ISO TC Research Articles

Simplifications of the volumetric error model because of the structural loop of machine tools

Abstract After many years of intensive work the international experts from ISO TC 39 published the technical report called ISO TR 16907 “Machine tools – numerical compensation of geometric errors”. This document defines the terminology, presents benefits and limitations of numerical compensation of machine tools’ and measuring machines’ errors. It gives machines manufacturers and users vital information about how to use numerical compensation. In the context of those types of compensation defined in ISO TR 16907, this article shows rules of selecting models of Volumetric Error for three-axis machine tools. What is more, this paper presents some principles of reduction of these proposed models because of the functional tasks for machine tools. One of the obtained results is an array of reduced models for three-axis machine tools. This array determines the degree of detail of the model and the experimental research program that needs to be carried out in order to determine the Volumetric Error distribution.

Praktyczne aspekty doboru modelu numerycznej kompensacji błędów geometrycznych obrabiarek

After many years of intensive work, experts from ISO TC 39 have published the technical report ISO TR 16907 “Machine tools – numerical compensation of geometric errors”. This document defines the terminology, presents advantages and limitations of numerical compensation of machine tool and measuring machine. This gives machine manufacturers and users important information on the application of numerical compensation. In the context of the compensation types defined in ISO TR 16907, presented principles of selecting volumetric error models for three-axis machine tools. The principles of reducing these models due to the functional tasks of machine tools were also presented. The final result is a table of reduced models for three-axis machine tools. It determines the degree of the model and the experimental test program, which should be done to determine volumetric error.

Progress of establishing a standard for measuring the performance of mechanical booster vacuum pump by ISO TC 112

Mechanical booster vacuum pumps (MBVPs) are widely used in many industrial applications in recent decades. While the performance measurement standard for MBVPs characterizing is still inadequate due to the strong dependence on the backing pump being not always known in advance. In order to ensure that the performance measurement of MBVPs is, as far as possible, carried out by uniform procedures and under uniform conditions, special pump characteristics are discussed and analyzed including the maximum tolerable pressure difference Δpmax, effective compression ratio Keff, compression ratio with zero throughput K0 and by-pass valve pressure difference Δp1. These parameters are practically proved to be sufficient and necessary to indicate the properties of MBVPs in the end. Simplified methods are introduced and discussed based on K0 to estimate the performance of MBVPs. Based on the results of practical usage and the existing standard of different countries, a corresponding experimental system is set up and detailed experimental principle is considered. It is intent that, as a result, measurements conducted by different manufacturers or in different laboratories, and statements of performance quoted in manufacturers' literature will be on a properly comparable basis to the benefit of both users and manufacturers.

Upcoming international standards in psychoacoustics

Besides loudness, other psychoacoustic parameters like tonality and roughness can be used for product noise assessments. Tonality measurement procedures quantify the audibility of prominent tonal components and roughness evaluates modulation characteristics. In June 2017, two new ISO standards for loudness were published: ISO 532-1 (Zwicker method, based on DIN 45631/A1:2010-03) for stationary and time-varying sounds and ISO 532-2 (Moore/Glasberg method, based on ANSI S3.4-2007) for stationary sounds only. Additionally, ISO TC 43/WG 9 started now to work on ISO 532-3 for time-varying loudness based on the TVL model of Moore/Glasberg. For many years, tonality measurement procedures such as the Tone-to-Noise Ratio (TNR) and Prominence Ratio (PR) have been applied to identify prominent discrete tones. Recently, a new perceptually accurate tonality assessment method based on a hearing model of Sottek was developed which evaluates the nonlinear and time-dependent loudness of both tonal and broadband components, separating them via the autocorrelation function. This new perception-model-based procedure, suitable for identifying and ranking tonalities from any sources, is proposed for the next edition of ECMA-74 as an alternative to TNR and PR. Furthermore, it is planned to extend ECMA-74 by a roughness calculation procedure based on the same hearing model approach together with some post processing (such as a weighted modulation spectral analysis). The paper gives an overview of recent developments of psychoacoustic standards.

Acoustical Society of America Standards in Mechanical Shock and Vibration

The Acoustical Society of America maintains standards in several areas. We present the areas covered by ANSI/ASA S2: mechanical shock and vibration and ISO TC 108: mechanical shock, vibration, and condition monitoring. A brief description of each standard is given, with the overlap between ANSI and ISO standards. The work in each area is handled by committees and working groups that represent a diversity of opinions, which is crucial to creating a standard based on consensus of all interested parties. We also present the requirements for official participation in standards, that includes the rights to propose new standards, review and modify old standards, and vote. We present the reasonable fee structures for various types of organizations. Contact information for each committee and working group as well as the location of the information on the ASA Standards website are presented.

