Irrigation Facilities Research Articles

Understanding the Mechanism of Urbanization Affect Agricultural Water Efficiency: Evidence from China

Concerns regarding food security and sustainable development have been highlighted as a result of water scarcity and growing urbanization. It is imperative to look into their relationship. This study examines the impact of urbanization on agricultural water efficiency (AWE) in China utilizing China province-level panel data from 2002 to 2019. The findings indicate that urbanization has a U-shaped relationship with AWE, meaning that urbanization first had a detrimental effect on AWE before reversing course. These findings are robust to the inclusion of three measures of urbanization and the estimation of the instrumental variable method. Structural equation modeling of the underlying mechanisms demonstrates that, at higher levels of urbanization, planting structure and irrigation facilities partially mediate the urbanization-AWE relationship; the mediate effects account for between 27.3% and 100% of total effects, depending on the urbanization measurement used. China should continue investing in rural irrigation infrastructure as it urbanizes, as this would improve water efficiency.

An economic analysis on cost and returns of paddy in Jawadhu hills of Tamil Nadu

Rice is one of the three most important and staple food crops in the world. Rice belongs to the genus Oryza and family Gramineae. It is one of the few crop species endowed with richest genetic diversity. India is the second largest rice growing country after China. Tamil Nadu is the second largest producer of Paddy and the state is historically known for its agriculture since ancient times. The major food crop like Paddy is grown in large extent and rice is the staple food of the state. Because of the familiarity, the paddy crop has been cultivated in the hilly areas and it replaced traditional millet crops over the years. At this juncture, the study on economic analysis on production of paddy in Jawadhu hills of Tamil Nadu was carried out with the following specific objectives of: (i) to estimate costs and returns of paddy cultivation in the study area, (ii) to identify the constraints in production of paddy cultivation and offer policy suggestion based on the results of the study. A multi-stage stratified random sampling procedure was adopted for the study. Due to the profitability (net return in Rs.16, 726.00 per acre) of the crop, the tribal farmers in the study area increasing their area of cultivation of paddy over the years. But due to inadequacy of labour lack of availability of good quality seed and irrigation facility their portability minimized. The department of Agriculture and the Government has to take necessary steps to solve their constraints in paddy cultivation for the prosperity of the tribal farmers in the study area.

Role of Agriculture in Economic Development of Assam

The Assam economy represents a unique example of poverty amidst plenty. In spite of being richly endowed with natural resources, the State lags behind the rest of India in many aspects. The cultivation in Assam is inundated by several problems; some of them are natural and some others are manmade. In this context, some of the major issues directly relating to the agricultural sector are small and fragmented land-holdings, lack of quality seed and planting materials, limited use of fertilizers, natural disasters, limited irrigation facility, lack of mechanization, disease and pest problems etc. Further, a considerable quantity of products harvested in Assam perishes due to lack of adequate storage and processing facility as well as due to absence of sound marketing facilities. Social factors such as low literacy levels lack of awareness about the benefits of modern high-value agriculture, inadequate training programmes for farmer etc. also contributes to the challenges for agricultural development in Assam. In order to improve the contribution of the agricultural sector to the overall development of the state, there is an urgent need to develop some appropriate, regionally differentiated strategy. Crop intensification and diversification with multiple cropping such as intercropping, mixed cropping, multi-storied cropping system, agro-forestry etc. are the need of hours to meet the challenges of natural hazardous and climate change effect. However, sustainable development is the only way to promote rational utilization of resources and environmental protection without hampering economic growth. “Integrated Farming Systems” hold special position as in this system nothing is wasted, the byproduct of one system becomes the input for other, as it refers to agricultural systems that integrate livestock and crop production. Additionally, the system help poor small farmers, who have very small land holding for crop production and a few heads of livestock to diversify farm production, increase cash income, improve quality and quantity of food produced and exploitation of unutilized resources. The Government will have to play a much greater and active role in Assam for promoting the agricultural development process.

