Suitability Of Water For Irrigation Research Articles

Hydro-geochemistry of the Bindal River Catchment: water suitability for irrigation and drinking in the Doon Valley outer Himalaya

ABSTRACT The hydrogeochemical analysis of surface water and groundwater in the Bindal river catchment was conducted in the Doon Valley of Uttarakhand, situated in the Outer Himalayan region. The surface and ground water samples were collected from 13 sampling stations located at the Bindal river catchment. The pH ranged from 6.93 to 7.62, with an average value of 7.23, signifying a slightly alkaline nature. The electric conductivity concentration varied from 655 µs/cm to 1309 µs/cm, with a mean value of 865.54 µs/cm. The equivalent ratio of Ca2+ + Mg2+ (µEq/l vs total cation (TZ+) was varied from 1.05 to 10.7 with a mean value of 1 and the equivalent ratio of Ca2+/Mg2+ was 1.04 and the ratio of Ca2+ + Mg2+ (µEq/l) vs Na + K (µEq/l) was 10 indicating the dominance of carbonate weathering. As per Piper diagram, the dominance of weak acids (HCO3 −) over strong acids (SO4 2-, Cl−) was observed and majority of samples were alkaline earth and the alkaline earths (Ca2+ + Mg2+) were dominant over alkalis (Na+ + K+). The scatter plot Ca2+ + Mg2+ (µeq/l) and HCO3 − showed that few of the points fell along the 1:1 equiline, indicating that Ca2+ + Mg2+ in most of the sampling locations were almost balanced by HCO3 −. However, few points also fall away from 1:1 equiline indicating Ca2+ + Mg2+ are to balances by other ions, possibly sulphate ions, which were the second-largest ions in the study area. Two principal components were selected in this region and their eigenvalues were >1 and accounted 73% of cumulative variability in the data. The aptness of water for irrigation purposes was calculated via SAR value, Kelly’s Index, Wilcox, residual sodium carbonate, Na%, etc. The Piper plot indicated carbonate weathering is the dominant source of ions in the water, attributed to the prevalence of high-concentration dolomite and calcite rocks in the study area. Total order of ions follows HCO3 − > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > SO4 2- > Cl− > Na+ > NO3 − > K+ > PO4 3- > F− order. Apart from TDS, Ca2+, SO4 2- and K+, all the other parameters were within the acceptable limits as per Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water quality.

Domestic and irrigation water quality on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro

This study assessed the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro during the dry season under low flow conditions. Fifty-one samples covering eight different water sources (i.e., stream water from natural and anthropogenic impacted streams, domestic water, spring water, rainfall, groundwater, lake water and water from irrigation canals) were collected in a snapshot sampling campaign over 10 days in February 2023. First, physical, chemical and biological parameters were analysed and compared with Tanzanian and international drinking and irrigation water quality requirements. The samples were then ranked according to their suitability for drinking and/or irrigation using water quality indices (WQI). All drinking water quality parameters except for E. coli and turbidity were within the permissible limits. A generalised problem of faecal contamination was found in the study area, including in domestic water, highlighting the need to identify sources of contamination and remediate them before distribution. The drinking water quality index (DWQI) classified 89% of the samples as unsuitable and 11% as excellent for drinking. Irrigation water quality parameters were within the guidelines of restriction of use except for pH in 5 samples. In contrast to the DWQI, the vast majority of the water samples (88%) can be used for irrigation without restrictions according to the irrigation water quality index (IWQI). The suitability of water for irrigation was also assessed using three indices, i.e., Kelley’s Index, Soluble Sodium Percentage and Magnesium Ratio, which indicated potential problems with excess of sodium (about 30% of the samples) and magnesium (about 20%). Further studies combining suitability indices, soil characteristics and crop types are recommended to assess water quality for irrigation use.