Development of Terminology in Gearing and Power Transmissions Part 2. Compilation of Reference-Dictionary Book on Gearing

В первой статье, опубликованной в журнале «Интеллектуальные системы в производстве»*, были рассмотрены этапы становления и развития терминологии по зубчатым передачам, в том числе в рамках деятельности Постоянной комиссии IFToMM «Стандартизация терминологии по ТММ». В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы подготовки материалов для составления словаря-справочника по зубчатым передачам и содержание основных разделов справочника. Показаны этапы развития идеи о создании издания справочного характера по терминологии зубчатых передач, начиная с доклада на Техническом комитете ISO TC (1998 г., г. Тун, Швейцария) до выхода в свет в 2011 г. пятого издания словаря-справочника [1]. Подготовка материалов для первого издания [2] была продолжена в 2000 году публикацией сообщения [3] о планируемом издании в сборнике докладов научного семинара 19-го рабочего заседания Постоянной комиссии IFToMM «Стандартизация терминологии по ТММ», в котором был проведен анализ состояния терминологии в области зубчатых передач. В сферу анализа были вовлечены стандарты: Международные ISO (4 источника), IEC (1); IFToMM (1), американские ANSI-AGMA (2), британские BS (2), немецкие DIN (4), швейцарские VSM (1), французские NF (5), российские ГОСТ (5) и болгарские BDS (2). По результатам анализа намечен план словаря и предполагаемый объем работы по привлечению и структурированию информационных материалов. Показана взаимосвязь подготовки материалов для словаря и главы 12 «Зубчатые передачи терминологии IFToMM» [4] , представлено содержание словаря в целом и отдельных его основных разделов. В частности, отмечена специфика разделов «Спироидные передачи» (введение терминов на немецком и французском языках); «Точность и контроль (компиляция терминов и обозначений из разных источников с дополнением терминами, идентифицированных авторами); «Расчеты на прочность и заедание» (выполненная авторами идентификация русскоязычной терминологии по расчетам на заедание с англо-, франко- и немецкоязычной терминологией); «Классификация зубчатых зацеплений, колес и передач» (дифференцированная по разным признакам - взаимному расположению осей, форме исходных поверхностей сопряженных звеньев и др.).

Discussion on “Analysis on the Issues in ISO 6892-1 and TENSTAND WP4 Report Based on the Data of Confirm Tests by 21 Laboratories” – A Refutation of International Tensile Testing Experts

Abstract The authors, Li et al., of the paper entitled “Analysis on the Issues in ISO 6892-1 and TENSTAND WP4 Report Based on Data to Confirm Tests by 21 Laboratories” (J. Test. Eval. DOI: 10.1520/JTE20150479 (online only)) have expressed views that the authors of this rebuttal believe to be based on fundamental misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the tensile testing standard ISO 6892-1:2009, ISO 6892-1:2016, and its former versions, thus leading to erroneous conclusions. This refutation is intended to clarify the understanding of ISO 6892-1 and to address the misunderstandings and the misinterpretations of the authors of the paper. The present standard ISO 6892-1:2016 has a long history dating back to the 1970s. At that time, the tensile testing procedure was standardized on the National and International scale in parallel. To understand the present standard, the knowledge of the history helps to understand the background of details of the testing procedure implemented today. The history of the tensile testing standard has been discussed extensively during the annual international standardization meeting of ISO committee TC 164 SC1 for the last few years, at which some of the authors of the Li et al. paper attended. The authors continue to disagree with facts that were agreed by the consortium of the European research project TENSTAND and by the present international experts involved in ISO TC 164 SC1. It appears that the principal objective of the authors regarding their present publication was to increase the testing speed during tensile testing. However, the international standardization community has previously declined similar proposals by some of the authors. Many arguments presented by Li et al. were thus refuted. The conclusions of their paper are misleading and the international standardization community for tensile testing refused to revise the present standard, ISO 6892-1 (2016), according the authors' proposals.

