Island Waters Research Articles

Utilization of data mining classification techniques to identify the effect of Madden-Julian Oscillation on increasing sea wave height over East Java Waters

East Java BPBD data recorded 18 marine accidents in 2018, which increased by 1 event compared to the previous year. It is interesting to study the waters around East Java which are divided into 9 regions. The wind is a major factor in the high wave generation, but the contribution of weather phenomena triggered by the marine environment is important to identify. Phenomenon such as Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) has a cycle through the Indonesia territory, becomes a factor that should be suspected. MJO identification uses the Real-Time Multivariate MJO (RMM)-1 and RMM-2 index, which can be combined with the wind speed data using data mining classification techniques to get the thresholds value of wave height data obtained from the analysis of Windwave-05 model. The classification is helped by WEKA’s machine learning algorithm, by determining 4 selected classification algorithms including Naïve Bayes, J48, JRip, and Multi-Class Classifier. The data validation using the K-fold cross-validation method with a number of folds is 10 units. The accuracy value of the best algorithm obtained in each waters region ranges from 63.02% to 84.50%. The overall accuracy value increases by 0.24% to 4.41% compared to only using wind factors, except for the Waters of Bawean Island and Masalembu Islands.

Phytoplankton Community in The Lembeh Strait, Bitung and Wori Beach, Manado, North of Sulawesi, Indonesia

This study was conducted to understand phytoplankton community in the Lembeh Strait at Bitung and Wori Beach at Manado in October 2015. The phytoplankton samples were collected with vertical towing using Kitahara plankton net (mesh size 80 µm). Identification and enumeration were done using Sedgwick Rafter Counting Chamber (SRCC) under 100-400X magnification. Phytoplankton abundance in Wori, Manado were lower than Lembeh Strait. There were 24 genera of diatom group and nine genera of dinoflagellate group found in Wori and Lembeh Island waters. Total phytoplankton abundance in Wori ranged from 16,293.28 – 464,358.45 cells m-3 (station 6 and station 5, respectively). Whilst, In Lembeh Strait, Bitung, the highest abundance of phytoplankton was 2,300,407.33 cells m-3 and the lowest was 16,089.61 cells m-3. The composition of diatoms and dinoflagellates in Wori and Lembeh Strait was dominated by diatom which ranged from 80.70 % to 100.0%. Based on the mean contribution at each station among the two locations, there were 11 dominance genera of diatom and dinoflagellate groups which the mean contribution value above five percent. Those were including six genera of diatom group (Chaetoceros, Bacteriastrum, Nitzchia, Rhizosoleria, Thalassiothrix, and Thalassiosira) and five genera of dinoflagellate group (Ceratium, Prorocentrum, Protoperidinium, Pyrodinium, and Scriepsiella, Chaetoceros (diatom) and Protoperidinium (dinoflagellate) exhibit the highest genera representation in all diatom and dinoflagellate group among the two locations, with a 38 % and 36 % (respectively) mean contribution. Three genera which commonly known to cause harmful algal blooms (HABs) were observed in those two locations. Nitzschia from diatom group, Prorocentrum, and Pyrodinium from dinoflagellate group. Nitzschia was the most frequently found, almost recorded at all station in Wori, Manado and Lembeh strait, Bitung. The less frequent found of HABs causative organisms in those two locations was Pyrodinium.

KESESUAIAN DAERAH PENANGKAPAN RAJUNGAN (Portunus pelagicus) MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS SPASIAL PARAMETER LINGKUNGAN DAN HASIL TANGKAPAN DI PULAU LANCANG

