Irrigation Operation Research Articles

KAJIAN KINERJA SISTEM IRIGASI DI DAERAH IRIGASI PANDRAH KABUPATEN BIREUEN

The Pandrah Irrigation Area is a technical irrigation network whose water source comes from the Krueng Pandrah river. Pandrah Weir was built in 1987 located in Samagadeng Village, Pandrah District, Bireuen Regency. It has an area of 1,203 hectares of irrigated rice fields. In its development, the damage that occurs in the Pandrah irrigation area also cannot be ignored. It is necessary to review it by assessing the performance of the irrigation system. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance index of the Pandrah irrigation system using the MASSCOTE (Mapping System and Service for Canal Operation Technique) method approach. The assessment of the performance index of the Pandrah irrigation system using the MASSCOTE method approach is carried out by evaluating the Rapid Appraisal Procedure (RAP) on four main indicators, namely service indicators, indicators for Farmers Using Water (P3A), indicators for the operator's Human Resources (HR). In the evaluation of the RAP, it is the value of observations of the respondents of OP officers and P3A farmers who are presented in a questionnaire to cross-assess each respondent in irrigation management. The results of the research on the performance appraisal of the Pandrah irrigation system based on the MASSCOTE method with RAP evaluation showed that the performance index of the absolute value (Level of Service) was 3.05. Hence, the performance index of the Pandrah irrigation system in the existing conditions was in the Good classification. This index and classification value shows the value of irrigation operations in fulfilling services from irrigation management carried out by operators / OP officers and felt by irrigation service beneficiaries, namely P3A farmers.

Desertification in Iraq and how to Combatit

Iraq faces many environmental challenges as a result of its geographical location within arid and semi-arid regions, as well as the economic, political and security conditions it faced. Desertification comes at the forefront of these challenges as it is considered one of the dangerous environmental manifestations because of its direct impact on food security and the impact on human health, which is the goal and main tool for development. This problem has been exacerbated during the last two decades due to several reasons, the most important of which are climate change, low rainfall rates, misuse of natural pastures, overgrazing and urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural lands in addition to unsustainable farming methods and wrong practices in irrigation operations and the increase in land areas affected by salinity and the significant deterioration in vegetation and those Covered by Moving sand dunes as a result of land degradation and erosion. In addition to the phenomenon of drying marshes, as they dried more than more than 90% of its area, and the research dealt with dividing the land of Iraq according to its production capacity into eight comprehensive sections for eight varieties.

IoT and Neural Network-Based Water Pumping Control System For Smart Irrigation

This article aims at saving the wasted water in the process of irrigation using the Internet of Things (IoT) based on a set of sensors and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network. The developed system handles the sensor data using the Arduino board to control the water pump automatically. The sensors measure the environmental factors; namely temperature, humidity, and soil moisture to estimate the required time for the operation of water irrigation. The water pump control system consists of software and hardware tools such as Arduino Remote XY interface and electronic sensors in the framework of IoT technology. The machine learning algorithm such as the MLP neural network plays an important role to support the decision of automatic control of IoT-based irrigation system, managing the water consumption effectively.

Construction of Intelligent Irrigation System for Kiwifruit Planting Base Based on PLC

With the continuous development of the intelligent water conservancy industry, it is urgently to “make up the shortcomings and strengthen the weaknesses” for the traditional water conservancy project construction. This paper takes the kiwifruit planting base in Heilin Town, Ganyu District, Lianyungang City as the control object, and uses Schneider TM221 integrated PLC module as a controller to build an intelligent irrigation system. The system uses sensors to collect data such as irrigation flow, soil moisture, meteorological information, the water level of the reservoir and water quality, and the collected data is monitored by the designed upper computer monitoring software. So that users can switch valves remotely. This system meets users’ needs for monitoring during the irrigation process, irrigation quality analysis and improvement of irrigation processes, so as to achieve automatic operation of irrigation, analysis and other processes, and achieve a double harvest of social and economic benefits.

