Indian Islands Research Articles

The impact of cultural hallmark/mega‐events on national tourism development in selected west Indian countries

This article attempts to examine the impact that traditional island cultural events have on tourism development in some of the West Indian (Commonwealth Caribbean) islands, how national tourist boards and hotels use these mega‐events for promotional purposes, how these cultural events are looked upon by the tourists themselves, and the possible dilution of the basic traditions and cultures of the territories if they are abused for tourist gain only.

Sanity and Strength in Jean Rhys's West Indian Heroines

Sanity and Strength in Jean Rhys's West Indian Heroines Judith Moore University of Alaska, Anchorage Jean Rhys's fiction has commonly been read, although with varying degrees of sophistication, as playing out ostensibly fundamental oppositions between such polarized entities as male and female, white and black, and England and the West Indies. Such oppositions have tended to bring with them unstated further pairs more overtly antagonistic and judgmental — good vs. bad, mature vs. childish — a tendency that has operated very strongly in the final assessments made of her fiction. Overall, such readings have tended to diminish Rhys's work, particularly by reducing her heroines to instances of pathology; an attempt to re-read it as a unity can illuminate not only Rhys's subtle craft but the complexity and strength of her moral vision. It is of course inarguable that gender is a significant site of conflict within Rhys's fiction as well as in the critical response to it, but its simple polarization is a critical imposition, often explicitly connected with Rhys's use of West Indian settings and characters, especially blacks. Francis Wyndham's summary of the childhood of Anna Morgan, heroine of Voyage in the Dark (1934) — "Memories of her childhood on a West Indian island, of kind coloured servants and tropical beauty, form a poignant accompaniment to her adventures in an icy suspicious land" (8) — is fairly typical, and this relentless insistence on antithesis is not confined to Rhys's early work. Elgin W. Mellown, in a general article on Rhys which treats all of the novels as manifestations of a single pattern, goes so far as to say even of Wide Sargasso Sea's Antoinette Cosway: "Here . . . spelled out clearer than in any of the previous novels, are the details of the life of the now familiar Rhys heroine [beginning with] a happy childhood in a tropical state of nature . . . "(133). This idealization of the tropics, however, is a misreading of Rhys's complex presentation of their significance for her heroines, and it produces serious consequences. The intricacy and ambiguity of Rhys's picture of a largely black but white-ruled society is reduced to the racist cliche of "kind coloured servants," and Rhys's victimized but resistant heroines are, for Mellown, with the only partial exception of Antoinette, "Woman with a capital W," whose male mirror opposites have also "basically the same psychology: they are creatures with physical desires who have the power of simple, logical thinking" (133). These are not, however, archetypes, but cultural stereotypes, and far from estranging them as immutable opposites, Rhys's work consistently brings them into subversive juxtaposition. Her perception of inextricable paradox is central to the story of her developing consciousness as she tells it in her significantly titled autobiography, Smile Please, whose first chapter describes 21 22Rocky Mountain Review the childhood experience of being photographed. Told to assume an appearance not spontaneously her own — "not quite so serious" — and to be still, "[s]he had moved after all," thus apparently imposing her reality on its intended falsification. Nevertheless, when she looks at the picture three years later, still recognizably a child, with a child's memory of the photography session, she finds the image a source of "dismay": "The eyes were a stranger's eyes. The forefinger of her right hand was raised as if in warning" (12-13). Neither the self photographed, the self presented by the photographic print, nor the three-years-older self looking at the photograph is privileged by this account. Each figures in a multi-dimensional reality of which appearance is merely one shifting factor, neither dismissible as a falsification — "a stranger" — or simply reliable as a truth — "warning." This experience grounds the Rhys of Smile Please in an essential dubiety, and the book goes on to locate this "world of fear and distrust" (24) specifically in the tropical home which her critics have so frequently characterized as "idyllic" (Blodgett 32) and "innocent" (Wyndham 12). The servant Meta, charged with minding a child she "didn't like . . . much anyway" (Rhys, Smile 20), never smiles, habitually walks too fast for the child to keep up, teaches her both terrifying superstitions and fear...

