Islamic History Research Articles

Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Perspektif KH. Hasyim Asy’ari

This research aims to explore thoughts on Islamic education from the perspective of KH. Hasyim Asy'ari, a major figure in the history of Islam in Indonesia and founder of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). His thoughts have had a great influence on the development of Islamic education in the country, both in theoretical and practical contexts. Through a qualitative approach with literature study, this research analyzes the works of KH. Hasyim Asy'ari and the educational insights he brought forward, such as the importance of balance between intellectual and spiritual aspects in education. KH. Hasyim Asy'ari emphasizes education that is oriented towards the formation of noble morals and mastery of in-depth religious knowledge, taking into account the needs of society in a social and cultural context. The findings of this research show that his thoughts are very relevant in developing a holistic Islamic education system, which not only prioritizes academic aspects, but also moral and spiritual aspects. Therefore, KH.'s educational thinking. Hasyim Asy'ari can be used as a reference in formulating Islamic education policies that are more inclusive and in line with the needs of the times.

Sejarah Salahuddin Al-Ayyubi

The Ayyubid Dynasty, established by Salahuddin al-Ayyubi, played a significant role in Islamic history through complex socio-political transformations. Salahuddin faced substantial challenges in replacing the influence of the Fatimid Dynasty and Shia doctrine with Ahlusunnah Waljamaah as the official state doctrine. To achieve this goal, he implemented reforms in education, politics, and the military, including transforming Al-Azhar University into a Sunni educational center and establishing Sunni-based madrasas in Egypt. This study employs a qualitative approach with content analysis, examining books, journals, and historical documents to explore Salahuddin's leadership strategies. The findings reveal that Salahuddin successfully strengthened Ahlusunnah Waljamaah through the establishment of educational institutions, the appointment of Sunni scholars, and political and structural reforms that promoted socio-political stability. In the socio-cultural domain, he supported the formation of public institutions, such as hospitals, and encouraged cultural dialogue during the Crusades. This analysis underscores that Salahuddin's success was not limited to his military achievements but also included the socio-religious transformations that reinforced political stability and legitimacy. The study highlights the relevance of Salahuddin's strategies in building an inclusive and sustainable Islamic civilization, making his legacy a model for leadership focused on advancing civilization. These findings demonstrate the importance of synergy between religious vision and structural reforms in creating sustainable socio-political stability, offering significant contributions to contemporary Islamic leadership discourse.

Mecca, Basra and Baghdad: Economic Situation During the Classical Period of Islam

This study examines in general terms three cities that were prominent trade centers from the Ignorance period to the first centuries of Islam. Because Mecca, Basra and Baghdad are the most notable cities throughout Islamic History. Mecca, which is the mother of cities as mentioned in the Holy Quran, was also an important trade centre in the pre-Islamic period. Thanks to the fairs held during the pilgrimage season and especially the ‘Ukāẓ Fair, Mecca has witnessed a very active cultural and economic activity. In addition to its geographical location, for example with Ilâf has also gained the status of an international trade centre. Baṣra, which was founded as the headquarters city during the caliphate of Umar, developed over time and became one of the schools of religious sciences, while on the other hand, it became one of the main trade centres of the region with its markets, especially Mirbaḍ. It has become a trading city connecting the Arabian Peninsula with Egypt, the coast of Southern Iran, India, Indonesia and China via the Red Sea. On the other hand, Baghdad, which is among the largest metropolises not only of the Islamic world but also of the whole world, has maintained this feature for centuries as a center that directs economic life. Founded during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Mansur, Baghdad attracts attention with its city model having many different bazaars, as well as being the center of the caliphate of the Islamic world. At the same time, it is primarily in contact with the entire Islamic world through its wide network of land routes and maritime trade. It is the main centre of trade relations with separate regions of Transoxania, China and India. All three cities were affected positively and negatively by political developments throughout Classical Period of Islamic History. In parallel with these influences, their roles in economic and commercial life have differed. However, the traces they left throughout history still maintain their importance even today.