Dynamic thermal modelling for the prediction of the operating temperature of a PV panel with an integrated cooling system

Water-based cooling methods increase the output power of photovoltaic (PV) panels. One of the most promising methods is an irrigation of the front surface of a PV panel. Although some studies have experimentally investigated this method, there remains a lack of information for predicting the operating temperature of a PV panel (TPV) during the irrigation cycle. Therefore, in this study, a dynamic thermal model (RC model) is proposed to predict the TPV and water temperature (Twtq) during an intermittent irrigation cycle relying on the energy balance of the PV panel and irrigation water, which in turn is based on a dynamic thermal model of a non-irrigated PV panel that shows a good performance for quick variations in the solar irradiance and air velocity. The use of both models allows studying the three thermal transients that a PV panel can experiment during intermittent irrigation, direct cooling, indirect cooling, and heating, as well as the processes of heating and convective cooling of water in the tank. Two experiments were conducted to establish the thermal capacitance per unit area of a PV panel (csPV) and superficial conductance (h) for three air velocities (0.0, 1.15, and 2.10 m/s). The models were validated using an experimental setup with PV panels (255 W); three validation cases (for a typical day, with forced ventilation, and constraining the heat transfer) were conducted for a non-irrigated operation using NRMSETPV of 4.0%–5.2%; in addition, the model was validated for an intermittent irrigation operation during the day with NRMSETPV and NRMSETwtq of 5.5% and 5.6%, respectively. Results indicate that both RC models can predict successfully the behaviour TPV, even when face intense thermal transients caused by abrupt changes of solar irradiance and air velocity and the intermittent irrigation on front surface of the PV panel.

ARSPivot, A Sensor-Based Decision Support Software for Variable-Rate Irrigation Center Pivot Systems: Part A. Development

HighlightsThe ARSPivot software seamlessly integrates site-specific irrigation scheduling methods with weather, plant, and soil water sensing systems in the operation of variable-rate irrigation (VRI) center pivot systems.ARSPivot embodies an Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system that incorporates site-specific irrigation scheduling methods and automates the collection and processing of data obtained from sensing systems supporting them.ARSPivot incorporates a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) that assists in the process of setting up a computerized representation of a coupled ISSCADA VRI center pivot system and simplifies the review of irrigation prescriptions automatically generated based on sensor feedback.ARSPivot’s GUI includes a geographic information system (GIS) that relates sensed data and imported GIS data to specific field control zones.Abstract. The commercial availability of variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems gives farmers access to unprecedented control of the irrigation water applied to their fields. To take full advantage of these systems, their operations must integrate site-specific irrigation scheduling methods that in turn should be supported by a network of sensing systems. An Irrigation Scheduling Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ISSCADA) system patented by scientists with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) at Bushland, Texas, incorporates site-specific irrigation scheduling methods informed by weather, plant, and soil water sensing systems. This article introduces a software package, ARSPivot, developed to integrate the ISSCADA system into the operation of VRI center pivot systems. ARSPivot assists the operation and integration of a complex network of sensing systems, irrigation scheduling methods, and irrigation machinery to achieve this end. ARSPivot consists of two independent programs interacting through a client-server architecture. The client program is focused on automatically collecting and processing georeferenced data from sensing systems and communicating with a center pivot control panel, while the server program is focused on communicating with users through a friendly graphical user interface (GUI) involving a geographic information system (GIS). The GUI allows users to visualize and modify site-specific prescription maps automatically generated based on sensor-based irrigation scheduling methods, and to control and monitor the application of irrigation amounts specified in these recommended prescription maps using center pivots equipped for VRI zone control or VRI speed control. This article discusses the principles and design considerations followed in the development of ARSPivot and presents tools implemented in the software for the virtual design and physical operation of a coupled ISSCADA VRI center pivot system. This article also illustrates how the ISSCADA system and ARSPivot constitute a comprehensive sensor-based decision support system (DSS) for VRI management that is accessible to users without in-depth knowledge of sensing systems or irrigation scheduling methods. Keywords: Center pivot irrigation, Decision support system, Precision agriculture, Sensors, Site-specific irrigation scheduling, Software, Variable rate irrigation.n

Akselerasi waktu pelaporan operasi irigasi menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis web sistem manajemen operasi dan pemeliharaan irigasi (SMOPI)

