Indian Islands Research Articles

An Analysis of Prey Consumed by the Anuran, Leptodactylus fallax, From Dominica, West Indies

The prey consumed by Leptodactylus fallax were analyzed in regard to sex, body size, season of capture, prey weight, and prey length. The major food item, a cricket (Amphiacusta sp.), occurred in 59 percent of all frogs and comprised 21 percent of all items and 31 percent of total dry weight of food. Millipedes, coleopterans, and gastropods were also important groups of prey. Estimated mean caloric intake was higher in females (2.45 Kcal.) than in males (2.10 Kcal.) but was similar when adjusted for body weight. There was no appreciable difference between sexes in the mean length and mean number of prey items per frog. Frogs collected during the dry season contained more opilionids and vertebrates than those collected during the wet season; other types of prey were eaten in comparable amounts in both seasons. Mean prey length per frog in both sexes and mean dry weight of prey per frog, in females only, were positively, significantly correlated with mouth width; mean number of items per frog in both sexes was not. The largest frogs consumed a higher percentage of large items ( 40 mm) than smaller frogs, yet, in addition, consumed many small items (15 mm). Possible competition between large and small individuals and the lack of cannibalism are discussed. LEPTODACTYLUS FALLAX IS A TERRESTRIAL FROG now found only on the West Indian islands of Dominica and Montserrat. Little is known about its biology. Other than the original description under the name of L. dominicensis (Muller 1923), and subsequent re-naming (Muller 1925) since dominicensis was preoccupied for the genus Leptodactylus (Cochran 1923), the only mention of this species has been in faunal lists and in a paper by Westerman (1953:51) concerned with local extinctions. Leptodactylus fallax, known locally as the mountain chicken or crapaud, is a large frog; adults obtaining a mean snout-vent length (SVL) of 135 mm. It is closely related to the mainland species, L. pentadactylus, and is thought to have reached Dominica by rafting northward from Trinidad. On Dominica it is found in moist areas mainly on the leeward (westward) coast between the towns of Portsmouth in the north to Soufriere in the south, and from sea level to an altitude of approximately 310 m. On Montserrat it is found only at higher elevations (Blankenship, pers. comm., and pers. obs.). This report forms a portion of a life history study and is concerned with the food habits of L. fallax; a report on its reproductive cycle and growth is in prepara-

Presidential Address: India Beyond the Ganges—Desultory Reflections on the Origins of Civilization in Southeast Asia

From the time when Southeast Asia first rose above their horizon, Europeans—the infinitesimal number of them who cared about such matters, that is—tended to treat that vague and insubstantial region beneath the sunrise as simply a more distant part of India. This practice went back at least to Claudius Ptolemy or, possibly, one of his redactors, who subsumed a good part of the region under the rubric “Trans-Gangetic India.” Subsequently the whole area came to be identified with one of the “Three Indies,” though whether India Major or Minor, Greater or Lesser, Superior or Inferior, seems, often to have been a personal preference of the author concerned. When Europeans began to penetrate into Southeast Asia in earnest, they continued this tradition, attaching to various of the constituent territories such labels as Further India or Hinterindien, the East Indies, the Indian Archipelago, Insulinde, and, in acknowledgment of the presence of a competing culture, Indochina. As recently as 1884, a German ethnographer saw nothing incongruous in designating the archipelago as “the Indian Islands,” a term that with the cultural predilection of his age, he Hellenized as Indonesia. Although the powerful and pervasive influence of the “most divine and wise Ptolemy” furnished impeccable authority for this nomenclature in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, there is no doubt that the practice also signified the recognition of South Asian cultural forms and institutions in the lands beyond the Bay of Bengal. Despite these forms differing subtly—and sometimes not so subtly—from those in India proper, they were so conspicuous that it was readily inferred, given the intellectual predisposition of the day, that they were the result of Indian colonization, if not conquest, in ancient times.