Application of EPA-SWMM with Modulated Controls for Agricultural Water Balance Analysis

Due to the recent spring drought, it has been difficult to supply agricultural water owing to an insufficient water supply before irrigation, thereby illuminating the importance of efficient water management for allocating optimal agricultural water amounts. Thus, improved management plans for irrigation facilities are required as well as an optimal water management plan for agricultural water supplies and equitable distribution. In this study, we applied modulated controls to the EPA-SWMM and analyzed the agricultural water supply and demand. The EPA-SWMM simulates the hydrological water supply and can be applied to a water supply network. Modulated controls can simulate continuous, intermittent, and rotational irrigation methods by setting the supply time series, and adjusting the water supply and drainage based on ponding depth conditions in the paddy field. We applied the EPA-SWMM with modulated controls to Gosam reservoir in Anseong to analyze the agricultural water supply and irrigation efficiency. The water supply via canals and irrigated areas was analyzed to identify areas of water shortages or oversupply. According to the results of a quantitative water supply analysis, we determined that it is necessary to control the water supply using gate opening rate controls. The results obtained herein can contribute to efficient water management by evaluating the efficiency of irrigation organizations during a drought when insufficient agricultural water is available via preliminary analysis of agricultural water supply methods.

Sustainable Agriculture: Impact of LEISA and HEIA

This paper observed the effect of low external input agricultural farming system on the efficiency of resource poor farmer. In India majority of farmers are small scale entrepreneurs whose farm actions are performed with low input agricultural technologies. Majority of the technologies contained the refined indigenous information system. Farm size, labour inputs, capital inputs, planting materials and organic manure are the most determinants of the gross income of LEISA farmers. High external input Agriculture (HEIA) are technologies that apply high external inputs such as inorganic or chemical fertilizers to extend nutrient reduction from the soil, pesticides to manage pests and diseases, herbicides to regulate weeds and irrigation facilities for water management within the farms. Farmers inclinations for low input system vary significantly provisional upon the phase of crop production which include technologies for land groundwork use of draught animals, natural/organic substitute for inorganic pesticides and fertilizers, seed growth technologies, simple irrigation and drainage method, low input processing. There is also a substantial interest among farmers for low input methods for most phases of production. There is therefore the need for farmers to adopt these cost active agricultural technologies since they are not only readily available, but also they do not require too much skills and also poses the capacity of making the process of rural development more sustainable.

NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY AT DIFFERENT DEPTH OF SEVERAL BLOCKS OF GOMATI DISTRICT, TRIPURA

The current study was carried out in the Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry lab at SamHigginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences. The chemical propertiesof Gomati Districtsoil are influenced by soil organic carbon and pH. Accessibility to (NPK) Because of poor irrigation facilities,bad agricultural methods, climatic factors, soil texture, and low permeability. The pH of the Gomati soil isacidic to normal in nature. In Gomati soil, the EC is normal. Organic carbon was identified in the maximumsites of high to medium. In Gomati soil, available Nitrogen was determined to be medium to low.Phosphorous was detected in medium to low concentrations in Gomati soil. Potassium availability it wasdiscovered in soil at a low level. Sulphur availability in maximum Gomati soil sites is low. ExchangeableCalcium and Magnesium were detected in high to medium concentrations at Gomati’s maximum sites. Itis determined that in order to improve soil health and quality, more emphasis should be placed on the roleof macronutrient improvement in the soil, which would result in the highest economic output.

ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN PETANI JAGUNG DI KECAMATAN KABILA KABUPATEN BONE BOLANGO

This study aims to determine what factors affect the income of corn farmers in Kabila District, Bone Bolango Regency. This study used a quantitative approach and the data source was obtained through the results of the distribution of questionnaires to 37 respondents who were randomly assigned. The analytical equipment used is multiple linear regression and statistical tests are carried out.The results of the study concluded that there was a significant effect between the production factors X1, and X2 on the income (Y) of corn farmers in Kabila District. The significance of the points above is shown based on the results of the analysis which obtained the multiple linear regression equation Y = -2.446683.31 + 0.887x1 - 0.061x2. and the value of R square is 95.5. Farmers in Kabila Subdistrict have wide area potential and have advantages in terms of access to assistance and are supported by very adequate irrigation facilities.