Manajemen Organisasi Persatuan Islam dalam Bidang Tarbiyah

The appearance of Islamic Unity on the stage of Islamic history in Indonesia at the beginning of the 20th century has given a new pattern and color to the movement for the renewal islamic thought. It was precisely born as an answer to the complex challenges of the condition of the Muslim Ummah which was drowning in impatience or stagnation on rational thinking, mired in a life of great mysticism, the growth and development of khurafat, heresy adan superstition as well polytheism which was rampant at that time. Moreever, Muslims were very shackled by Dutch colonial rule which was very persistent in extinguishing the light of Islam. This situation inspired the emergence of the Islamic reformist movement which in turn initiated growing intellectual contacts that influenced the indonesian islamic community to reform islamic thought. Then the existence of this Islamic unity organization makes a contribution that plays an active role in education management which is very well organized by keeping up with current development without eliminating the original elements of islamic boarding school education.

Navigating the Challenges of Islamic Legal Institutions in a Secular Context: The Philippine Experience

This study aims to explore the historical development and contemporary challenges of Islamic legal institutions in the Philippines, with a particular focus on the intellectual contributions of Philippine Muslim scholars. It highlights the Luwaran of Maguindanao and the Diwan Tausūg as foundational legal frameworks that demonstrate the adaptability of Islamic law within the Philippine socio-cultural context. Central to understanding the Islamic legal system in the Philippines is the codification of Muslim Personal Laws, which marked a significant milestone in integrating Islamic jurisprudence into the national legal framework. However, the limitations of the Code, including its narrow scope and partial alignment with Islamic principles, underscore the complexities of implementing a comprehensive Islamic legal system in a non-Islamic state. Further, the article assesses the recognition of al-Sharī‘ah Courts and the legal provisions established under the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, emphasizing the importance of cultural pluralism and legal inclusivity in addressing the aspirations of the Muslim minority. The study employs a historical-analytical approach which endeavours to review the primary sources and the codified Muslim Personal Laws, as well as secondary sources like scholarly works on Philippine Islamic history and jurisprudence. Critical analysis of the Muslim Personal Laws and the Organic Act for the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), will help trace the evolution of Islamic legal frameworks and identify their socio-cultural relevance. The study recommends the significance of legal integration or a comparative legal approach as a crucial instrument for identifying areas of harmony and divergence between Islamic jurisprudence and national law.

INTERVIEW: ON ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY WITH ALAN MIKHAIL

Alan Mikhail is the author of five books and editor of another. His work has helped to establish the field of Middle East environmental history, positioned the Ottoman Empire at the center of global early modern history, and creatively scrutinized the place of the archive in the making of past and present. He is currently working on the intertwined histories of Islam and colonial America.

The Ideology of Islamic Secularization of Muḥammad ʻAbduh, the Most Prominent Pioneer of Enlightenment Thinkers in the Middle East and the Arab World

As is known, secularism is the principle that separates the government, its institutions, and political authority from religious authority or religious figures. Secularism is known as a principle and intellectual approach that sees that human interaction with life should be based on a worldly basis, not a religious one. Secularism is commonly promoted as the separation of religion from state affairs. Here, the title of the article was chosen as The Ideology of Islamic Secularization, because many modern thinkers or reformers have applied this secular mechanism in dealing with Islamic doctrinal, jurisprudential, and historical issues. Such a trend can be called the modern rational school or enlightenment thinkers. Perhaps the most prominent pioneer in this field is the Islamic thinker with a reformist tendency, <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i>, the most prominent pioneer of enlightenment thinkers in the Middle East and the Arab world.<i> Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> is considered the founder of secularism in modern Egypt, but there has been much controversy over his attribution to secular or Salafist thought. This study follows the approach adopted by <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> and his influence on Middle Eastern thought by dividing the study into three fundamental axes. This study is considered the first and only one that deals with the problem of <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> affiliation in a precise manner. <i>ʻMuḥammad's ʻAbduh</i> historical reform and criticism had an ideological character influenced by the Enlightenment movement. He played a role in reforming Al-Azhar, endowments, Sharia courts, Arabic language, religious sciences, and others. He also dealt with historical criticism from a modern perspective. The research focused on some ideological aspects that changed his intellectual path to adopt another conservative ideology transferred by <i>Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā.</i> It can be said that <i>Rida's</i> reformist ideology for Islamic history and thought is a continuation of what <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh</i> began, although he deviated slightly from the intellectual path despite being influenced by his teacher <i>Muḥammad ʻAbduh,</i> even though some Salafi reformers considered him a reformer that belonged to the Salafi school of thought.