"Ecological Release," Seasonal Variation in Food Supply, and the Hummingbird Amazilia Tobaci on Trinidad and Tobago

Resident populations of the Coppery—rumped Hummingbird, Amazilia tobaci, occupy the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad has 15 other hummingbird species, Tobago only 4 others. We predicted that A. tobaci on Tobago would have a broader feeding niche and a denser population than would A. tobaci on Trinidad. We monitored populations of Amazilia tobaci for 13 mo at study sites in the Arima Valley of northern Trinidad and in central Tobago. The two sites had nearly identical climates, and similar assemblages of flowers visited by hummingbirds. At both sites, food available to nectar—feeding birds varied > 100 fold over the year. For 9 mo (December—August), neither A. tobaci population faced a severe food shortage. From September through November, nectar was scarce at both sites. During this period, Tobago A. tobaci faced only two other, uncommon species of nectar—feeding birds, which had very different feeding habits. The Trinidad population endured the food shortage along with six other hummingbird species. At this time Tobago A. tobaci utilized variously sized and shaped flowers of numerous plant species. On Trinidad, where many flowers were visited by the other hummingbird species, A. tobaci primarily used flowers that matched their bill size, which resulted in narrower feeding niche than on Tobago. These effects of "ecological release" on Tobago were apparent for only 3 mo, however, and when data for an entire year are compared there were few statistically significant contrasts between Tobago and Trinidad populations. At both sites, niche (diet) breadth responded in density—dependent fashion to changes in food density, broadening with high densities of A. tobaci relative to food, narrowing when food was abundant. Median values for niche breadth, population density, and population density per unit resource were not significantly greater on Tobago than on Trinidad. Ecological differences between the two populations during the food shortage may be linked to a phenotypic difference. We found no increase on Tobago in the intrapopulation variance of any morphological parameter important to feeding. However, Tobago, A. tobaci had longer wings than Trinidad conspecifics, resulting in lower wing disc loadings (ratio of body mass to area swept out by the wings). Among hummingbirds in general, low wing disc loading indicates a capacity to forage at a wide variety of flowers, which suggests that the Tobago population has undergone "within—phenotype nich expansion." Two experiments showed that individuals from the Tobago population of A. tobaci used a wide variety of artificial flowers, and a wide range of flower densities in field manipulations, than did conspecifics from Trinidad. The results suggest that occasional food shortages play a crucial role in the ecology and evolution of island populations, and that this might be undetected in short—term studies.

Trophic and size structure of West Indian bird communities

Much discussion has occurred in recent years on whether observed patterns of structure in island bird communities are the result of competitive interactions among species or independent rates of colonization and extinction. Here two patterns of structure are presented for birds on 12 West Indian islands. Each of four major foraging guilds shows a distinct species-area pattern on the islands and saturation of species within habitats on larger islands. Frugivores have the steepest species-area curve and highest species numbers at saturation while nectarivores are lowest in both values. Coexisting guild members in saturated habitats are generally of different sizes, with weight differences by a factor of 2 common. On smaller islands, small guild members are absent and size differences among coexisting guild members may increase. In many cases, birds have apparently shifted size to conform to the structural patterns. The consistency of the patterns and variation within component species is highly compatible to explanations invoking competition and complements previously described population and community characteristics of West Indian birds.

The Duke of Newcastle, The Earl of Halifax, and the American Origins of the Seven Years' War

On the fourth of July 1754 a garrison of Virginians, under the command of the young George Washington, marched its British colours out of a small log fort in an isolated valley of the Appalachian mountains, where it had capitulated to a French detachment the previous evening. Washington's defeat had an impact upon world history no less significant than did his more famous victories subsequent to a more dramatic removal of British colours, on another fourth of July twenty-two years later. The French expulsion of British colonials from the Ohio valley led to nine years of war in America and quickly escalated into seven years of general war, so wide in its geographical extent that Churchill called it the first world war. At the end of hostilities in 1763 the acquisition from France of Canada and a number of West Indian islands laid the foundations of the nineteenth-century British empire.

Women, 'Matrifocality' and Systems of Exchange: An Ethnohistorical Study of the Afro-American Family on St. John, Danish West Indies

This ethnohistorical case study of the American, formerly Danish West Indian island of St. John examines the position of Afro-American women during a 260 year period from European colonization of the island to the present. It focuses on the system of social reproduction as it has evolved since slavery and the role of women as agents of production and reproduction, as seen against the background of the socio-economic units and exchange networks within which women have functioned. The conclusions drawn question the usefulness and validity of the concept of 'matrifocality'.

Slave demography of the Danish West Indian Islands.