Integrating GEE and IWQI for sustainable irrigation: A geospatial water quality assessment

The surface and sub-surface water quality is one of the decisive parameters for sustainable agriculture and water resources management. Deteriorating water quality impacts the irrigation, crop production, and human health. Therefore, the present work made an attempt to identify the water suitability for irrigation using the contemporary approach i.e. Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and Zone mapping using GIS techniques, and demonstrated for case of Wadhwan, Gujarat India. Three indices i.e., NDVI, NDWI, and LSWI were mapped using Landsat satellite imagery, whereas, Watermask index was mapped using Sentinel II satellite imagery for the assessment of the availability of water in different forms. The IWQI has applied to categorize the water quality as severe, high, moderate, low, and no restriction. The IWQI in the study area ranges from 6.4 to 62.5. The overall the water quality of study area shows that the 13.64 % of the region in severe restriction range, 56.82% in high restriction range, and 29.54% in moderate restriction range, which is in alarming for farmers and policy makers. The GIS zoning map effectively visualized the spatial distribution of IWQI, helping decision-makers to identify severity zones. Furthermore, the Piper diagram analysis has been performed, which shows that the water quality of the study area falls under mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl-, mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3-, and Na-HCO3 types. The results revealed that major areas are in moderate to severe restriction zones, lying under deteriorated water quality, and need immediate attention for improvement before use. The IWQI advances SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by optimizing water quality for crop production and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by ensuring sustainable water resource management, while indirectly supporting SDG 15 (Life on Land) through improved soil health and land management practices.

Assessing groundwater quality in Nand Samand catchment, Rajasthan, India: a GIS-based multi indices approach for drinking and irrigation water suitability

Abstract Consistently monitoring groundwater quality (GWQ) is essential to reduce the risk of geochemical contaminants and ensure its suitability for agriculture and human consumption. The current investigation aims to assess groundwater (GW) acceptability in the Nand Samand catchment (NSC), utilizing the water quality index (WQI) and irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs) for domestic and irrigation purposes. To achieve this, GW samples were collected from 95 open wells which were located spatially in the catchment, during the pre-monsoon (PRM) and post-monsoon (POM) seasons of 2019 and 2020, and subsequently analysed for 11 physico-chemical parameters. Electrical conductivity (EC) varied from 1.25 to 6.61 dS/m and 0.58 to 7.42 dS/m during the PRM and POM seasons, respectively. Total dissolved solids of the study area ranged between 180 and 1,180 (27%) to 1,180 and 2,180 (62%) during PRM 1,180 (63%) to 1,180–2,180 (31%) during POM, respectively. The study also computed the ‘sodium adsorption ratio’ (SAR) and ‘residual sodium carbonate’ (RSC) to estimate GW's appropriateness for agriculture, finding it suitable in most locations due to its balanced composition. Based on WQI, varying percentages of samples were classified as ‘good’ and ‘poor’ for potable water quality in both seasons.

The physical and chemical properties of the technosols in the pot experiment with waste and groundwater irrigation


 
 
 Mediterranean areas are characterized by a strong spatial variability that makes the soil hydrogeological logical response highly complicated. Some seasons provoke dramatic changes in soil properties determining the runoff rates, such as soil water content or soil water repellency. In recent years, important progress has been made in adapting water needs to local conditions through the use of various parameters to assess soil water status. Estimation of the water status of the soil has been widely used in soil science as a tool for quantitative analysis. The main objective of this case study was to analyze technosol and irrigation water physical and chemical properties in the pot experiment with lysimeters. A pot experiment with Avocado rootstocks was equipped with lysimeters in the facilites of the «La Mayora Experimental Field site» of the Higher Council for Scientific Research (Spain). The scheme of the pot experiment included three sources of irrigation: a) groundwater; b) regenerated municipal wastewater (100%); c) a mix of ground and regenerated municipal wastewater (50 / 50%). Chemical analysis data indicate that the reclaimed wastewater does not meet irrigation requirements in terms of pH, EC and due to the significant content of sodium and chlorine. Even groundwater satisfies irrigation water qualitative requirements partially. The suitability of irrigation water on pH level can be characterized mainly as unsuitable and doubtful. Diluting regenerated wastewater with groundwater following the 50% principle led to a decrease in the potential risks for salinization of groundwater connected with leaching of the leachate. The dynamics of the change in the volume of leachate are related to precipitation, the frequency of irrigation, and different manifestations of the physical, mineralogical, and chemical properties of technosols.
 
 

Assessment of Sarda Sahayak Canal water quality for irrigation using different indices

Suitability of canal water for irrigation is a useful tool for careful management of canal water resources that can impact soils and thereby effect agricultural production. The present work was conducted at Kunda Tehshil in Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India for the assessment of variation in water quality of Sarda Sahayak Canal. Canal water samples were collected and important parameters deciding irrigation water quality were analysed viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chloride, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium and sodium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index levels (PI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). Correlations between studied parameters were deduced to derive at relationships existent between different water quality parameters. Results showed that monthly variation of water quality of the Sarda Sahayak Canal were under permissible limits and classified as good for irrigation with respect to pH, Na%, SAR, RSC and Cl parameters. EC values ll water samples were under medium /good range for irrigation whereas irrigation water quality index of 50% of water samples were under no restriction category and the rest 50% samples showed low restriction category, and hence canal water could be satisfactorily used for irrigation purposes. Further, soils of the studied area were saline, and hence canal water could be safely used for leaching the excess salts out from root zone to achieve high yields without risking and any other soil related problems that could arise out of the use of canal water.