Oral and Literate Strategies in Performances: The La Rose and La Marguerite Organizations in St. Lucia

This paper explores the differences between two social organizations of the West Indian island of St. Lucia. The rivalry between the and societies, exemplified in the adoption of contrasting strategies in performance, forms of communication, and sets of values, is examined in relation to the profound influences of written and oral traditions on people's consciousness (see Finnegan 1977; Havelock 1963, 1982; McLuhan 1962, 1964; Ong 1976, 1977, 1982; and Tedlock 1983). This paradigm informs the meaning of the activities of the two organizations insofar as it brings forth other discrepancies which are related to but transcend the phenomena of orality and literacy: it leads to the discussion of social and economic classes, and what St. Lucians themselves conceive and perceive as their correlating behaviors and attitudes, mores and ideals. It serves as a vantage point from which to survey the network of associations formulated by St. Lucians to make sense of their world as they relate to the past and imagine the future.2 St. Lucia is indeed a perfect example of a complex mixture of orality and literacy. In 1980 a report on the feasibility of a National Literacy Programme for St. Lucia showed that the level of illiteracy in St. Lucia was approximately 46% of the population over 15 year olds; since then, the progress has been very slow. Through the discussion of the and organizations, their membership, and their weekly meetings, this paper aims first of all to show how the differences in the members' behavior and their system of values reflect two noetic systems, namely, the oral and the literate traditions. Next, it attempts to demonstrate how these two forms of communication influence the and aesthetic values and strategies in performance. Last, this study illustrates how these contrasting sets of beliefs and mores of the and societies are not only translated into other musical events but actually pervade St. Lucian culture. Why choose the and social organizations for this study? There are indeed many other types of organizations in St. Lucia. Field work between 1980 and 1986 included observation of a soccer team, a funeral society, a fishermen's association, as well as at least one of the two social organizations. These organizations were selected for this analysis not only because their members take part in singing or dance or playing musical instruments, but also because, according to St. Lucians, the and organizations polarize their society into two representative moieties. Indeed, anyone, whether a member of either association or not, is identified as a La Rose or a La Marguerite by his behavior, beliefs, and mores. These organizations clearly crystallize major tendencies which describe and

Phyllocnistis citrella . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton [Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae] Citrus leaf miner. Attacks citrus. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Ethiopia, South Africa, Sudan, ASIA, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Hongkong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kampuchea, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, South Yemen, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Western Samoa, Irian Jaya.

Thrips simplex . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Thrips simplex (Morison) [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] Gladiolus thrips. Attacks gladiolus and carnation. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, East Hungary, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sweden, United Kingdom, USSR, AFRICA, Angola, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius, Morocco St. Helena, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Burma, Hongkong, India, Indonesia, Israel, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, AUSTRALASIA, AND PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tasmania, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA, Mexico.

Scirtothrips dorsalis . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood [Thysanoptera: Thripidae] Chilli thrips, flower thrips, yellow tea thrips, Assam thrips Polyphagous, attacks grapevine, rubber, tea, castor, strawberry, Capsicum (chilli), tamarind, groundnut, soyabean, asparagus, citrus, mango, passionfruit, etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei, China, Hongkong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Taiwan, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA, AND PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

Polyphagotarsonemus latus . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) [Acarina: Tarsonemidae] Broad mite, yellow tea mite, citrus silver mite Polyphagous, attacks tea, cotton, coffee, jute, potato, tomato, mulberry, passion fruit, citrus, Capsicum (chilli) etc. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, AFRICA, Burundi, Central, African, Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Oman, Senegal, Sudan, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Upper Volta, ASIA, China, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, AUSTRALASIA, AND PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, Marianas, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

Naididae (Oligochaeta) from Subterranean Waters of West Indian Islands - Distribution, Taxonomic Remarks and Description of a New Species

Fourteen species of the family Naididae from various subterranean habitats are recorded. Taxonomic remarks concerning variations in setation are provided. The structure of the genital organs of some species is described. A new species of the genus Dero is described.

Xylotrupes gideon . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Xylotrupes gideon (Linnaeus) [Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae] Elephant beetle, unicorn beetle. Attacks coconut and oil palms, sugarcane, rubber, banana, bamboo, Poinciana, Cassia, litchi and potato. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, AUSTRALASIA, AND PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh 1768-1783.