Abstract In recent years a number of studies have investigated demographic and social conditions among the slaves of the West Indies and the American mainland. A vital problem in many of these studies has been the fact that the source-data have been of more fragmentary character than in similar studies of European demographic and social history of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, where population censuses and parish registers have been available to constitute a central core of material. In the case of slaves on the plantations it has been necessary to make do to a much greater extent with private types of sources and taxation records. Source-material of private origin is often limited to individual plantations, the representativeness of which is unknown, while taxation records by their very nature may have occasioned attempts to evade liability, so that these too can give a biased picture of the situation.

Coconut Husk-Piles-A Unique Habitat for Jamican Terrestrial Frogs

Use of coconut husk-piles, a man-made habitat, by two native and two introduced species of terrestrial-breeding frogs was investigated in Jamaica. Introduced species Eleutherodactylus johnstonei and E. planirostris were abundant at drier sites while sympatric endemics E. gossei and E. cundalli were common at sites with higher rainfall. Fewer frogs of all species occurred in husk-piles in the wet season than in the dry season. Sixty-five husk-piles examined contained 0-38 frogs (025/m3) in the wet season and 0-159 frogs (0-58/m3) in the dry season. Population removal of all frogs from test piles in the dry season resulted in rapid reinvasion by introduced species. Frogs did not reinvade vacant piles in wet-season tests. Introduced species are using primarily drier sites which are less hospitable to native species. SUCCESSFUL COLONISTS ON OCEANIC ISLANDS must fit into the established community either by using habitats unsuitable to native species or by displacing natives. A man-made habitat of tropical coastal lowlands, coconut husk-piles, provided an opportunity to investigate the interactions between invading and native species of terrestrial frogs on the West Indian island of Jamaica. With few exceptions, all major habitats on Jamnaica have been altered extensively by man. At elevations below 600 m one of the common man-made habitats is the coconut grove. Plantings vary in size from huge plantations to only a few trees. When coconuts are shelled for harvest, the split, lightweight, fibrous husks are piled around the base of each tree (fig. 1) where they may be left to accumulate. Husks next to the ground decay, producing a fine, loose substrate. The resulting gradient of moisture and interstitial space throughout the husk-pile provides a variety of conditions which supports many organisms, primarily fungi, arthropods, reptiles, and amphibians, notably several species of Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae). Since most Jamaican species of Eleutherodactylus live on or near the ground, they are wellsuited to use such a habitat. We investigated use of the husk-pile habitat bv four species of Eleutherodactylus to determine the degree that terrestrial frogs use such an artificial habitat, relative use by the four species, seasonal use, factors influencing differential use at moist and at dry sites by exotics and by endemics, and the roles these man-made habitats play in successful colonization of Jamaica by two invading species. Population removal experiments were conducted to determine seasonal differences in population pressure on the husk-pile

Ophiomorpha From Upper Bathyal Eocene Subsea Fan Facies, Northwestern Washington: ABSTRACT

Trace fossils with a burrow morphology characteristic of Ophiomorpha nodosa Lundgren occur in upper bathyal subsea fan deposits of the Eocene in northwestern Washington. The burrows average 2 cm in diameter and branch profusely. Swollen turnabout chambers occur at branching points. Horizontal burrows are most common at the base of sandstone beds. Burrows walls exhibit surface ornamentation including scratch marks and pellet lining, although most burrows are mud-lined and smooth surfaced. These morphologic features conform to those characteristic of Ophiomorpha nodosa Lundgren. Abundant Ophiomorpha burrows occur in the sandstones and associated siltstones of the lower Eocene Sandstones of Scow Bay and upper Eocene Quimper Sandstone and Marrowstone Shale, Marrowstone and Indian Islands, northeast Olympic Peninsula. The burrows occur in a sandstone-shale sequence with sedimentary features characteristic of subsea fan deposition. Lithofacies are classified using Mutti and Ricci Lucchi's 1972 turbidite facies criteria. Ophiomorpha occurrences are: 14 in Facies B--lenticular channel sandstones; 68 in Facies C--tabular sandstones with shale interbeds (classical turbidites); 17 in Facies D--shales with numerous sandstone interbeds; and 4 in Facies E--shales with few sandstone interbeds. Ophiomorpha is most abundant in facies associations consisting of positive megasequences (thinning upward-fining upward) characteristic of channel filling in middle fanlobe environments. Paleoecology of foraminiferal assemblages from interbedded shales suggests upper bathyal (200 to 1,200 m) water depths. The in-situ fauna consists of abundant specimens of bathyal hyaline foraminiferal superfamilies (Buliminacea, Cassidulinacea, and Discorbacea), keeled and compressed cassidulinids, numerous species of Gyroidina, and bathyal species of Cibicides. Forms End_Page 670------------------------------ characteristic of shallower environments represent a displaced fauna. Recognition of the Eocene Ophiomorpha nodosa Lundgren in the subsea fan deposits of the northeastern Olympic Peninsula documents an upper bathyal occurrence for this trace fossil. End_of_Article - Last_Page 671------------