Hydrochemistry and Irrigation Quality of High-Altitude Lakes: A Case Study of the Ramaroshan Lake Complex, Nepal Himalayas

The Ramaroshan Lake Complex (RLC) in Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal, is a Himalayan lake cluster that holds significant ecological, economic, religious, and esthetic importance. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the hydrochemical properties of water within the RLC and assess its suitability for irrigation purposes. A total of 38 water samples were collected from seven different lakes of the complex. The physicochemical parameters and major ions were then analyzed. The water samples from the RLC were alkaline, and based on total hardness, they ranged from soft to moderately hard categories. The presence of major ions included the following: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe3+ > NH4+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > PO43−. The alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+) dominated the alkali metals (Na+ and K+) and weak acids (HCO3−) dominated the strong acids (Cl− and SO42−). The dominant hydrochemical facies of the lake water was a Ca-HCO3 type indicating a calcium carbonate type of lithology. Carbonate rock weathering was the most dominant process in influencing the hydrochemistry of the water. A high ratio of (Ca2++ Mg2+)/Tz+ and a lower ratio of (Na+ + K+)/Tz+ revealed the dominance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ resulting from carbonate weathering, with little contribution from silicate weathering. Different irrigation indices revealed the suitability of the RLC water for irrigation. The insights derived from this study are pivotal in safeguarding water quality and bolstering sustainability efforts. The study also furnishes foundational data crucial to an array of stakeholders including researchers and policymakers and significantly contributes to advancing water management strategies and fostering ecosystem conservation in the Himalayan freshwater lakes, particularly in the face of the overarching challenge posed by global climate change.

Комплексная оценка состава и свойств чернозема южного мицеллярно-карбонатного, орошаемого ограниченно пригодными водами

Purpose: to take a comprehensive assessment of southern micellar-carbonate chernozem content and properties, irrigated with limitedly available water. Materials and methods. The research was carried out on the territory of a pilot site located in the Saki region of the Republic of Crimea near the village Chervonoye. During the work, the state of water resources used for irrigation and the soil were analyzed. The assessment of water suitability for irrigation was carried out on the basis of soil reclamation classification. The analysis of soil conditions included the determination of: bulk density and solid phase density, granulometric content, particle size distribution, pH, expanded salt content of the. When determining the agro-physical properties of the soil water extract, the following methods were used: pycnometric, drying to constant weight, cutting ring, sieve with water washing, pipette. Results. The topsoil layer was identified as compacted with satisfactory porosity. The nutrient supply was mainly characterized as medium and high, only low content was recorded in 2022 for nitrate nitrogen (0.3–0.7 mg/100 g of soil). Despite the use of limitedly suitable water for irrigation, no water-soluble salt accumulation was recorded in a meter layer of soil. At the end of the irrigation period in 2023, the soils were classified as non-saline, and according to their granulometric texture depending on the depth – as medium loamy, heavy loamy and light clayey. Conclusions. Despite the fact that in the period from 2022 to 2023, irrigation with water with a mineralization of about 1.5 g/l did not lead to the accumulation of water-soluble salts in the soil of the pilot site, it is recommended to organize regular observations of its salt regime. This is justified by the fact that in drier years the precipitation may not be enough to wash out the salts arriving during the growing season with irrigation water into the underlying horizons.