Pengelolaan irigasi yang lebih efisien saat ini sangat diperlukan dalam menghadapi ketersediaan air yang semakin terbatas dan kebutuhan air untuk selain sektor pertanian yang semakin meningkat. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan ketepatan pemberian air irigasi melalui optimalisasi interval operasi irigasi. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan meminimalisasi waktu pelaporan operasi irigasi menggunakan perangkat lunak berbasis web Sistem Manajemen Operasi Irigasi (SMOPI). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi waktu minimal yang diperlukan untuk pelaporan operasi irigasi, baik secara manual ataupun menggunakan SMOPI. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam bentuk studi kasus di Daerah Irigasi Bondoyudo melalui pengumpulan data dengan cara diskusi dan penyebaran kuesioner serta analisis waktu operasi menggunakan Critical Path Method. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, pelaporan operasi irigasi secara manual membutuhkan waktu 43 jam pada tahap perencanaan tanam, 41 jam pada tahap pengaturan pemberian air, dan 45 jam pada tahap rekapitulasi hasil. Kebutuhan sekitar 5 hari pada tahap pengaturan pemberian air mengindikasikan bahwa interval operasi irigasi eksisting setiap 10 hari cukup aman. Perangkat lunak SMOPI mampu mengakselerasi waktu operasi pada tahap perencanaan tanam, pengaturan pemberian air, dan rekapitulasi hasil masing-masing menjadi 24,5 jam, 14 jam, dan 31,5 jam. Akselerasi ini mengindikasikan bahwa SMOPI dapat digunakan untuk membantu mempersingkat interval operasi irigasi dalam upaya moderinasi irigasi.

Optimasi operasi irigasi pada kondisi darurat pasca bencana gempa di Daerah Irigasi Gumbasa, Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah

KKejadian bencana gempa di Kabupaten Sigi, Sulawesi Tengah telah merusak Daerah Irigasi Gumbasa. Rehabilitasi jaringan irigasi akan dilaksanakan secara bertahap dimulai pada tahap I dari bendung hingga ke ruas saluran di BGKn 8 (Sibalaya) yang terdampak likuifaksi. Operasi irigasi perlu dilakukan secara bertahap pada jaringan irigasi yang telah selesai direhabilitasi dan siap diairi sehingga masyarakat sekitar dapat segera bercocok tanam dan tidak kehilangan mata pencaharian. Namun demikian, luas layanan dan debit yang diperlukan jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan desain sehingga akan mengakibatkan beberapa kendala distribusi air. Penelitian ini untuk merumuskan pola operasi irigasi DI Gumbasa pada kondisi darurat dimana debit yang dialirkan jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan debit rencana. Penelitian dilakukan dalam bentuk pengumpulan data dan perumusan skenario operasi irigasi melalui analisis hidraulik. Skenario yang disimulasikan adalah operasi tanpa optimasi, optimasi dengan menggunakan pintu sorong eksisting, dan optimasi menggunakan skotbalok. Berdasarkan hasil permodelan, operasi irigasi tanpa optimasi tidak dapat di lakukan karena elevasi air tidak dapat naik dan mengalir ke saluran sekunder dikarenakan besarnya dimensi saluran primer. Optimasi penggunakan pintu sorong hanya dapat meninggikan elevasi air sebesar ±1 m dari dasar saluran. Selain itu jika optimasi dilakukan dengan penutupan pintu sorong secara total dapat mengakibatkan air melimpas keluar di beberapa lokasi. Pada skenario terakhir pemanfaatan skot balok untuk optimasi merupakan solusi yang terbaik. Skot balok dapat meninggikan air pada ketinggian yang dibutuhkan. Skot balok adalah bangunan yang cukup baik untuk pengatur muka air sementara dimana ketinggian muka air dapat diatur walaupun debit yang mengalir relatif kecil.

Pembaharuan konsep prediksi debit andalan untuk operasi dan pemeliharaan irigasi modern

Pengelolaan sistem irigasi konvensional yang masih dilakukan sampai saat ini bersifat probabilistik, terutama dalam menganalisis debit untuk perencanaan OP irigasi. Hal ini terlihat dari pelaksanaan analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis data empiris dua mingguan atau dasarian, sehingga untuk mengubah pola pengelolaan ke modern memerlukan pengembangan secara lentur dan berbasis waktu nyata, akibat perubahan iklim di Indonesia. Analisis prediksi debit air dilakukan dengan memakai analisis model matematika sebagai pengganti model probalisitik dan penggunaaan data pengamatan waktu nyata dengan memakai alat pengamatan cuaca otomatis. Konsep baru ini dicoba di Daerah Irigasi (DI) Wadaslintang dan Kabupaten Banyumas, yang menunjukkan bahwa pengamatan cuaca otomatis berjalan dengan baik, dan dapat digunakan sebagai data dalam analisis model matematik. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat telemetri menghasilkan data yang baik. Perbandingan antara penggunaan Metode Matematika Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan (JST) dengan Metode Probabilistik P80, menunjukkan bahwa metode dengan JST lebih mendekati nyata dibandingkan dengan Probabilistik P80. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan hasil validasi yang dilakukan dari bulan Januari sampai Agustus 2015, Secara keseluruhan kesalahan debit prediksi JST terhadap realisasi adalah 77%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa diperlukan suatu metode perhitungan matematis yang dinamis, karena keadaan iklim yang dinamis walaupun tidak meninggalkan metode probabilistik sebagai pembanding.