OD in Paradise

After five years of working in the West Indian islands of sun, sea, sand and an occasional rainforest, I can safely conclude that the practice of OD in the English‐speaking Caribbean is not unlike the practice of OD in a North American setting: it holds the same promises, challenges, and frustrations. Perhaps the most significant advantage of the setting is the possibility of clearing your head through a leisurely “sea bath” after a long day.

On the longevity of Schistosoma mansoni in man on St. Lucia, West Indies

Data have been collected for at least five years in areas where transmission of Schistosoma mansoni has been controlled in the West Indian island of St. Lucia. Faecal egg output, as determined by Bell's technique, was periodically determined in 625 people and the geometric mean egg loads by year and age-group (in 1970) are presented. Assuming that egg output is linearly related to worm load, that flukes exhibit exponential survival, and survival is independent of worm load, the mean life-span of flukes within each host is calculated. It is valid to pool results for hosts ten years of age and older and a mean life-span of 3 · 3 years (with approximate 95% limits of 2 · 7 to 4 · 5 years) for the flukes is obtained. Results for younger hosts were heterogeneous and no pooled estimate is determined but it is suspected that the mean life-spans are greater for these hosts. The validity of some of the assumptions is discussed.

Achaea janata . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Achaea janata (L.) (Lep., Noctuidae) (Castor Semi-looper). Host Plants: Castor, cacao, Citrus , rice, rubber. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Andaman Islands, Burma, Cocos-Keeling Islands, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nicobar Islands, Pakistan, Philippines, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (North), AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Austral Islands, Australia, Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Easter Island, Fiji, Gilbert Islands, Hawaii, Johnston Island, Marquesas Islands, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, Norfolk Island, Papua New Guinea, Phoenix Islands, Pitcairn Island, Samoa, American, and Western Society Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Wallis Islands, Irian Jaya.

The results of geographic isolation on the teeth and skull of the Green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in St. Kitts‐a multivariate retrospect

A population of the West African Green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) has been established for some 300 years (100 generations) on the West Indian island of St Kitts. Earlier studies carried out between 20 and 30 years ago showed this island population to have greater dental and cranial dimensions, to be less variable in these dimensions, to be more variable in certain meristic dental characters (e.g. supernumerary teeth) and to be less symmetrical in dental and cranial features than the contemporary mainland descendants of the parent West African stock. The extent of divergence in dental and cranial dimensional characters between the West Indian and West African Green monkeys appeared to be on the same general scale as that obtaining between the West African Green monkey and certain other groups of African cercopitheques commonly accorded distinct subspecific or specific status.These earlier analyses were unavoidably based upon univariate statistical techniques or upon simple derivatives therefrom. Hence, it was not then possible to evaluate correlations between dimensions so that detailed results may conceivably have been influenced by this and by other inescapable factors, e.g. lack of mensural data occasioned by sample limitation and the imperfection of particular specimens. It is also possible, if unlikely, that these earlier results might have been influenced by a systematic computational error, resulting in the variance of bilateral dimensions being increased by a factor of approximately two.The original data (slightly augmented by newly available material) have been reanalysed by univariate and multivariate techniques designed to overcome former deficiencies, the latter now being deployable because of the availability of computers of adequate power.Such new analyses have fully substantiated the earlier findings and have given precision to the comparison of the extent of divergence in a total of 73 dental and cranial dimensions between the St. Kitts Green monkey, the African Green monkey and other species and subspecies of Cercopithecus.The overall divergence in the sum total of dental and cranial dimensions as measured by the generalized distance (a multivariate quantity compounding both size and shape) between three subspecies (sabaeus, pygerythrus and aethiops) of Cercopithecus aethiops has proved to be of the same general scale as that between males and females in Cercopithecus and to be smaller than that between three full species (aethiops, nictitans and cephus) of this genus.Divergence between the St. Kitts and African Green monkeys in the combination of features has emerged as being generally similar to that between species of the genus Cercopithecus, and bigger than that between subspecies.Analysis of cranial dimensions alone has given a similar pattern of separation. In contrast, a multivariate compound of dental dimensions has revealed the extent of divergence between subspecies, between sexes as well as between species as being similar, the divergence between the St. Kitts and African population being also of the same general order.The pattern of dental and cranial divergence between the St. Kitts Green monkey, the African Green monkey and other cercopitheques is similar if factors relating to size are eliminated from the analysis and attention confined to shape only, irrespective of whether or not such components attributable to proportional growth changes (size‐dependent shape), or to those which are apparently independent of overall size, are included in the analyses.Such differences could well betoken a measure of genetic contrast between the present‐day St. Kitts and West African Green monkey but the new information elicited in the present study, even when combined with the results of recent studies of the behaviour and sociology of the St. Kitts Green monkey, and of certain aspects of its reproductive biology, does not necessarily form a basis for according the island monkey a taxonomic status distinct from that of the present‐day African descendants of its parent stock: Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus.