GIS and Water Quality Index Based to Assess Spring Water Quality, A Case Study of Bani Kinanah District, Irbid, Northwestern Jordan

Springs in northwestern Jordan are significant sources of freshwater for local communities. The reliance on springs to fulfill the growing demands for water has been intensified in the past decade, following the decline in rainwater due to climate change. Thirty water samples were collected from springs located in Bani Kinanah District, northwest Jordan, and tested for various water quality parameters, including pH, EC, TDS, Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2, K+, Cl-, F-, SO4-2, NO3-, TH, TA, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn. The results show that most water quality variables fall within the acceptable limits for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Jordanian standards, except for a few indicators. The chemistry of spring water is mainly governed by rock weathering, with dominant Ca-Mg-HCO3 type of water. The spatial distribution of TDS in spring water shows relatively high levels in springs located in northern and northeastern areas. Based on the water quality index (WQI), twenty-six springs are either of excellent or good water quality, and are suitable for drinking purposes. Whereas four springs (Kharja, Malka, EL Za'agah, and Sa'ed) have poor quality and designated for irrigation and industrial usage. This may be due to its proximity to residential areas, as noted in the field observation. Evaluation of the spring water suitability for irrigation shows that most springs are of excellent to good quality, and only a few springs fall under the category of good to permissible for irrigation. Keywords: Water Quality Index (WQI), Geographic Information System (GIS), spring water, Bani Kinanah

Assessment of irrigation water quality for vegetable production in the Bono and Bono East regions

Irrigation water quality is one of the key parameters for healthy plants growth and maintenance of healthy soils for abundant food production. This research examines the physicochemical parameters of irrigation water and its suitability for crop production in the Bono and Bono East regions. The suitability of irrigation water for vegetable production is to ensure that fresh vegetables produced are of good quality, since the vegetables are mostly eaten raw. Four irrigation dams in Subinja, Kaniago, Tanoso and Akrobi from the two regions were selected and water samples from each of the dams were collected during the dry and wet seasons. The samples were analysed for physical parameters, heavy metals and soluble cations and anions at the GWCL laboratory using standard laboratory procedures and techniques. The various parameters examined showed that EC, SAR, TDS, pH and the ionic concentrations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, NO3-) were found within the WHO recommended limits and, therefore, suitable for irrigation of vegetables. However, Na+ values for dry and wet seasons were found to be above the permissible limits and, therefore, can only be suitable for salt tolerance crops. K+ was also found to be higher across all the dams. Elements such as Cu, Pb and As ions, which might cause toxicity of the irrigation water were low except Cr, which had no effect on the quality of the irrigation water. The study recommends further studies on the quality of vegetables produce from the dams and its impact on consumers.

Water quality and health risk assessment of heavy metals in groundwater of Ranbir Singh Pura tehsil of Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Groundwater is one of the important sources available for drinking, agricultural, domestic, and various other purposes in the study area. Study area is having agricultural importance and is famous for Basmati rice production in the world. In order to assess water suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes, 25 sampling sites were selected and water samples were collected from handpumps, borewells and motors from May 2022 to June 2022. Fifteen physico-chemical parameters and water quality index (WQI) was calculated to assess the drinking water suitability. The results obtained then compared with the BIS (2012) and WHO drinking water guidelines. For irrigation water suitability, irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and other indices were calculated. Heavy metal health risk assessment was also evaluated using target hazard quotient (THQ), carcinogenic risks (CR), non-carcinogenic risks, heavy metal pollution index (HPI), etc. Study found 60% of water samples under poor category of WQI. All water samples were found suitable for irrigation purposes according to different indices except for permeability index for which only 32% samples were found suitable. IWQI classifies 52%, 32%, and 12% of water samples under moderate, low, and no restriction category respectively. Groundwater of the study area found to be contaminated with copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) while low contamination of zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) was found according to heavy metal evaluation index (HEI). High contamination of chromium (HPI= 9740.8) and lead (HPI=188) was recorded as per HPI. HQ value for men, women, and children in case of zinc were found safe while HQ values for copper and lead in all population groups were found at risk. Overall, the study area was found highly contaminated with the lead, copper, and chromium concentrations. Thus, study recommends regular monitoring of the groundwater of study area as well as treatment before using this water for drinking purposes.