The blue swimming crab in the waters of Lancang Island is indicated as being overfished. Hence, the major challenge is managing its utilization in a proper manner. The purpose of this study is to explore the water's characteristics which is suitable for blue swimming crab fishing. Accordingly, the potential fishing ground around Lancang Island waters can be mapped spatially as an initial effort for species preservation. Geospatial analysis was applied to assess the physical parameters of the existing habitat. The results show that parameters such as MPT, TDS, brightness, phosphate, nitrate, depth and substrate types were remarkably suitable to support the growth of blue swimming crabs. Meanwhile, parameters such as salinity, DO, and temperature show lower quality which implied that the habitat is less suitable. However, the result of weighting and reclassification conclude that Lancang island waters is a decent habitat for blue swimming crab. Catch data show that 40% blue swimming crabs have small carapace size (7-11.83 cm) which is undersized and prohibited by law. Furthermore, about 68% of catch are quite light (30-147 gr) and the sex ratio of males to females was 1:2. It was also revealed that approximately 35% of female species were carrying eggs (BEF/barried female).
 Keywords: geospatial, fishing ground, suitability, Lancang Island, blue swimming crab.

Sumberdaya Teripang (Holothuroidea) Di Kepulauan Sekotong, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Observation on sea cucumber diversity was carried out at coastal waters of Sudak and Nanggu Islands in the West Part of Sekotong Island, April and June 2002. Sampling was done by using a transect quadrant of 1 m x 1 m. This sampling and observation on its microhabitat were conducted by scuba diving. Analyses on the sea cucumber community structure were based on its frequency of occurance, diversity, and density. The results showed that at both locations 11 species of sea cucumber were found where Holothuria scabra, H.atra, H nobilis, and Bohadschia marmorata were predominant, common and more evenly distributed than the other species.

Age and growth of Antimora rostrata (Moridae, Gadiformes, Teleostei) from the Kerguelen and Crozet Islands in the southern Indian Ocean

AbstractAge and growth of blue antimora Antimora rostrata were examined for the first time in the waters of Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (southern Indian Ocean, sub-Antarctic). The longline catches were represented by fish ranging from 39 to 72 cm in total length with weights between 400 and 3310 g, aged 16– 41 years. A minimum age of 16 years was observed in a fish 39 cm long, while a maximum age of 41 years was recorded for an individual of 70 cm in length and 3310 g in weight. The age classes with the greatest numbers were represented by fish aged 34 years (9%), 28 years (9%) and 29 years (8%), which together accounted for 26% of the total catch. The blue antimora in the southern Indian Ocean shows similar growth rates to those of individual fish from the Ross, Lazarev and Weddell Seas and southeastern Greenland, which may indicate the population unity of the species within the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters or similar habitat conditions in these areas.

The productivity and the pattern of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) fishing season in Morotai Island waters

Tuna fisheries in Morotai Island have great potential economic value. The production of Tuna in 2016 as much as 325 tons. This condition then made Tuna as the superior commodity in this territory [3]. Know the productivity and the pattern of tuna fishing season can maximize tuna production in Morotai Island. The purpose of this research was to investigate the productivity and Yellowfin Tuna fishing season in Morotai Island waters. The study used a survey method by conducting, the preliminary study in June 2018, and collecting data in the field during July-August 2018. The primary was obtained from fishing results data, numbers of the fishing trip from Tuna’s fishers. For the time series secondary data were derived from DKP Morotai Island is the time series data year 2009-2016, DKP Province Maluku Utara, The Log Book of Pacific Tuna Fishers Cooperative, and BPS Morotai Island. The analyzing consisted of CPUE analysis and time series (moving average) analysis. The research results showed that productivity catching Tuna is 0.798 tons/year. Although the productivity in every year was fluctuating but have a low trend, because of the catching of Tuna in Morotai Island used motorboat with small capacity, which is 1,5-3 GT. The analysis results of time series (moving average) analysis showed that the season for fishing Tuna happened throughout the year, with the peak of season happened in March and June.