Keys to behavior sought on remote island

For all but two months of the year refreshing trade winds air-condition a primate laboratory 90 m above sea level on the windward side of the remote West Indian island of St Kitts. There, nestled among palm trees and fields of 8-foot sugar cane is a converted great house where researchers are attempting to unravel some of the complexities of human behavior and the origins of man by studying monkeys in a seminatural habitat. The project is being conducted by the private Behavioral Sciences Foundation under the direction of Frank R. Ervin, MD, now professor of psychiatry at the Allan Memorial Institute, McGill University, Montreal. Bringing investigators to the difficult-to-find island inhabited by the monkeys has an advantage over primate studies that have been conducted on caged animals far removed from their native homes, noted the tall, bearded Ervin during a recent interview with JAMA MEDICAL NEWS. The laboratory was

Stage of Taxon Cycle, Habitat Distribution, and Population Density in the Avifauna of the West Indies

The number of habitats occupied and relative abundance of birds on the West Indian islands of Jamaica, St. Lucia, and St. Kitts were compared for species in different stages of the taxon cycle. Each species was assigned to one of four taxon cycle categories: (I) expanding and undifferentiated, (II) widespread but differentiated, (III) with a fragmented distribution, and (IV) endemic. Nonpasserines exhibit no distinct trends in relation to stage of taxon cycle. Among passerines, species tend to have more restricted habitat distributions, which are shifted toward tall forest and montane habitats, and reduced population densities as they progress through the taxon cycle. These trends are well marked on Jamaica, with a fauna of 35 passerine species, but they are difficult to detect on St. Kitts, with 13 species, none of which are endemic. Patterns of ecological release and density compensation evident within the islands are due mostly to the absence of late-stage species with low abundance on small islands wi...

Susumia exigua . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Susumia exigua (Btlr.) (Lep., Pyralidae). Host Plants: Rice, maize, Brachiaria, Coix . Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Burma, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (South), AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Mariana Islands, Marquesas, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, American, and Western Society Islands, Solomon Islands, Irian Jaya.

Production and division of labor in a West Indian peasant community

Subsistence and cash production on the West Indian island of Barbuda fall into two organizational categories: that for which household personnel is sufficient and that for which personnel from different households must organize into a cooperative team. This difference in productive organization is associated with exclusive areas of social and economic responsibility divided between men and women, although physical labor sometimes overlaps. Underlying the organization of production and hence the sexual distinction of roles, are the productive capabilities of the landscape and the customary system of land tenure that permits its most efficient use.

Studies on the functional morphology and ecology of the atyid prawns of Dominica.