Evaluation the Suitability of Irrigation Water in Karma Island for Agriculture

To evaluating the suitability of surface and groundwater which used in agriculture in Karma Island in Anbar Governorate, eight wells depending on the topographical variation in the area as well as the surface water (Euphrates River) were selected. The water samples were collected during the winter and summer seasons at period 2021-2022. The tests included some chemical measurements of the water, its classification, and assessment of its suitability for agricultural purposes and its quality according to the Baber classification. The results showed significant difference between water sources and date of sampling in terms of studied indicators, the rates of the electrical conductivity ranged between 1.20-12.05 dSm-1 and the values of the degree of reaction in general was tend towards equality (6.9-7.3). The reason of spatial and temporal variation in this chemical water indicators refer to the geological rocks from which these ground waters pass through. As for salinity is concerned, the water of all wells was within the sever category, which indicated the magnitude of the use of this water in agriculture, because its proportion exceeds the limits of this chemical characteristic, while the surface resources water was within light to moderate category. In terms of the degree of reaction do not exceed the recommended index in the manual. As for its content of calcium, sodium, chloride and sulfate, all wells water was outside the usual range category, magnesium concentrations was within the permissible limit, while bicarbonate was within the slight to moderate category. The permeability index showed no objection to the use of this water for agriculture. Classified, all waters was in terms of salinity within class C4, as for the sodium hazards, the sources of water used for irrigation in sites W1, W2, W3, W4, and W5 were of low class S1, while wells W6, W7, W8 and W9 were within class. S2. According to geochemical properties and on basis of Cations, it became clear that there is water sovereignty Na+ and Ca+2, while according to anions, it was chloride-sulfur water.

Groundwater quality, fluoride health risk and geochemical modelling for drinking and irrigation water suitability assessment in Tundla block, Uttar Pradesh, India

Groundwater quality assessment is crucial for determining the suitability of water resources required for human consumption and agriculture. To investigate the quality of groundwater in Tundla block, Uttar Pradesh, India, 50 samples were harvested from boreholes and hydrochemistry analysis was carried out. Entropy water quality index (EWQI) and irrigation water quality index (IWQI) were computed employing different suitability parameters to assess its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Geochemical modelling using PHREEQC served to simulate the solubility equilibria of mineral combinations by determining the saturation index (SI). Based on EWQI values the groundwater samples fall under two classes, these being medium (70%) and poor (30%) quality. The USSL plot indicated high salinization of the groundwater sample. Piper plot reveals the presence of two hydrogeochemical facies, viz. mixed type (72% samples) and Cl−-Na+ type (28% samples). Geochemical modelling based on thermodynamic laws confirms the presence of high-solubility evaporitic minerals such as anhydrite, fluorite, and gypsum, and more stable precipitated mineral types like calcite, aragonite, and dolomite. A fraction of samples showed over-saturation of some minerals, namely dolomite (38%), calcite (32%), and aragonite (20%). Around 28% of the samples exhibited a large amount of F− in groundwater at concentrations higher than BIS-prescribed safe limits (>1.5 mg L−1). Conducting health risk assessment shows that children and infants in the region are at a non-cancer risk (HQ > 1) due to sustained F− intake through drinking water. The spatial distribution of EWQI revealed medium-quality groundwater for drinking purposes in the south-central sub-area of Tundla. With reference to irrigation, groundwater sources are of better quality in the south sub-area.

Groundwater Quality of Some Parts of Coastal Bhola District, Bangladesh: Exceptional Evidence

The composition of groundwater governs the drinking and irrigation water suitability. A large part of the coastal region of Bangladesh is affected and is responsible for changing the composition of the groundwater. This research attempted to observe the groundwater quality of the Bhola Sadar and Char Fasson upazilas in coastal Bangladesh. Twenty-eight (28) water samples, 27 at depths of 260–430 m (850–1400 ft) and 1 from a crop field, were collected and analyzed. The quality of water samples was determined through the evaluation of odor, color, turbidity, electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) ions. An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used for heavy metal analysis. The outcomes were compared with the drinking water quality of Bangladesh and the World Health Organization. The results showed that the average values of nearly all of the parameters were underneath or within the standard level, representing that the groundwater was appropriate for drinking purposes. The water quality parameters were also compared with the irrigation water quality of Bangladesh and the Food and Agriculture Organization. It was found that the collected samples were also suitable for irrigation. To do this, the soluble sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio, Kelley’s ratio, and total hardness were calculated. The novelty of this research is that, despite being in a coastal district, the deep aquifer water of Bhola was appropriate for drinking and irrigation purposes.