Pilgrimage Traditions During The Period Of Temurids

The active participation of muslim individuals in travel from the first periods of islamic history shows that there is a positive view of travel in islam. In islamic philosophy, it is believed that God’s glory can be understood by seeing the richness and beauty of the things he has created. At the same time, traveling and participating in tourism activities allow people to feel better, relieve stress and thus perform better.

The Philosophy of Criticism in Ibn Rushd and the Possibility of Civilizational Revival: A Comparative Analytical Study

This research has dealt with an important issue in the history of Islam mainly from to angles. The first one is to reveal the importance of the intellectual projects this nation. The second is mainly concerned with the way in getting benefits from them at present. This is what I am trying to investigate by following Ibn Ruchd ‘s critical project. His project is mainly represented in the localization of rational approach within religious thought by justifying the legitimacy of philosophical rational proofs to explore the value of religious knowledge. Also, this philosopher has confronted theological principles through the great critical work as an attempt to restore the presence of philosophy in the intellectual field after Al Ghazali directed as a strong stab at it that shook its theoretical foundations. This study is devided into three major parts. In fact, after giving a brief definition of Ibn Rochd, I will deal not only with the dominance of the Ashaari trend and the emergence of critical school of Ibn Rochd but also I will concentrate on the establishment of the Islamic mind. In this work, I have dealt with objectivity and subjectivity in Ibn Rochd’s critical philosophy and the man’s ability to localize the rational approach with Islamic thought. Then, I wondered about the possibilities of drawing inspiration from the rational approach to restore the potential for civilized revival.

Religion And Education in Teachers` Seminaries and Pedagogical Courses in the Caucasus During the Tsarist Era

The main goal of the research is to explain the function of teacher seminaries and pedagogical courses, to reveal the relationship between these educational institutions and religious education. At the same time, at the level of statistical data, we can observe the participation rate of the local Muslim population in Russian public schools, and thus the rate of Muslim teachers in the education system. In the study, the formation process of the educational system of Tsarist Russia was given a general overview, and it was seen that the Russian education system did not differ from the Azerbaijani education in terms of its close relationship with religion until the 18th century. This trend is an indication that the process of replacing religious education with secular education which corresponds to that period. The article provides information about the stages of the Russian education system, the purpose of creating teachers' seminaries and pedagogical courses in the secondary education category, statistics, curriculum, the place of religious education in these institutions, and the problems that manifest themselves here are described in a descriptive manner. When we look at the information related to religious education, it is seen that in the seminaries opened in accordance with the 1902 law, mother tongue and religious education was not given, but the objections of the local people were heard by the tsar officials and the teaching of these courses was started on the account of the charitable societies. Based on the report obtained on Islamic teaching, it is possible to say that Islamic history, Aqaid (creeds) and various prayers were taught in the seminary according to both sects. By the way, it is known that the mother tongue classes are also taught by religious teachers.