Six species of atyid prawns, representing five genera, occur in streams on the West Indian island of Dominica (figures 1-6). The ecology and habits of each are described and the relation of features of gross morphology to ways of life noted. Xiphocaris elongata, the most primitive living atyid, is a lightly built prawn whose adult habits are related to life in quiet pools in streams. An agile species and an excellent swimmer, it picks up individual small food particles with specialized chelipeds (figures 18 and 19) that differ from those of all other atyids and manipulates them with mouthparts (figure 77) which, while highly complex, are more primitive than those described for any other member of the family. Atya innocous and A. scabra, representing perhaps the most specialized atyid genus, are very similar in gross morphology and are robustly built ambulatory species. A. innocous is common in a variety of situations: A. scabra is rare and has been found only in fast-flowing water. Both have chelipeds whose three distal segments are extremely specialized (figure 36) and whose propus and dactylus are armed with an exceedingly complex array of long, slender bristles. These can be used either as brushes for collecting finely particulate detritus (figures 58-60) or as filtering fans (figures 68 and 69) which, held passively in flowing water, extract suspended particles. The Atyidae is unique among the Malacostraca in having representatives that filter passively by means of the chelipeds. The bristles (figure 40) are extended (figure 49), not by muscles, of which there are none in the distal parts of the propus and none anywhere in the dactylus, but by hydraulic forces. The return of the bristles to rest is by means of a cuticular spring. Some of the bristles of A. innocous are armed distally with minute denticles (figures 41 and 42) that facilitate scraping and sweeping: no such are present in A. scabra. The difference is related to the relative importance of scraping in the two species: A. innocous scrapes frequently, A. scabra seldom. Finely particulate food is transferred and manipulated by the extremely complex oral machinery (figure 78). One of the most elaborate parts of this is a teaselling device in which components of the maxillae and first maxillipeds participate (figures 80 and 81). The feeding mechanism is described. Morphologically and functionally Micratya poeyi can be regarded as a miniature version of Atya. It can both sweep and filter. Potimirim glabra is rare in Dominica and its habits but little known. Morphologically it is similar to, but more primitive than, Micratya. Its cheliped bristles are clearly specialized for sweeping and show few signs of being used for passive filtration. Jonga serrei occupies a separate and well-defined niche in the quieter parts of streams. For this it shows many morphological specializations and lacks such attributes as stout claws and robust walking legs that are the hallmark of its relatives living in fast-flowing waters.

Variation in the Hispaniolan Colubrid Snake Uromacer frenatus Gunther (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae)

Variation in the Hispaniolan colubrid snake Uromacer frenatus is discussed throughout its range, including the satellite islands of lie Grande Cayemite, lle-a-Vache and Isla Beata. Details of coloration and pattern are given, and sexual dimorphism in two characteristics is shown. Specimens from the Dominican Peninsula de Barahona differ from their relatives (U. f. wetmorei) on adjacent Isla Beata in color and presumably scutellation, and the peninsular population is named as a new subspecies. * * * The colubrid snake genus Uromacer Dumeril and Bibron is endemic to the West Indian island of Hispaniola. Cochran (1941) recognized six species in the genus; these may be conveniently divided into those which are short-snouted (catesbyi Schlegel, scandax Dunn) and those which are long-snouted (frenatus Gunther, wetmorei Cochran, dorsalis Dunn, and oxyrhynchus Dumeril and Bibron). In the short-snouted taxa, the snout is twice as long as the eye, whereas in the long-snouted taxa, the snout is 2.5 to 3 times as long as the eye. Schwartz (1970) reviewed the variation in the short-snouted group and regarded scandax as a subspecies of U. catesbyi and as well named other subspecies of U. catesbyi. The entire genus was reviewed by Horn (1969); he examined 102 specimens of U. frenatus, including 39 snakes in the Albert Schwartz Field Series (ASFS). His emphasis, however, was not systematic; rather, his approach was evolutionary. Since members of the genus Uromacer are polychromatic (in that members of the same population may be quite differently colored), Horn was interested in explaining this polychromatism and in showing evolutionary patterns in dietary differences between the species. He did reach some systematic conclusions; he considered oxyrhynchus and dorsalis separate species, and frenatus as distinct from the former pair but with a subspecies (wetmorei) restricted to Isla Beata and the Peninsula de Barahona in the southwestern Republica Dominicana. The present paper deals with variation in U. frenatus and the status of U. f. wetmorei. To understand the basic problems involved within the long-snouted Uromacer, a few facts

Cryptophlebia ombrodelta . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower)( Argyroploce ombrodelta Lower) (Lepid., Tortricidae) (Macadamia Nut Borer). Host Plants: Acacia, Cassia, Macadamia , litchi, tamarind. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam (North), AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Marianas Islands, New Hebrides, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.