Irrigation volume calculation based on soil wetting pattern in trickle irrigation

The application trickle irrigation system is getting more intensive in Indonesia due to its high efficiency in recent time when water becomes increasing scarcely. The objective of this paper was to draw wetting pattern and to calculate the irrigation volume of trickle irrigation. Soil wetting pattern was observed by taking picture and measure the depth and width of water movement. Moisture content was measured using 26 sensors scattered in the observed soil column. Irrigation volume was calculated based on wetting pattern which containing soil moisture information. Soil texture used in this research was sandy clay soil with bulk density, particle density, and porosity were 1.3 gr/cm3, 2.41 gr/cm3, and 15.47% volume-based respectively. Research results showed that 25,56 cm3/minute irrigation discharge produced wetting pattern with dominant horizontal water movement. The 90-minute operation of trickle irrigation provide 3711 cm3 water in soil column.

Interactive land use strategic assessment: An assessment tool for irrigation profitability under climate uncertainty

The Interactive Land use Strategic Assessment (ILSA) tool allows irrigators to examine and compare the likely effects of a range uncertain future climates on their individual enterprise along multiple time frames. The scientific basis of the tool is predicated on the influence of the prevailing climate conditions on expected levels of water allocations for irrigation activities under multiple climate scenarios.The model reports both annual returns and ten year average annual expected returns, given probability weighted allocations for a selected decade and climate scenario. Irrigators are able to adjust default farm operational parameters to suit their particular circumstances and examine the expected returns across multiple possible future water availability and market price years.A case study in the Loxton irrigation district of Southern Australia demonstrates the models capability examining the effects climate change, climatic variability, and water trade have on irrigation operations in a manner that is understandable to irrigators.

Embedded system for regulating abiotic parameters for Capsicum cultivation in a polyhouse with comparison to open-field cultivation

ABSTRACT Polyhouse cultivation enables year-round production of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Maintaining a favorable micro-climate inside a polyhouse is mostly through manual operation of environmental control systems in developing countries, and to varying degrees, with automation in developed countries. In this study automation of micro-climate control through sensors and controllers was examined. Soil moisture, relative humidity, and air temperature sensors were installed at different locations inside a polyhouse for the operation of irrigation, foggers, and fan-pad cooling systems. Threshold values of these parameterswere set as input to the programmable logic controller and systems. Bell pepper is an economically important crop rich in nutrients. The efficacy of the use of an automated system to control the growing environment for this crop needs to be clarified. The experiment was conducted using cv. Swarna, grown under open-field and polyhouse culture, at irrigation levels of 80% or 100% of crop evapotranspiration. Type of growing environment affected yield and fruit size, with production in the polyhouse being better, but irrigation level did not. The programmable logic controller-based automation system worked well for micro-climate control leading to 93% and 53% higher yield and fruit weight, respectively, in the polyhouse than open-field cultivation. The programmable logic controller-based automation can aid in maintaining a favorable microclimate inside a greenhouse leading to better bell pepper yield.

Long short term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network (RNN) for discharge level prediction and forecast in Cimandiri river, Indonesia

Cimandiri watershed in Sukabumi prefecture of West Java, Indonesia, has been used for profitable activities such as power plant, rafting tourism, drinking water, and municipal, industries, agriculture, and fishery, and irrigation. More than 60% water source of PDAM, which supplies irrigation water of 1,217 Ha of rice fields and hundreds of industries, is obtained from the river. The irrigation in Cimandiri is even designed to be the model of irrigation in West Java. Low river discharge during the dry season can generate disadvantages to irrigation. This paper presents a method to predict and forecast the discharge of five days ahead to help the decision maker to control the operation of irrigation. We use a Deep Learning algorithm which involves Recurrent Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Network. Daily discharge data at two river gauge stations were analyzed. These stations are Leuwilisung (17 years data), and Tegaldatar (13 years data). The result shows that the relative errors are below 10% which is acceptable. In this study, dynamic changes of discharge level are evaluated to give a contribution to irrigation and water management control in Cimandiri River, Indonesia.