Menelusuri Jejak-Jejak Peninggalan Islam di Sumatera Utara (Abad ke-13 hingga ke-20) dalam Perspektif Sejarah dan Sosial Tahun 2024

This article examines the development of Islam in North Sumatra through various existing historical remains, including mosques, tombs and local traditions related to the history of the spread of Islam from the 13th century to the 20th century. This research aims to provide an understanding of how Islam spread and integrated with local traditions in the region. The method used in this research is historical research through the stages of heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The research results show that North Sumatra has a number of important historical remains, such as the Al-Mashun Grand Mosque, Maimun Palace, Azizi Tanjung Pura Mosque, and other historical tombs which are clear evidence of the spread of Islam in this region. This research also shows the important role of the Deli, Langkat and Asahan Sultanates in introducing and developing Islam, as well as how Islam adapted to local culture in North Sumatra. These findings provide an important contribution to understanding the history of Islam in Indonesia and the need to preserve historical remains as part of the nation's cultural heritage.

Islamic Classical Literature (A.D. 950–1450) on Institutionalisation of Ethics for Regulating Markets and Society

The third expansion of the Islamic Caliphate (AD950–1450) produced the need for formalising an ethical framework to create an institutionalised approach to market regulations. During these times significant contribution to the literature was made regarding the modelling of the ethical premise of the duty to subscribe good and prohibit wrongs. It ranged from the formation of vigilante-styled civil duties to the institutionalisation of ethics in the form of the institution of hisbah, which is broadly understood as a quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation (quango) designed to establish the ethical mandate within the medieval Muslim world. Our investigation maps the development of thoughts on embedding ethical rules in markets and within society between AD950–1450. This study explores and conceptualises the models for market regulations proposed by Al-Mawardi (d.AD1058), Al-Ghazali (d.AD1111), Ibn Taymiyya (d.AD1328), and Ibn Khaldun (d.AD1406). We formulate and compare the ethical models of these scholars in the context of their political–social positionings. The rationale for choosing these four scholars is the wide articulation and recognition of their logical ideas throughout Islamic history. This research examines the historic–ethical patterns within the corpus of Islamic thoughts that provide a discourse deixis for constructing regulatory models as conceptualised by these scholars for the institutionalised governance of markets and society in general.

"The Semantic and Linguistic Methodology of the Nasafis in the Interpreting Surah Al-Mulk: A Comparative Study."

Quranic interpretation has been a significant subject of scholarly debate throughout Islamic history, as we find that many interpreters, scholars, and enthusiasts have hurried to provide interpretations of the Quranic text. Among these prominent scholars who have greatly contributed to this field are Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi and Abu Hafs al-Nasafi. Both scholars adopted distinctive methods in interpreting the Holy Quran, providing valuable insights into their understanding of the Quran's message, values, beliefs, and legislation. Both emphasized rationality and logic in their interpretations, specifically of Surah Al-Mulk, aiming to reconcile religious teachings with philosophical ideas, using a special and organized approach that distinguishes each from the other: they may share methodological and stylistic points, yet in many aspects, their interpretative approaches differ, whether methodological or explanatory, all with the aim of reconciling the apparent contradictions within the religious text in their Nasafi style. This research addresses the following key topics: An introductory overview of "Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi" and "Abu Hafs al-Nasafi", The methodologies of Abu al-Barakat al-Nasafi and Abu Hafs al-Nasafi in interpreting Surah Al-Mulk., Comparative analysis: similarities and differences in the interpretations of Surah Al-Mulk by Abu al-Barakat and Abu Hafs.

Penggunaan Media Youtube dalam Pembelajaran PAI di Sekolah

This study aims to analyze the use of YouTube in Islamic Religious Education (IRE) learning in schools. The results indicate that the use of YouTube enhances students' interest, facilitates the understanding of abstract material, and develops critical thinking and digital skills. Videos presented through YouTube help students understand IRE content in a more engaging and practical way, particularly in matters of theology, worship practices, and Islamic history. Despite the many benefits, the use of YouTube also faces challenges such as the selection of appropriate content, limitations in technological infrastructure, risk of distractions, and more complex time management. Therefore, strict supervision, careful content selection, and effective classroom management by teachers are necessary to optimize the use of YouTube in IRE learning. This study recommends the proper integration of YouTube into the learning process, supported by improved infrastructure and teacher training.