A new calibration guideline for worm and worm-gear rolling testers

The evaluation and calibration of gear testers are considered as a key point to ensure the obtained results in gear metrology. Although ISO TC 60 working group has developed standards in this regard, the fact is that for the time being, there are not specific international standards for gear rolling tests. In this work, a periodical calibration guideline for gear rolling testers, particularly for worm gear transmission, is proposed, allowing the reduction of possible error sources in the measurement process. A series of tasks distributed over time are suggested in this work to maintain the accuracy of the gear rolling test machines.

Standardization on for Mastering Healthcare Transformation on - Challenges and Solutions

Background: The ongoing healthcare transformation results in systems medicine and personalized care. This requires advanced interoperability scenarios. Objectives: The paper aims at introducing a reference architecture model to enable the harmonization of existing and future specifications and standards. Methods: For enabling the harmonization of standards and specifications, they have to be correctly and formally represented using a system-theoretical, architecture-centric, ontology-based, policy-driven approach. Results: An Interoperability Reference Architecture Model has been developed and standardized at ISO TC 215 and CEN TC 251. It is used for re-engineering specifications and standards, that way enabling harmonization with any other specification. The proposed modeling methodology has also been introduced in several HL7 specifications. It is demonstrated by re-engineering the ISO 13606 reference model. Conclusion: The approach presented in the paper off ers a solution for comprehensive interoperability at any interoperability level also including user domains and the individual user. That way, never-ending revision cycles and negotiation rounds for integrating diff erent specifications in complex eHealth solutions become obsolete.

Securing Vehicular IPv6 Communications

A common practice is applying security after a network has been designed or developed. We have the opportunity of not committing this error in vehicular networks. Apart from particular works in the literature, ETSI TC ITS has defined general security services for (vehicular) cooperative systems. However, existent efforts do not pay the needed attention to the integration of IPv6 yet. The potential of IPv6 in the field is being described within ISO TC 204, above all, but further work is needed for a proper integration of security. This work follows this direction, and a reference vehicular communication architecture considering ETSI/ISO regulations, uses Internet Protocol security (IPsec) and Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2) to secure IPv6 Network Mobility (NEMO). A key advance is also the implementation and experimental evaluation of the proposal in a challenging vertical handover scenario between 3G and 802.11p. The performance of the secured NEMO channel is widely analyzed in terms of the movement speed, bandwidth, traffic type or signal quality, and it is concluded that the addition of IPv6 security only implies a slight reduction in the overall performance, with the great advantage of providing confidentiality, integrity and authenticity to the communication path.

Validation Study of Nitrogen Gas Plasma Exposure Based on ISO Documents (Mainly ISO TC 198 and 194 Documents)

Validation Study of Nitrogen Gas Plasma Exposure Based on ISO Documents (Mainly ISO TC 198 and 194 Documents)

Current state of standardization in the field of dimensional computed tomography

Industrial x-ray computed tomography (CT) is a well-established non-destructive testing (NDT) technology and has been in use for decades. Moreover, CT has also started to become an important technology for dimensional metrology. But the requirements on dimensional CTs, i.e., on performing coordinate measurements with CT, are different from NDT. For dimensional measurements, the position of interfaces or surfaces is of importance, while this is often less critical in NDT. Standardization plays an important role here as it can create trust in new measurement technologies as is the case for dimensional CT. At the international standardization level, the ISO TC 213 WG 10 is working on specifications for dimensional CT. This paper highlights the demands on international standards in the field of dimensional CT and describes the current developments from the viewpoint of representatives of national and international standardization committees. Key aspects of the discussion are the material influence on the length measurement error E and how E can best be measured. A respective study was performed on hole plates as new reference standards for error testing of length measurements incorporating the material influence. We performed corresponding measurement data analysis and present a further elaborated hole plate design. The authors also comment on different approaches currently pursued and give an outlook on upcoming developments as far as they can be foreseen.

Standards and Certification Schemes for Solar Thermal Collectors, Stores and Systems — An Overview about the Latest Developments