Species composition of eels larvae (Anguillidae) in Mentawai Island waters, Indonesia based genetic data

The genetic variation of eels larvae Anguilla spp. which had migrated to the estuaries of North Pagai Island at Mentawai Islands was studied from September 2016 to January 2017. The objective of the present study was to validate the species composition of eels larvae that migrated to estuary of North Pagai Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. The eels larvae were collected from Mabola, Simpungan, Saumanganya, and Taikako estuaries. A total of 10 samples from every location were used to analyse the genetic variation of eels. The result showed that the heterozygosities of Anguilla marmorata and A. bicolor pacifica are highest in Saumanganya estuary, 0.1863 and 0.1840, respectively, while A. bicolor bicolor is the highest in Taikako estuary (0.1518). Gene flow (Nm) values of eels A. marmorata, A. bicolor bicolor, and A. bicolor pacifica were 0.3656, 0.5309, and 0.4679, respectively The genetic differentiation value (Gst) of A. marmorata, A. bicolor bicolor, and A. bicolor pacifica were 0.8677, 0.4418, and 0.5686, respectively It is concluded that the genetic variation of inter-populations and intra-populations of A. marmorata was higher than A. bicolor bicolor and A. bicolor pacifica.

Degradation of crude oil-degrading bacteria isolated from the coastal waters of Bengkalis Island, Riau

Bengkalis waters is relatively busy traffic area due to regional and international marine transportation which is very vulnerable to oil pollution. Cleaning of oil spill could be attempted by the use microorganisms (bioremediation). Bioremediation is an effective, economical and environmentally friendly treatment method in which microbes are used to degrade hydrocarbons. The objectives of this research were to isolate oil-degrading bacteria from seawaters in the North coast and in the South area of Bengkalis Island, to examine the bacterial isolates in degrading crude oil and to identify the isolates by phenotype (morphological observation, biochemical tests) and genotype characters (16S rDNA sequence). Bacteria was isolated on SMSS basal medium, oil content was measured by Gravimetry method, DNA sequence was analized by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by sequencing using genetic analyzer machine. Sixteen bacterial isolates from the seawaters had different morphology, physical and biochemical characters. Six isolates from the North coastal waters (BM 1a, BM 1c, BM 1d, BM 7a, BM 14a and BM 14b) and three isolates from Sungai Pakning waters (S1P26B, S2P35b and S3P35a) showed high ability in degrading crude oil at concentrations 1%, 2% and 3%). DNA sequence analysis indicated isolate BM 1a had similarity to Bacillus circulan W239 (99%), isolate BM 1c was similar to B. thungiriensis LDC507 (92%), isolate BM 1d was similar to B. flexus CORSS01 (96%), isolates BM 7a and S1P26B were similar to B. cereus MBGIPS 18 (94% and 95%, respectively), isolate BM 14a was similar to B. flexus MDLD1 (, isolate BM 14b was similar to B. thuringiensis LDC 507 (98%), isolate S2P3 5b was similar to B. cereus KJW1 (98%) and isolate S3P3 5a was similar to B. cereus MCCC1a06185 (99%). In conclusion, bacteria of genus Bacillus dominated the crude-oil degrading bacteria from Bengkalis Island waters.

Characterization of Martensia (Delesseriaceae; Rhodophyta) from shallow and mesophotic habitats in the Hawaiian Islands: description of four new species

ABSTRACTFifty-six specimens of the red algal genus Martensia from the Main and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, representing both shallow (36 specimens from 0–20 m depth) and mesophotic habitats (20 specimens from 62–93 m depth), were collected and characterized using morphological and molecular analyses. Phylogenetic analyses of the rbcL gene resolved five distinct clades of Martensia from the Hawaiian Islands, of which none could be attributed to the two previously used taxonomic names for this flora (M. fragilis Harvey and M. flabelliformis Harvey ex J.Agardh). Analyses of the COI barcoding region were consistent with rbcL trends, although fewer specimens amplified and sequenced for this marker. Four rbcL clades (lineages 1–4) were distinct from each other and from other described species of Martensia based on both phylogenetic position and morphological characters, and are here described as new species: Martensia abbottiae A.R.Sherwood & S.-M. Lin sp. nov., Martensia hawaiiensis A.R.Sherwood & S.-M. Lin sp. nov., Martensia tsudae A.R.Sherwood & S.-M. Lin sp. nov., and Martensia lauhiekoeloa A.R.Sherwood & S.-M. Lin sp. nov. Lineage 5 is attributable to M. albida Y.Lee. All five species in the Hawaiian flora occur in mesophotic habitats, while M. hawaiiensis, M. tsudae, and M. albida also inhabit shallow waters of the Main Hawaiian Islands. This study provides additional support for the degree of uncharacterized biodiversity from mesophotic depths in the Hawaiian Archipelago.