The Relationships Between Jews and Muslims in the Past and Present—Pedagogical Implications from an Islamic Religious Education Perspective in a German Context

This article explores the historical and contemporary relationships between Jews and Muslims, with a focus on the implications for Islamic religious education. It highlights the complexity of Jewish–Muslim relations, characterized by periods of coexistence and conflict. Early Islamic history reveals an inclusive community of believers encompassing pious Jews and Christians, challenging modern perceptions of inherent antagonism. The article examines the evolution of these relationships, noting significant changes influenced by political dynamics. In Germany, political discourses further shape mutual perceptions, often exacerbating tensions between Jewish and Muslim communities. Educationally, the article advocates for addressing distorted perspectives and emphasizes the value of intertextual analysis of the Quran and the Torah.

BASIC FOOD AID: A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE BETWEEN MALAYSIAS FOOD BANK AND IMARET DURING THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

The Covid-19 pandemic that first emerged at the end of 2019 has had a huge impact on the world economy and social life. In Malaysia, innumerable people faced unemployment problems and this led to an increase in the number of poverty-stricken individuals, especially in urban areas. Hence, through the initiative of several individuals and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), food banks were established in numerous locations to help communities in need of food aid and basic necessities. According to Islamic history, such forms of food aid had existed throughout the Ottoman era in efforts to deal with the problem of food shortage caused by poverty, natural disasters or war. Therefore, this study aimed to examine and discuss the comparison of food banks created based on the concept and implementation of waqf institutions, which is akin to imaret (or darüzziyafe) initiated during the Ottoman empire in times of pandemics, natural disasters or any kind of dire situation affecting the population. This qualitative study analysed literature from previous studies. Findings indicated that there are several similarities in the general concept between contemporary food banks established in Malaysia and the imaret that existed during the Ottoman empire. Both these initiatives involve an allocation of funds for purchasing food which is then given away free to the need in the community. The financial assistance is provided by individual funds intended solely for the purpose of charity. However, there are differences in terms of implementation by these two institutions, such as the period of existence, method of assistance, distribution of aid, method of distribution and different allocation of funds. In conclusion, the establishment of food banks and imaret have an important role in times of an urgency, such as during the Covid-19 pandemic as well as in other catastrophic situations. The role of this current institution should be expanded so that the affordable sections of the community can implement the food bank concept to help those in need.

A Systematic Review: Halal Tourism Development in Indonesia

This study analyses the potential and challenges in the development of halal tourism in Indonesia, which is becoming one of the fastest growing tourism destinations due to the increasing global Muslim population and halal lifestyle awareness. As a country with the largest Muslim population, Indonesia has various potentials in terms of culture, nature, and strong Islamic history. The government has been supporting this sector through policies and regulations, such as the Halal Product Guarantee Law, as well as the development of flagship halal tourism destinations. However, several challenges remain, including standardisation of halal services, coordination among stakeholders, and competition from other countries such as Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. Utilisation of digital technology and strengthening human resources are also important factors in Indonesia's efforts to strengthen its position as a global halal tourism destination. This research emphasises the need to apply sustainability principles in the development of halal tourism to maintain long-term benefits for local communities and the environment.

Archaeological research at Kazan University in the context of Western European and North American archaeology