During the last decade the use of solar thermal products has grown drastically all over the world. One reason for this increase was the implementation and continuous further development of specific standards series like the EN 12975 [1], EN 12976 [2] and EN 12977 [3] as well as the European certification scheme Solar Keymark which has become the most important certification scheme worldwide. The Solar Keymark being the world wide largest certification program with approx. 1600 certificates is not only accepted basically throughout Europe but is also introduced in other regions such as Northern Africa or Latin America and other countries like Japan or Canada. With the latest revision of the EN 12977 series Solar Keymark can now also be granted for so-called custom built solar thermal systems as well as for solar thermal heat stores.In order to support the global solar thermal market further developments of the International Standards and the implementation of a global certification schemes are essential. The first steps have been taken in the field of the solar thermal collectors. In 2011 ISO TC 180 decided to join their efforts in the review of the EN 12975 series dedicated to solar thermal collectors with CEN TC 312 to come up with a joined standard. The FDIS/ISO 9806 is currently under enquiry and is expected to come in force as EN ISO 98096 by the end of 2013. This standard will pave the way towards a global certification scheme which is currently under discussion between the already existing schemes Solar Keymark and SRCC with the support of certification bodies (e.g. AENOR and DINCERTCO) and Research and Testing Centre for Solar Thermal Systems (TZS) at ITW, University of Stuttgart being one of the leading test laboratories worldwide. Apart from the well-known collector technologies the EN ISO 9806 will cover in addition concentrating and tracking collectors, air collectors and PVT collectors.Besides the harmonization of existing standards another important topic is the development of new test procedures in order to make the existing standards applicable for new developments and to reduce testing costs as well as the implementation of new standards. Just lately ITW/TZS developed an indoor test procedure for complete solar thermal domestic hot water systems which will help to reduce the testing time and development periods. Examples for new standards are standards for the absorber durability, the durability and performance testing of evacuated tubes and the durability and performance testing of heat pipes which are currently under development in cooperation of ISO TC 180 and CEN TC 312.Additional work is done in the project SpeedColl funded by the German Government. Here the project partners ITW/TZS and Fraunhofer ISE are developing test procedure for accelerating aging testing of complete solar collectors.This conference contribution will give an overview of the current international standards, the ones to come and new test procedures. In the field of product certification it will provide a review of the existing Solar Keymark certification and an outlook to the currently discussed global certification scheme. The advantages of a global certification scheme on the future development of the worldwide market for solar thermal products will be described as well as the roadmap towards its implementation.

Architecture for Health Information Systems Interoperability in Africa

Background and Purpose: Africa has seen a steady increase in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems deployed in health care institutions. This uncoordinated mass migration to electronic health information systems in Africa has created an heterogeneous and complex computing environment where most of the deployed systems have technologies that are local, proprietary and insular. Furthermore, the infrastructure in Africa to facilitate the electronic exchange of information has a number of constraints. The infrastructure connectivity on which applications run is still segmented. Most parts of Africa lack the availability of a reliable connectivity infrastructure. In some cases, there is no connectivity at all. The realities of interoperability and re-usability problems have started to become more prominent in Africa as more systems are developed and deployed. It is not practical to either discard the existing systems or have only one system in place to solve this problem. The standards development work of the ISO TC 215 will have a major impact on the applications deployed across the continent once completed. Some African countries sit on these committees and it is important that the developers of architectures that will be deployed in Africa keep an eye on the work being done by the working groups of the TC 215. Another important aspect particular to an African environment is the connectivity issue. One has to be aware of the fact that the connections between the different systems are unreliable and subject to high segmentation levels. Architectures deployed need to be able to operate in a disconnected environment. Thirdly, technologies, particularly programming languages used to develop systems, need to be based on what the teaching industry, colleges and universities is providing to students in Africa. The core purpose of this work is interoperability of various IT assets in and outside a health institution and the connectivity of IT systems in the face of unreliable connectivity infrastructure in Africa. The goal of this research was to produce an outcome that can be generalised and applied to other cases in Africa. Methods: To solve the problem described above required the building of an artefact using specific software engineering methods. What systems that are in use today need, in additional to other standards issues, is an upgrade in order to expose them as web services and make them part of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), based on web services. Results: The three main theoretical contributions are a SOA Driven Disconnected Architecture (SOA-DDA), Runtime Dynamic Routing (RDR), and a methodology to enhance an application for future interoperability. The key practical contribution is an Application Programming Interface (API) design based on the Health Level 7 Reference Information Model (HL7 RIM) that is able to not only deal with the mediation or interoperability issues, but also operate in an unreliable connectivity environment and adjust to the ever changing and evolving health care standards. The API exposes REST based web services to the consumers of the services. It can be used to build systems from the ground up. It was constructed using rigorous documented processes to produce constructs, models, methods and an instantiation. Conclusions: The framework developed takes care of all the issues that need to be addressed in order to build a workable system. Keywords: Architecture, Interoperability, Distributed Computing, Web Services, Health Information Systems