Fuzzy Inference System in Assessing the Improved Wastewater Quality for Irrigation through Sedimentation, Dilution, and Biochar Filtration in Sulaymaniyah City, Iraq

The study aims to improve the quality of wastewater in Sulaymaniyah city, Iraq, which has been facing drought problems, by using sedimentation, dilution (1:1), and biochar filtration. It provides an alternative source of water for agriculture, addressing the water shortage problem in the region. The irrigation water quality is evaluated based on the Water Quality Index (WQI) using a fuzzy inference system, a mathematical tool that converts complex statements into mathematical terms and simplifies them into outputs. The centroid defuzzification technique is applied to convert the fuzzy results into crisp numbers. The output of the FIS score is used to determine the suitability of water for irrigation. The study utilized six different samples: groundwater (GW), wastewater (WW), sedimented wastewater (SW), filtered sedimented wastewater (FSW), diluted sedimented wastewater (DSW), and filtered diluted sedimented wastewater (FDSW). The samples were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity (TUR), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphate (TP), cations (Ca, Na), anions (Cl and SO4), and heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu). The study found that the WQI FIS-I values for wastewater increased with each treatment step, with the final step of passing the DSW through a biochar filter resulting in an FIS WQI-I value of 61.59, indicating good water quality. The deterministic method also showed improved levels for TP, TN, TSS, and turbidity. Mean TN and TP values decreased to 8.9 mg L-1 and 3.62 mg L-1, respectively, in the FDSW, with turbidity and TSS also decreasing to 0.37 NTU and 21 mg L-1. The resulting FDSW was of the best quality among the treated waters, making it suitable for drip irrigation.

Fuzzy logic, geostatistics, and multiple linear models to evaluate irrigation metrics and their influencing factors in a drought-prone agricultural region

The quality of water used for irrigation is one of the major threats to maintaining the long-term sustainability of agricultural practices. Although some studies have addressed the suitability of irrigation water in different parts of Bangladesh, the irrigation water quality in the drought-prone region has yet to be thoroughly studied using integrated novel approaches. This study aims to assess the suitability of irrigation water in the drought-prone agricultural region of Bangladesh using traditional irrigation metrics such as sodium percentage (NA%), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Kelley's ratio (KR), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), total hardness (TH), permeability index (PI), and soluble sodium percentage (SSP), along with novel irrigation indices such as irrigation water quality index (IWQI) and fuzzy irrigation water quality index (FIWQI). Thirty-eight water samples were taken from tube wells, river systems, streamlets, and canals in agricultural areas, then analyzed for cations and anions. The multiple linear regression model predicted that SAR (0.66), KR (0.74), and PI (0.84) were the primary important elements influencing electrical conductivity (EC). Based on the IWQI, all water samples fall into the “suitable” category for irrigation. The FIWQI suggests that 75% of the groundwater and 100% of the surface water samples are excellent for irrigation. The semivariogram model indicates that most irrigation metrics have moderate to low spatial dependence, suggesting strong agricultural and rural influence. Redundancy analysis shows that Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, K+, and HCO3− in water increase with decreasing temperature. Surface water and some groundwater in the southwestern and southeastern parts are suitable for irrigation. The northern and central parts are less suitable for agriculture because of elevated K+ and Mg2+ levels. This study determines irrigation metrics for regional water management and pinpoints suitable areas in the drought-prone region, which provides a comprehensive understanding of sustainable water management and actionable steps for stakeholders and decision-makers.

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Assessment of Water Suitability for Irrigation in Salt-Affected Area of Israna block, Haryana, India

Hydrogeochemical Characterization and Assessment of Water Suitability for Irrigation in Salt-Affected Area of Israna block, Haryana, India

Temporal Variations in Chemical Proprieties of Waterbodies within Coastal Polders: Forecast Modeling for Optimizing Water Management Decisions

In polder-type land, water dynamics are heavily influenced by the artificial maintenance of water levels. Polders are low-lying areas of land that have been reclaimed from the sea or from freshwater bodies and are protected from flooding by dikes or other types of flood-protection structures. The water regime in polders is typically managed using a system of canals, pumps, and sluices to control the flow of water in and out of the area. In this study, the temporal changes in water salinity in the polder-type agricultural floodplain within the Neretva River Delta (NRD), Croatia, were analyzed by applying multivariate statistics and forecast modelling. The main aim of the study was to test the model that can be used in practice to forecast, primarily, water suitability for irrigation in a coastal low-lying agricultural catchment. The specific aim of this study was to use hydrochemistry data series to explain processes in water salinity dynamics and to test the model which may provide accurate salinity prediction, or finally select the conditions in which the model can be applied. We considered the accuracy of the model, and it was validated using independent data sets. To describe different patterns of chemical changes in different water classes due to their complex hydrological connectivity, multivariate statistics (PCA) were coupled with time-series analysis and Vector Autoregression (VAR) model forecasting. The multivariate statistics applied here did not indicate a clear connection between water salinity of the surface-water bodies and groundwater. The lack of correlation lies in the complex hydrological dynamics and interconnectivity of the water bodies highly affected by the artificial maintenance of the groundwater level within the polder area, as well as interventions in the temporal release of freshwater into the drainage canal network. Not all individual water classes contributed equally to the dominant patterns of ionic species identified by PCA. Apparently, land use and agricultural management practices in the different polders lead to uneven water chemistry and the predominant contributions of specific ions, especially nutrients. After applying the Granger causality test to reveal the causal information and explain hidden relationships among the variables, only two surface-water and two groundwater monitoring locations displayed a strong causal relationship between water electrical conductivity (ECw) as an effect and sea level as a possible cause. The developed models can be used to evaluate and emphasize the unique characteristics and phenomena of low-lying land and to communicate their importance and influence to management authorities and agricultural producers in managing and planning irrigation management in the wider Mediterranean area.