Therapeutic effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid irrigation solution against wound infection with drug-resistant bacteria in a rat model: an animal study.

ObjectivesIrrigation is the cornerstone of treating skeletal infection by eliminating pathogens in wounds. A previous study shows that irrigation with normal saline (0.9%) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) could improve the removal of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared with normal saline (NS) alone. However, it is still unclear whether EDTA solution is effective against infection with drug-resistant bacteria.MethodsWe established three wound infection models (skin defect, bone-exposed, implant-exposed) by inoculating the wounds with a variety of representative drug-resistant bacteria including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC), multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB), multidrug-resistant Enterobacter (MRE), and multidrug-resistant Proteus mirabilis (MRPM). Irrigation and debridement were repeated until the wound culture became negative. The operating times required to eliminate pathogens in wounds were compared through survival analysis.ResultsCompared with other groups (NS, castile soap, benzalkonium chloride, and bacitracin), the EDTA group required fewer debridement and irrigation operations to achieve pathogen eradication in all three models of wound infection.ConclusionIrrigation with EDTA solution was more effective than the other irrigation fluids used in the treatment of wound infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens.Cite this article: Z. Deng, F. Liu, C. Li. Therapeutic effect of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid irrigation solution against wound infection with drug-resistant bacteria in a rat model: an animal study. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:189–198. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.85.BJR-2018-0280.R3.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MODIFIED SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEM BASED ON A DEVELOPED EXPERT SYSTEM

It is very difficult to find an expert at the desired time and place to give guidance about irrigation scheduling or good management of water and irrigation system. In this study, this problem was tried to be solved by designing and evaluating an expert system for a modified surface irrigation system. A rule-based program named as MSISES (Modified Surface Irrigation System by Expert System) was coded and complied using C#.net programing language. The expert system was designed to support users with information about irrigation scheduling (irrigation operating time and irrigation interval) and the gated pipes as one of the surface irrigation modification tools (gates opening ratio). Two different experiments were held to evaluate the performance of the developed expert system. The first one is to evaluate the irrigation scheduling part by cultivating a field crop (Sweet maize) to make a comparison between the crop yield and water productivity after applying the program’s scheduling and the farmer’s scheduling. The second one is to make a comparison between the fully opened gates situation and when the resulted gates opening ratio is applied. The results indicated that an increase at crop yield and crop water productivity by 9.49% and 32.37% respectively for sweet maize using the developed expert system, and also, there was a slight variation between gates discharges after using the expert system except the last four gates discharge were different because of the superimposed pressure near the closed end.

Smart Irrigation System: A Water Management Procedure

This paper presents a smart irrigation system suitable for use in places where water scarcity is a challenge. In many parts of Africa, even when irrigation is practiced, it is manually operated. Smart irrigation system is thereby believed to be a major solution. The paper therefore presents a smart irrigation system that optimizes the available water in the water reservoir thus providing an efficient and effective water usage solution for the irrigation system. The irrigation system is able to automatically start/stop water pumps on the irrigation site based on the soil moisture content acquired from the moisture content sensor as well as the ultrasonic sensor measuring the water level in the reservoir. The measured sensor values are sent to the Arduino microcontroller for configuring the control algorithm. The system prioritizes irrigation operation by determining the number of pumps to be operated at any instance as well as their locations. In this way, different crops can be watered depending on their varying water requirements. In order to implement the design, a laboratory scale architectural model depicting a farm setting with reservoir, direct current (DC) pumps and the control unit was constructed. Experimental results revealed good performance which makes the developed system a suitable tool for studies on irrigation.

ANALYSIS OF THE RISK OF SOIL POLLUTION BY INDUSTRIAL OBJECTS

An analysis of the work of studying filtration processes in the soil layer is presented. The systematization of information on the geological and hydrogeological properties of the territories of Ukraine was carried out. As a result, the territory was divided according to the main geofiltration schemes into four areas and within them nine areas. A number of problems of state importance are identified associated with the movement of liquids and gas in porous media and the consequences of the negative impact of industry on the state of the ground layer and as a consequence of groundwater. Such problems include: water supply; extraction of energy raw materials (oil and gas); design, construction and operation of hydraulic and irrigation and drainage facilities; combating pollution and salinization of agricultural areas with groundwater, etc.The solution of such problems requires the development of a theory of filtration processes in models of porous media. Implementing models of filtering pollutants in soils will provide an objective picture of the process of distribution of contaminated liquids in deep-seated horizons.It is emphasized that the chemical reactions of interaction between the flow and the porous medium have their influence on the dispersion. A model of the filtration process with an irreversible first-order chemical reaction A → B is considered, and the dependence of the dispersion coefficient on the reaction rate constant is obtained. It was mathematically proved that the inclusion of an additional factor in the transfer process of impurities by the filtration flow – chemical interaction – leads to a weakening of the dispersion. It was also highlighted that in order to use mathematical modeling of the filtration process, taking into account the chemical interaction of a higher order of reaction, a large amount of information must be taken into account, which still needs to be worked on. An assessment of the level of environmental risk of chemical effects on the soil was also carried out. For this, a scale was presented to classify the level of risk of environmental change.