Sanitasi Pantai dan Kualitas Perairan Pulau Mansinam pada Kondisi Arus Permukaan Monsun Timur

Domestic waste caused by human activities in the bay area periodically can accumulate the coast of Mansinam Island and have a negative impact on sanitation and water quality. The direction of sea level currents in the East Monsoon (June-August) is generally moved from the West and come into the bay area. This study aims as follow: 1) To analyze the water quality (physical, biological, chemical and dissolved metals) on the coast of Mansinam Island based on the required quality standards for marine tourism activities; 2) To Analyze the level of coastal pollution on Mansinam Island based on the value of the Pollution Index (PI); 3) To identify the type and volume of pollutants in the coastal area of ​​Mansinam Island in the East Monsoon. The PI indicates that at stations I, III and IV of the waters are lightly polluted, while the waters at the station II has been moderately polluted. The water quality parameter value of Station II has exceeded the quality standard for marine tourism in accordance with Kepmen. LH. No. 51 of 2004 consisting of TSS, nitrate, phosphate, oil and fat, total coliform and faecal coliform. In Station I, the water quality that exceeds the standard for nitrate, phosphate, and copper, while station III and station IV where higher on TSS value of nitrate, phosphate, oil and fat, and total coliform than the standard. Based on the results of the study, TSS values ​​at station I to station IV were 56.67 mg/L, 196 mg/L, 116 mg/L, and 157.33 mg/L respectively, while the fecal coliform value was 20 MPN / 100 ml,> 2400 MPN / 100 ml, 7.8 MPN/100 ml, and 11 MPN/100 ml. Nitrate and phosphate in Mansinam Island waters have an average value of 0.027 mg/L and 0.021 mg /L. The physical, biological, chemical and dissolved metals of Mansinam Island marine waters in East Monsoon from 19 parameters observed by 12 parameters (63%) are within the quality standard threshold and 7 parameters (37%) have been above the standard quality threshold for Marine tourism. Pollution levels based on the Pollution Index of Mansinam Island's marine waters are mildly polluted for marine tourism purposes. The composition and density of waste types are found to be different in conditions of ebb and tide because the seasons in Indonesia are under the influence of monsoons, where the wind determines the occurrence of waves and surface currents in the waters on the bay areas.

Potential, production and utilization level of pelagic fish resource in Ambon City

In responsible and sustainable fisheries, marine resources should be exploited at optimum level in which potency, production and utilization level is known. This research was conducted to analysed potency, production and utilization level of pelagic fish in Ambon Island waters. Data for the analysis was obtained from the secondary data of Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Maluku province in the form of catch and effort for period 2005–2015 and then analysed by using Schaefer model. Estimated Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) was 103,513 tons with Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was 82,811 tons. Production of pelagic fish fluctuated but tended to increase due to increasing of fishing vessels and fishing gears. Catch per unit effort of purse seine and pole and line contributed more for the pelagic fish production than five other fishing gears. The utilization of pelagic fish resources in Ambon tended to increase with annual average 61.7% from TAC or 49.40% of MSY during the period of 2005-2015. In the last three years (2013-2015) the level of utilization increased significantly and has reached 98.31% from TAC or 78.65% of MSY which leads to fully exploitation. These results indicated that fishing effort should be maintained and monitored strictly to prevent over exploitation of pelagic fish resource.

