-resistance recorded for Salmonella isolates was 28.5% in this review. This study has highlighted the occurrence of AR by Salmonella isolates from animals, humans, and environmental samples in South Africa and this calls for a consolidated “One Health” approach for antimicrobial resistance epidemiological research, as well as the formulation of necessary intervention measures to prevent further spread.
Highlights
Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family that includes more than 2700 Salmonella serotypes [1], found in three species, Salmonella bongori, Salmonella subterranean, and S. enterica [2]
This systematic review and meta-analysis provided an overview of published Salmonella serovar antibiotic resistance (AR) scientific data from humans, animals, and environmental samples in South Africa
Our results revealed the highest pooled prevalence estimates (PPE) of Salmonella AR to sulphonamides, followed by enrofloxacin and erythromycin
Summary
Salmonella is a genus of Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium of the Enterobacteriaceae family that includes more than 2700 Salmonella serotypes [1], found in three species, Salmonella bongori, Salmonella subterranean, and S. enterica [2]. S. enterica is divided into six subspecies namely: Indica Depending on the serovars and hosts, these bacterial species can cause bacteremia, typhoid fever, gastroenteritis, and non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans and animals [3,4]. Salmonellosis is one of the most frequent and economically significant zoonotic infections of humans. It impacts all of the domestic animal species, as well as the wildlife
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