Assessment of hydrochemical shift in riverine aquifers of the mid-Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh, India

The over-exploitation of groundwater resources in the agriculture-intensive middle Gangetic plains is leading to the depletion of the water table and deterioration of its quality. A total of 100 groundwater samples were collected from the mid-Gangetic plain, specifically from the Mirzapur and Pratapgarh districts of Uttar Pradesh, during two seasons: pre-monsoon (pre-M) and post-monsoon (post-M). Various indices and multivariate statistical analysis were employed to assess groundwater chemistry and suitability for different purposes, including the Water Quality Index (WQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Permeability Index (PI). The findings revealed that HCO3−, NH4+, and PO43− exceeded permissible limits, while hardness, SO42−, Cl−, and SO42− remained within acceptable ranges. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated significant variations (p < 0.05) in pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, NO3−, Ca2+, dissolved silica, NH4+, HCO3−, NO3−, and PO43−. Groundwater chemistry in the area is influenced by weathering and evaporation processes. In terms of drinking water quality, all analysed samples were found to be poor during the pre-monsoon season, with 68% of samples in Pratapgarh and 56% in Mirzapur showing poor quality during the post-monsoon season. SAR, SSP, RSC, and Na% values indicated water suitability for irrigation, with Magnesium Hazard (MH) and Permeability Index (PI) values suggesting unsuitability for irrigation purposes. Industrial indices such as Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) indicated slightly to non-corrosive water, while Ryznar Stability Index (RSI) indicated light to heavy and intolerable corrosiveness of groundwater in both districts. Consequently, the groundwater in the area was deemed unfit for drinking without treatment but suitable for irrigation. While Pratapgarh's groundwater could be used for industrial purposes, groundwater quality in Mirzapur would require treatment. The findings of this study can aid local stakeholders, government agencies, and water resources managers in the sustainable management of groundwater resources in the study area.

Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation applying groundwater quality index (GWQI) and irrigation water quality index (IWQI)

In recent times, the contamination of groundwater in the extended part of Chota Nagpur Plateau becomes a big concern. The demand of high-quality drinking and irrigation water has been significantly augmented. Consequently, productivity and fertility of soils are being reduced in the recent years due to use of low quality irrigation water. Thus, it is crucial to know the groundwater quality for the appropriate planning and management of groundwater resources to determine its use for drinking and irrigation purposes. Therefore, the principal objectives of this study are (i) to evaluate the magnitude and spatial variations of groundwater quality using the Groundwater Quality Index (GWQI) for drinking and (ii) to examine the irrigation suitability of groundwater using irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Soluble sodium percentage (SSP), Magnesium hazard (MH), Kelly's index (KI), Permeability Index (PI) have been applied for suitability of irrigation water. Result showed that in 2021, GWQI values vary from 51.75 to 171.18 and seven blocks of the Purulia district among twenty blocks have poor drinking water quality while in 2022 it ranges from 70.27 to 178.45 and eight blocks stand poor water quality. In terms of irrigation water quality, Purulia II and Hura blocks come under the ‘doubtful’ or ‘poor ‘categories in pre and post-monsoon seasons for both the years. Hydro-chemical facies through Piper, USSL and Durov's diagram showed medium to high salinity and low to medium sodium hazards in this region. Feldspar and biotite minerals of granite and gneiss accelerate the bicarbonate and chloride ions in groundwater. Non point sources are also responsible for water quality deterioration in this agricultural dominated region. These research findings will help to policy makers and administrators for the management of groundwater resources and agricultural sustainability particularly in the dryland region.