The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh Throughout the years 1768–1783 looked to the outside world like a flourishing and important body. By 1771 it had sponsored the publication of five volumes of papers which had gone through several printings and translations. It had a distinguished foreign membership which assured its recognition abroad as one of the important academic bodies in the cosmopolitan Republic of Letters. From its foundation in 1737 until his death in 1768, its President had been the Earl of Morton, better known as the President of the Royal Society of London and as an astronomer who had been active in the practical work of the London society. Another member, Sir John Pringle, became President of the Royal Society in 1772. It was also known abroad that among the Edinburgh philosophers were to be found the most important professors of the town's university, not only those of its distinguished medical faculty but also men like William Robertson, Adam Ferguson and later John Robison. David Hume had been at one time a Secretary of the Society and probably remained a member to the end of his life in 1776. In the British colonies, the Society could point to members in Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Jamaica and other West Indian islands and it had contacts in a far-flung network reaching from China and Siberia in the east to places less remote in Europe and America. Within Britain, the Society had members in London and in provincial towns of whom William Brownrigg was the most important. From these men and from others scattered in Scotland, the Society drew information and projected its image as a successful learned society. These appearances, however, are far clearer than the Society's record of accomplishment during its last years. It is not accidental that so little pertaining to its work survives. The Society in reality had a career far from brilliant and by 1778 hardly deserved the reputation it had acquired. During its last five years it revived but even then it probably did not reach the level of activity seen in the early and mid 1750s.

Explaining the causes of poverty in the West Indies: A cross-cultural comparison

Research into attitudes towards the poor and lay explanations for poverty have heen primarily concerned with the structure and determinants of these attitudes and explanations. Whereas a number of variables — education, religion, ethnic group — have been shown to relate to explanations for poverty, there have only been a few cross-cultural studies. This study set out to compare the explanations adolescents gave for poverty in two West Indian islands — the relatively wealthy island of Barbados and the relatively poor island of Dominica. The overall economic development/prosperity of the two islands, and the extent and visibility of economic inequality between the two islands appeared to account for the numerous national differences. These results are discussed in terms of the social, political and historical differences between the two islands.

Antonina graminis . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Antonina graminis (Maskell) [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] Rhodes grass scale. Attacks many Gramineae, notably Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe, ASIA, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Caroline Islands, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hawaii, Kiribati, Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Wake Island, Irian Jaya.

Cyclopids (Crustacea, Copepoda) from West Indian Groundwater Habitats

A collection of groundwater cyclopid copepods from the West Indian islands has been studied. Twenty species or subspecies are identified, and taxonomic and zoogeographic remarks on some rare or poorly known taxa are made. Seven new taxa, viz. Neocyclops stocki n. sp., Metacyclops (Metacyclops) botosaneanui n. sp., Metacyclops (Metacyclops) dianae n. sp., Metacyclops (Apocyclops) stocki n. sp., Mesocyclops intermedius n. sp., Mesocyclops aequatorialis americanus n. ssp., and Thermocyclops tenuis longifurcatus n. ssp. are described.

Nilaparvata lugens . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) [Hemiptera: Delphacidae] Brown planthopper. Attacks rice, causing 'hopper-burn' and transmitting grassy and ragged stunt virus diseases, and may also develop on wild species of Oryza, Leersia and Zizania. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kampuchea, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Caroline Islands, Fiji, Mariana Islands, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

Sedimentary Petrology and Depositional Environment of Sandstones of Scow Bay, Indian and Marrowstone Islands, Northwestern Washington: ABSTRACT

The unnamed middle Eocene sandstones of Scow Bay that are well exposed on the beaches of Indian and Marrowstone Islands, northwestern Washington, document a previously unknown local basement high that shed sediment south onto a subsea fan from the San Juan Islands terranes. The sandstones are lithic arenites with a variety of lithic grains, predominantly volcanic and sedimentary (including chert). Rare quartz-plagioclase plutonic and low-grade metamorphic (mainly chlorite-rich) lithic grains are also present. Quartz and plagioclase comprise most of the nonlithic grains. Rare heavy minerals and potassium feldspar are also present. The San Juan Islands terranes were the source area. Paleocurrent directions obtained from flute casts support this interpretation. The sandstones are thin to very thick-bedded with minor shale interbeds and at least two 20 to 30-m (65 to 100-ft) thick shale beds. The sandstone beds are commonly structureless, although dish structures, poorly developed parallel lamination, load casts, and shale rip-up clasts are abundant locally. Soft sediment deformation, including slumps, is locally evident. Amalgamation of thinner sandstone beds into very thick (3-5 m, 10-16 ft) beds is common but often difficult to recognize owing to their structureless nature. The exposure along the east coast of Indian Island reveals at least 11 thinning- and fining-upward sequences. The sandstones were deposited as channel-fill sequences on the midfan region of a subsea fan. The thick shale beds were deposited between active channels. End_of_Article - Last_Page 506------------