This article summarizes the history of archaeological research at Kazan University, from its establishment in 1804 to the present day. The first important milestone was in the 19th century when amateur collecting of artifacts and coins by the university professors in the early 1800s was replaced by professional archaeology, with the Society of Archaeology, History, and Ethnography founded in 1878 at Kazan University. The society published its own journal to raise awareness and foster curiosity, both locally and internationally, about archaeological discoveries in the Kazan Governorate and the surrounding territories. From the late 19th to the early 20th century, a fruitful cooperation developed between Russian archaeologists and Finnish scholars, which lasted until the 1930s and centered in their mutual interests revolving around the Ananyino culture and the origins of the Finno-Ugric peoples. In the aftermath of World War II, the university archaeological team took part in many projects: exploratory surveys for the construction of the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Station (late 1940s–early 1950s), excavations of the early Bulgarian burials and proto-Bulgarian sites (1950s–early 1960s), unearthing of the Bilär settlement (late 1960s–1980s), fieldwork at the ancient Hungarian Bolshie Tigany burial and in Kazan (1974–1978). In the 1960s–1980s, foreign collaborations were limited to socialist countries (Bulgaria, Hungary), which kept the focus of their scholarly attention on the eastern regions. However, the intensive contacts with Finnish archaeologists continued. Starting from the 1990s–2000s, the results of archaeological research in Tatarstan finally became accessible to Western European and US scholars, who then relied on them to navigate their studies on the history of Islam and Islamization in Europe, sedentarization of nomads, and medieval trade. Now, the archaeology at Kazan University has advanced to a new stage by covering a much broader geographical scope and incorporating the latest technology into archaeological practices.

Kafaah and Marriage in Jahily and Early Islam (Studies in the History of Islamic Law)

Knowing the background to the emergence of a law, the reasons for establishing a sharia law and the history of the formation of the law is an important thing to study.The purpose of this study is to provide readers with an understanding that the application of kafaah in marriage has a long history starting from the Arab Jahiliyah era to the era of the madzhab scholars.This research is in the form of library research, where the tasyri` date books and Islamic history books are the main materials for data exploration. The results of this study indicate thatLineage played a central role in marriage in pre-Islamic Jahiliyya Arab society. In the highly tribal and family-oriented society of Jahiliyya Arab society, lineage was a determinant of social status, protection, political alliances, and inheritance rights.The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad with the religion of Islam brought significant changes in the views of Arab society towards kafaah nasab. Islamic teachings emphasize equality among all human beings before God, thus shifting the focus from nasab as the main factor in marriage to be more inclusive, emphasizing other aspects such as religion and morality. The arrival of the Prophet Muhammad with the religion of Islam brought significant changes in the Arab community's view of kafaah nasab. Islam still maintains kafaah, but with more humane criteria. Kafaah is a tradition that existed before Islam and was continued by Islam. Islamic teachings emphasize equality among all human beings before God, thus shifting the focus from nasab as the main factor in marriage to be more inclusive, emphasizing other aspects such as religion and morality. Subsequent developments during the time of the ulama' madzhab kafaah emerged as a logical necessity of the existing legal rules of marriage, balancing the arguments for the benefit of marriage and the principle of egalitarianism in response to the social conditions in each region and the evolving legal logic.

An Investigation of Ibn Taymiyya’s Critique of Muslim Scholars and Pervez Hoodbhoy’s Distorted View on Islamic Worldview: A Potential Response for Muslim Youths from Being Assimilated With The Scientific Worldview

Imam Ibn Taymiyya is considered one of the most famous figures in Islamic history to defend the fundamental teachings of Islam that prophet Muhammad(peace be upon him) and his companions practiced according to the Quranic message. Professor Pervez Hoodbhoy from Pakistan vehemently attacked Imam Ghazali’s defence of orthodox Islam as anti-science. For Hoodbhoy, Imam Ghazali’s orthodox view is dangerous for the scientific progression and freedom of thought . With the advent of New Atheism, there is a trend of Islamophobia within Muslim countries. This research is significant in understanding Islamophobia among Muslim youths due to the rise of the science vs religion debate. How would Muslim youths justify their position against contemporary Western thought? The research is qualitative. Descriptive and normative methods have been used. The study finds that Imam Taymiyya had a unique way of dealing with the influence of Greek and mystic thoughts. This research suggests that Imam Taymmiya’s approach may help Muslim youths encounter the scientific worldview and other emerging ideologies in the 21st century.