Long-term assessment of wave energy in the China Sea using 30-year hindcast data

In this study, a long-term assessment of the wave energy in the China Sea was performed for a 30-year time interval (1988–2017), using the model WAVEWATCH-III. The reliability of the wave simulation results was increased by means of longer time horizon data compared to other relevant studies in the China Sea. This analysis provided information on the regional distribution as well as on the monthly and seasonal variability. The exploitation and stability of wave energy were taken into consideration, so as to find the advantage of resource exploitation. Results indicated that values of significant wave height and wave power density had obviously differences compared with different months, especially in December with a maximum significant wave height of 2.7 m and 35 kW/m of wave power density. The minimum value of them appeared in May, was 1.0 m and 4.5 kW/m, respectively. The distribution of wave energy was abundant in winter and the poorest in summer. In winter, the significant wave height in most areas was above 1.8 m, while the maximum wave energy density in summer was only 1.2 m. As for the wave power density, in winter values in most areas were above 18 kW/m, while the maximum value in summer was only 12 kW/m. In sight of regional distribution, the highest wave energy potential was located in the Northern South China Sea, the East China Sea, the Ryukyu Islands waters, east of the Taiwan Island and the Luzon Strait, with coefficient of variation was within 2.0 and occurrence of exploitation was above 80%, whereas the Bohai Sea, the northern part of the Yellow sea, the Gulf of Thailand, and the Northern Bay were in poor contribution, with occurrence of exploitation was within 50%.

Prediction Model of Ecological Environment Carrying Capacity in the Waters of Hainan Island

Zhao, M. and Hao, S., 2019. Prediction model of ecological environment carrying capacity in the waters of Hainan Island. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 436–442. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In order to improve the optimal management and bearing control ability of Hainan boundary island waters ecological environment, it is necessary to optimize and predict the ecological environment carrying capacity of Hainan boundary island waters, and put forward the optimization prediction method of Hainan boundary island waters ecological environment carrying capacity based on association rule bearing control and fuzzy adaptive clustering. The statistical sequence distribution model of ecological environment carrying capacity of Hainan boundary island waters is constructed. Big data statistical information modeling of Hainan boundary island waters ecological environment carrying capacity is carried out by using big data mining method. The characteristics of association rules of Hainan boundary island waters ecological environment carrying capacity are extracted, and the automatic clustering treatment of Hainan boundary island waters ecological environment carrying capacity big data is carried out by using fuzzy clustering method. The optimal iterative model for predicting the ecological environment carrying capacity of Hainan boundary island waters is established, and the optimal prediction of ecological environment carrying capacity of Hainan boundary island waters is realized by combining the adaptive optimization algorithm. The simulation results show that the method has good adaptability and high prediction accuracy, and improves the adaptive bearing control and management ability of the ecological environment of Hainan boundary island waters.

A Modeling Approach for Assessing Groundwater Resources of a Large Coral Island under Future Climate and Population Conditions: Gan Island, Maldives

This study assesses the future groundwater supply of a large coral island, Gan Island, Republic of Maldives, under influences of rainfall patterns, sea level rise, and population growth. The method described in this paper can be used to estimate the future groundwater supply of other coral islands. Gan is the largest inhabited island (598 ha) of the Republic of Maldives with a population of approximately 4500. An accurate estimate of groundwater supply in the coming decades is important for island water security measures. To quantify future groundwater volumes in Gan, a three-dimensional, density-dependent groundwater and solute transport model was created using the SUTRA (Saturated Unsaturated Transport) modeling code. The Gan model was tested against observed groundwater salinity concentrations and then run for the 2012–2050 period to compare scenarios of future rainfall (from General Circulation Models), varying rates of population growth (i.e., groundwater pumping), and sea level rise. Results indicate that the total fresh groundwater volume increases approximately 20% if only future rainfall patterns are considered. If moderate pumping is included (2% annual population growth rate), the volume increases only by 13%; with aggressive pumping (9% annual population growth rate), the volume decreases by 24%. Sea level rise and associated shoreline recession leads to an additional 15–20% decrease in lens thickness and lens volume. Results can be used to make decisions about water resource management on Gan and other large coral islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Methods used herein can be applied to any coral island to explore future groundwater security.