ORCHIDEE-ROUTING: revising the river routing scheme using a high-resolution hydrological database

Abstract. The river routing scheme (RRS) in the Organising Carbon and Hydrology in Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) land surface model is a valuable tool for closing the water cycle in a coupled environment and for validating the model performance. This study presents a revision of the RRS of the ORCHIDEE model that aims to benefit from the high-resolution topography provided by the Hydrological data and maps based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales (HydroSHEDS), which is processed to a resolution of approximately 1 km. Adapting a new algorithm to construct river networks, the new RRS in ORCHIDEE allows for the preservation of as much of the hydrological information from HydroSHEDS as the user requires. The evaluation focuses on 12 rivers of contrasting size and climate which contribute freshwater to the Mediterranean Sea. First, the numerical aspect of the new RRS is investigated, in order to identify the practical configuration offering the best trade-off between computational cost and simulation quality for ensuing validations. Second, the performance of the new scheme is evaluated against observations at both monthly and daily timescales. The new RRS satisfactorily captures the seasonal variability of river discharge, although important biases stem from the water budget simulated by the ORCHIDEE model. The results highlight that realistic streamflow simulations require accurate precipitation forcing data and a precise river catchment description over a wide range of scales, as permitted by the new RRS. Detailed analyses at the daily timescale show the promising performance of this high-resolution RRS with respect to replicating river flow variation at various frequencies. Furthermore, this RRS may also eventually be well adapted for further developments in the ORCHIDEE land surface model to assess anthropogenic impacts on river processes (e.g. damming for irrigation operation).

Hydraulic Balance Adjustment Analysis and Optimization Method of Farmland Water Conservancy Pipe Network

The hydraulic balance of farmland water conservancy pipe network is a common problem in the current large-scale farmland irrigation system. It is of great practical significance to study the different types of unsteady flow hydraulic calculations in farmland water pipe network for the safe and stable operation of farmland irrigation. In this paper, based on the characteristic’s method, the mathematical model of the unsteady flow for farmland water pipe network was established, and the boundary conditions of the constructed model and the processing method for calculating the time step were given. Then, the proposed model was verified by actual examples, and the unsteady flow process of the irrigation pipe network was also calculated and analysed. The research results show that the method of characteristics can better optimize the boundary problem of water pump, nozzle and t-branch pipe in the unsteady flow of farmland irrigation pipe network. After the valve is closed, the water hammer pressure will appear in the irrigation pipe network system and propagate inside. The water hammer pressure at the valve is the largest; the greater the distance from the closing valve, the smaller the water hammer pressure. When closing multiple valves at the same time, complex water superimposing of hammer wave occurs in the pipe network, and the maximum water hammer pressure after superimposing is much larger than the single valve closing. The longer the valve is closed, the smaller the maximum head pressure at the same monitoring point. The research conclusion can provide a theoretical reference for the engineering treatment of the unsteady flow in the farmland water conservancy pipe network.

Solar Based Smart Irrigation System Using PID Controller

An approach to minimize the human interface for the agriculture sector is presented in this paper which provides comfort to the farmer in monitoring and performs automatic irrigation operation. Here, a combination of software integrated microcontroller that is Arduino, four real-time sensors fetching input data from field and a DC motor pump as output are used. A controlling technique Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controller is integrated into Arduino. The inputs include four sensors: wind speed, ambient temperature, humidity, and radiation sensors while taking soil moisture as the reference point. These four sensors work at different ratios on the basis of PID and penman model of evapotranspiration. The system is powered by a lead-acid battery which is recharged by a solar panel. The four designated sensors measure field conditions and simultaneously send information through wireless communication to a remote placed monitoring device which has a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). The complete hardware and software modeling is performed in this paper.