Thrips hawaiiensis . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Thrips hawaiiensis (Morg.) ( Euthrips hawaiiensis (Morg.), Thrips albipes [Thrips hawaiiensis] Bagn.) (including T. h. imitator Priesner) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Host Plants: Banana, citrus, crucifers, legumes, lucerne. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Bangladesh, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Ryukyu Islands, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, AFRICA, Angola, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Fiji, Hawaii, Norfolk Islands, Papua New Guinea, Western Samoa, Society Islands, NORTH AMERICA, USA.

Hypsipyla robusta . [Distribution map

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Hypsipyla robusta (Moore) (Lep., -Pyrandae) (Toon shoot-and fruit-borer). Host Plants: Cedrella, Khaya, Toona . Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, Andaman Is, Burma, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sikkim, Singapore, Sri Lanka, AFRICA, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, AUSTRALASIA, and PACIFIC ISLANDS, Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands.

Competition Between West Indian Anoles and Birds

Wright (1981) noted an inverse correlation between anole and insectivorous bird biomass in sclerophyll scrub habitats on seven West Indian islands. Anole biomass decreased and insectivorous bird biomass increased with increasing island size. He proposed the following explanation for this pattern: Anoles and insectivorous birds compete directly for arthropod prey, and anoles experience ecological release upon the extinction of an avian competitor. Bird populations are in greater danger of extinction on small rather than large islands in the West Indies, while anole populations seldom become extinct. Hence, anoles should experience ecological release and the resulting increase in abundance more often on small islands, while avian competitors of anoles should be relatively more abundant on large islands. Wright further states that in the process of expanding population size and taking a greater proportion of available anthropod prey after the extinction of an avian competitor, anoles may inhibit recolonization by insectivorous birds on small islands in the West Indes. Here we taken exception to Wright's argument for the following reasons: (1) An alternative hypothesis, that differences in predation account for the observed pattern, is at least as likely as the extinction-mediated competition hypothesis. Wright's superficial treatment of predation ignores the substantial andmore » well-documented impact of introduced mammals and other predators on both lizards and birds. (2) Evidence of significant dietary overlap between birds and anoles is weak, at best. (3) Patterns observed in sclerophyll scrub cannot be generalized to other island habitats.« less

Comparative Frontiers: The case of the West Indian Islands Experience

L'hypothese de la frontiere mise de l'avant par F.J. Turner a ete appliquee a une variete de situations de frontiere de par le monde. Des idees et des concepts derives de cette ecole historiographique americaine sont evalues ici dans le contexte des Indes occidentales. L'application met essentiellement en valeur le contraste entre deux types de frontiere associee a la colonisation de terres libres, un premier ou cette ressource sert a produire pour l'exportation, le second ou la terre sert a nourrir la population locale. Ce dernier type, assez pres de la notion turnerienne de la frontiere pionniere, a trouve place dans la region au XIXe siecle et sous-tend un mythe d'une plus grande resonance pour les nations insulaires d'aujourd'hui que celui lie au type de la plantation coloniale.

Predation as a Factor Influencing the Occurrence and Distribution of Small Crustacea in West Indian Groundwaters

Hadziid Amphipoda are known from inland groundwaters of 14 West Indian islands, Thermosbaenacea from those of 9 islands. Only 4 islands show joint occurrence of both groups. Even in islands of joint occurrence, hadziids occur significantly more often alone in a given locality, than in combination with Thermosbaenacea or Copepoda Cyclopidae. The latter two groups do not show any significant avoidance of each other. Some possible causes for the non-random occurrence of small groundwater Crustacea are discussed; it seems most likely that hadziids predate on other Crustacea, such as Thermosbaenacea or Cyclopidae. This predation may have, or have had, influence on the actual distribution patterns of the groups under consideration.