Aseksual Reproduction of Black Sea Cucumber from Jepara Waters

Black sea cucumber or Lollyfish are trade name for Holothuria atra, one species of family Holothuriidae abundance in Jepara waters, especially in Panjang Island. They inhabit on the seabed, in shallow waters on reefs and sand flats or in Seagrass meadows. Beside reproduce sexually, H. atra also do fission (biology), i.e. able to reproduce asexually by transverse fission. Monthly survey has been conducted for three months to determine frequency of fission among H. atra population in Panjang Island waters. In total 891 individu of H. atra inhabit in seagrass meadow mixed with rubble were examimed. In fissiparous sea cucumber, transverse fission are followed by regeneration and in this research identified from external observations. The fission state was divided into three category, i.e. closed wound (Category 1), little regeneration either posterior or anterior part (category 2), moderate regeneration either posterior or anterior part (category 3). The result showed that the fission frequency was highest during end of rainy season in April (13,21%) and decreased during May (4,61%) and June (4,86%). Body regeneration seem happened fast, since the new individu sea cucumber at category 1 was low but high as category 3. The regeneration were related with the condition of environment.

Hydro-Oceanographic and Water Quality Assesments As a Basis for the Development of Offshore Aquaculture in the Weh Island, Aceh Province, Indonesia

The waters of Weh Island, Aceh Province has potency become the area for offshore aquaculture. Offshore Floating Net Cages can be an appropriate technology in increasing the biomass cultivation in Weh Island waters. However, no feasibility study has been done. Therefore, this study aims to examine the suitability of offshore aquaculture locations in the East and South regions of Weh Island Based on Hydro-oceanography parameters. The parameters examined were water quality parameters such as temperature, brightness, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen. In addition, we also examined the aspects of physical oceanography such as tides, currents and bathymetry. The results show that the water depth ranged from 0-57 m. The tidal type in the Weh Island waters is mixed tide prevailing semidiurnal with the tidal range of 1.9 m. The average of current speed ranged from 19.03-37.67 cm/s with the directions predominantly toward northwest and southeast. It is concluded that the water quality data show that the eastern and southern parts of Weh Island are categorized as the feasible locations for offshore aquaculture. Keywords: Sabang, Hydro-oceanography, Fisheries, Offshoreaquaculture, Floating net cages

Sustainable water supply systems for the islands: The integration with the energy problem

Water resources availability, in terms of both quality and quantity, is a very crucial issue in many areas of the world, with small islands being amongst those facing the greatest challenges. In parallel, energy is also a focal point for water supply, since, in many places, it is amongst the main limiting factors for adopting alternative water supply methods. As an example, mature desalination methods with competitive water production costs are not yet widely introduced to Greek islands. This is due to certain characteristics of local electricity grids, such as the very small power reserve margins or the large production cost variation of the available thermal engines, which require additional expenditures for upgrading the energy infrastructure.In this context, it has become obvious that water supply chain problems are inherently linked to the energy quality and availability of an area, leading to the so-called water-energy nexus (WEN) considerations. In that respect, the integrated approach for the solution of water and energy problems has become a topic of increasing attention for the scientific community and for practitioners in the field.With special emphasis on Aegean Sea Islands, i.e. an island region with significant water and energy shortages that jeopardize the local economy development, the present work introduces a framework for applying efficient solutions that integrate water supply with clean energy supply. To that end, the desired island characteristics and critical factors necessary for the successful implementation of the suggested solutions are identified and discussed, while the proposed framework is demonstrated using as case study the small island of Anafi.In more detail, a Linear Programming (LP) model is developed and applied in Anafi island, with results obtained showing that reliable and renewable-based energy and water supply are achievable at feasible cost, contributing at the same time to the considerable reduction of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Τhe theoretical modeling framework introduced aims at explaining the path of the research of the integrated water and energy supply for islands from a high-level decision-making perspective; thus not qualifying solutions into the detailed level of implementation (i.e. siting issues and local infrastructure characteristics are not taken into account).