Ontology for real estate cadastre

Standardisation efforts in the geospatial domain, provided by ISO TC 211 and OpenGIS Consortium, have brought many specifications and standards that define structure and encoding rules of data and interfaces of services. These standards provide syntactic interoperability of geospatial data and services, while neglecting their semantics. In order to achieve semantic interoperability, i.e. explicitly define the meaning of data and services to make them understandable both to machines and humans, there are attempts to develop Geospatial Semantic Web, where semantics of data will be expressed explicitly and formally. An important part of this process is the development of domain ontologies, i.e. a common vocabulary in some domain. In order to bring semantics into cadastral systems, it is necessary to develop ontology for real estate cadastre. Therefore, the authors propose the ontology based knowledge model in the field of real estate cadastre based on ISO 19152 international standard and other geospatial standards, as a core ontology for cadastre on top of which a domain ontology for a specific country should be built. The domain ontology presented in this paper refers to the real estate cadastre of Serbia, but a similar approach can be adopted for different cadastral organisations in other countries. In this way, different domain ontologies based on various cadastral organisations will conform to the same standard based core ontology that will provide a basis for the semantic search and integration of cadastral data on national and international level.

The work of ISO TC 112 towards standardization for specification and calibration of quadrupole mass spectrometers

Absolute quantitative measurements of partial pressures with quadrupole mass spectrometers in industry have become increasingly important in the past decade. On the other hand, there is no broadly accepted method to calibrate quadrupole mass spectrometers and partial pressure measurements are not traceable to the SI. For this reason the ISO Technical Committee 112 for vacuum technology is taking steps to improve this situation by standardization.

Counting the uncountable: statistics for web archives

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the aims and contents of the ISO Report ISO/TR 14873.Design/methodology/approachFor more than a decade, libraries have started to “collect the web”. National libraries in particular select, collect and store publications and websites from their national domain, seeing this as a task similar to traditional legal deposit. The collection policies and collecting methods vary, so that it is difficult to compare the quantity and quality of the respective web archives.FindingsIn order to harmonize the evaluation of web archives, ISO TC 46 SC 8 has produced a Technical Report that standardizes the terminology and statistics and offers tested indicators for assessing the quality of web archiving.Originality/valueThis paper describes the shortly to be published ISO/TR 14873, a potentially vital guide to harmonize web archive collection internationally.

Effects of differences in hardness measurement procedures on the traceability chain and calibration process

Establishment of traceability in hardness measurement is still under discussion at the ISO TC 164 SC 3 subcommittee on hardness testing. Two paths for establishing traceability are proposed for the Rockwell hardness measurement in ISO 6508-1. One way is taking a route to SI units through direct calibration of machine components, and the other way is taking a route to a hardness measurement standard through indirect calibration of machine performance. In addition to this, the difference in hardness measurement procedures between Rockwell and Brinell/Vickers hardness causes further confusion in establishing a traceability chain and an uncertainty evaluation process. This confusion is partly caused by the characteristics of hardness value, i.e. a procedure-dependent property. In this paper, methods used for the establishment of traceability for Rockwell, Brinell and Vickers hardness measurements are discussed based on the concept defined in the VIM.

Recent developments in International Organization for Standardization geometrical product specification standards and strategic plans for future work

Over the last 2 years, ISO TC 213, the committee that publishes the ISO geometrical product specification (GPS) standards, has published about 35 standards, more than double the number of the preceding 4 years. This rapid development has brought many significant changes to the ISO-GPS system. The author is the chairman of that committee and gives an overview of the more important ones in this article. The work is now at a crossroad, where items that have been on the TC 213 work program for many years have been completed. This has allowed TC 213 to start new strategic initiatives that will guide the development of ISO-GPS standards over the next 8–10 years. This article will outline the two stages of the strategic plan, the changes to the ISO-GPS standards complex that is envisioned, and how it will impact the users of these standards; whether they are part of the specification community or the verification community.

THE ROLE OF STANDARDIZATION IN THE SHAPING OF A VISION FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanotechnologies are considered as emerging technologies. However, there are already products in the market that claim to incorporate them. This has contributed to the growing interest in the regulation of this field. In this paper, we first introduce the question of regulation in nanotechnologies, and then describe the standardization process and ISO more specifically. This introduction is followed by the main point of the paper: We show, the specific role that the ISO TC 229 plays in the beginning of the shaping of a collective vision for nanotechnologies. We point to the organization and re-organization of TC 229 that allows actors to build a collective representation of the evolving field and build legitimacy at the global level. We argue that beyond the production of standards, this aspect is central in an emerging field that will impact regulators as they design new rules.