ANALISIS HISTORICAL TRADITIONAL FISHING RIGHT PADA ZONA EKONOMI EKSKLUSIF (ZEE) INDONESIA

Indonesian people are shocked by the case of the Chinese Fisheries (KM) with the name KM Kway Fey 10078 which is categorized as a Foreign Fish Boat (KIA) fishing around the Natuna Islands waters which are the territorial waters of the Indonesian EEZ. The concept of historical traditional fishing ground towards waters in the Natuna sea region which in fact is still an Indonesian EEZ area needs to be further analyzed. The formulation of the problem in legal research are: (1). Theoretical and regulatory regarding Historical Traditonal Fishing Ground based on UNCLOS 1982. (2). The provisions of IUU Fishing are based on UNCLOS 1982 and Indonesian legislation is applied in the case of Historical Traditonal Fishing Ground which catches fish in Indonesian (EEZ) waters. Legal research methods are used with statute approaches and conceptual approaches. The results of this research are (1). If without a bilateral agreement, it is in accordance with the UNCLOS 1982 Historical Traditions of Fishing Ground is categorized as one of the IUU Fishing and violations of jurisdiction and territorial integrity of Indonesia, where Indonesian legal authorities have the right to take action on every fisherman who claims to have traditional fishing rights in accordance with Indonesian legal mechanisms. (2). Needs support from countries to implement policies, programs, and practices from these countries to make this rule implementable, so that there is an impact of remedy for countries that are considered to do IUU Fishing under the pretext of using historical traditional fishing right, then fish commodities arrested was prohibited from being traded on the international market, because the commodity was captured from a process of violation of international marine law and violation of jurisdiction and sovereignty of the State.

Processes Controling Isotopic Composition (δD and δ18O) of Thermal Waters of the Kuril Island Arc

The edifices of many active volcanoes on the Kuril Islands contain hydrothermal systems whose surface manifestations include springs with diversity in their chemical compositions and in their physical and chemical parameters. Thermal waters of Kuril Islands were found to exhibit four main isotopic shifts relative to the local meteoric water line. The ultra-acid Cl–SO4 (SO4–Cl) waters show a mixing trend between the meteoric component and volcanic steam. Acid steam-heated SO4 waters demonstrate trends indicating kinetic fractionation at temperatures near the boiling point. The isotope compositions for coastal springs plot at the line of mixing between meteoric and sea water. The oxygen isotope shift for the thermal waters that from geothermal wells is formed by isotope exchange with the host rock. The latitude effect detected in the isotope composition of meteoric water is also seen to varying degrees in the isotope composition of thermal water.

Distribution of phytoplankton diversity and abundance in Maspari island waters, South Sumatera, Indonesia

Phytoplankton diversity is one of eutrophication indicator in Maspari island, south Sumatra, but its existence is strongly influenced by the physical-chemical parameters of the waters. This study aims to determine the distribution of phytoplankton diversity and their relationship with physical-chemical parameters in the waters of Maspari island. The methodology of research carried out was the physical-chemical parameter data collection, and phytoplankton samples were taken randomly on the surface of the water of 20 stations. Samples were identified types, analysed diversity, dominance and abundance calculations. For the relationship between diversity and abundance of phytoplankton with physical-chemical parameters of water carried out by principal component analysis (PCA). The results obtained that some of the physical-chemical parameters of Maspari Island waters have high variations such as turbidity ranging from 17,313 to 89,313 FTU. Current speed about 0.0-1,418 m.s−1. Dissolved oxygen about 3.78±0.18-6.18±0.15 mg.1−1. Nutrient concentrations such as NO3 about 0-0.28 mg.l−1 and PO4 about 0-0.2 mg.1−1, while the other parameters were smaller variations. Phytoplankton types found in four classes, namely Coscinodiscophyceae (7 species) with an abundance of 121,910.82 cell.m−3 (49%), Dinophyceae (4 species) with an abundance of 54,649.68 cell.m−3 (26%), Bacillariophyceae (3 species) with an abundance of 56,050.95 cell.m−3 (23%), and Fragilariophyceae (1 species) with an abundance of 5,605.09 cell.m−3 (2%). Diversity index shows low to moderate categories, while dominance in categories tends to dominate. PCA results showed that the physical-chemical parameters of the Maspari island waters of the identifier is the temperature, density, nitrate, salinity, DO and phosphate.