Modelling the Relationship between Climate Change and Rice Yield: Evidence from Indian Agriculture

Crop production and global food insecurity are threatened by climate change, which is expected to worsen in the coming decades. The present study demonstrated the relationship between the climatic variables and rice, a major component of cereals that occupies an important place in Indian food consumption. The essential climatic requirements for the cultivation of the crop are high temperature, humidity, and adequate rainfall coupled with the availability of irrigation facilities. However, with the variation in climatic conditions (Fluctuating temperature and rainfall patterns), the crop yield is affected to a greater extent. The present study attempted to analyze the impact of climate change on rice yield. The study used climatic variables, namely average annual temperature in °C, annual average precipitation in mm, and CO2 emissions in Kilotons as the independent variables, while the rice yield (kg/hectare) was a dependent variable. After analysing the impact of the climatic variables on the rice yield, using the ARDL method and it was found that all the selected climatic variables significantly affect rice yield. The estimated result of the study revealed a significant negative effect of rising temperature on rice yield, whereas precipitation and CO2 emission had a significant positive effect on rice yield. The study recommends the development of stress-tolerant varieties of crops, implementing crop insurance, and making metrological information available to farmers to overcome the adverse impact of climate change.

Farmers’ attitude towards cooperative participation in irrigated vegetables production in Gombe State, Nigeria

The study analyzed the attitudes of farmers towards participation in irrigated vegetable production in Gombe state. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 180 farmers from a total population of 904 irrigated vegetable farmers in the study area. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The result on the socio-economic characteristics revealed that 42.2% of the respondents were within the age group of 30-39 years. Majority 88.9% of the respondents were male and 60.5% of them had no formal education. Most 91.7% of the respondents were married and 35% of them had 9-15 family members. About 52.8% of the respondents earned between N 101,000 - N 150,000 as their estimated annual income. Majority 62.2% of the respondents had their farm size between 0.5 -1.4 hectares of land and about 87.2% of the respondents had between 1-9 years of experience in irrigated vegetable production. Majority 66.7% of the respondents belongs to the farmers’ association. The mean scores of the attitudinal statements are; cooperative participation in irrigated vegetables production help work done faster (4.75), leads to effective decision (4.78), serve as a basis for getting governmental aids (4.11), yield higher profit (4.65), leads to food security (4.72), enhances access to extension services (4.52), facilitates adoption of innovation (4.52), leads to capacity building (4.67), increase investment (4.68), enhances access to market (4.48), and lastly it brings about agricultural development (M=4.62). The study recommended that vegetable farmers should be encouraged to join and revive the existing cooperative societies for them to raise enough capital for their production activities. Government should make available farm inputs, irrigation facilities and construction of boreholes and tube wells to the farmers at subsidized rates. Farmers need to be educated on their production activities and increase in extension agent-farmer contact in order to facilitate the adoption of improved vegetable production technology.

Estimation of crop water requirements within Wainganga sub-basin for Kharif and Rabi season using spatial analysis

In India, largest user of the water is agriculture sector is the, so it is important to do the proper management of available water. Aim of this study to estimate crop water requirements (CWR) for Kharif and Rabi seasons within Wainganga sub-basin by using remote sensing and GIS technique. For this, reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is estimated by using the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) Penman-Monteith method. Weather data from 8 weather stations has been collected to estimate ET0. The crop coefficient (KC) is estimated by using linear relationship with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The MODIS NDVI dataset is used for calculation of crop coefficient. The effective precipitation (Pe) has been calculated to estimate CWR by using FAO recommended empirical method. The spatial variation maps for ET0, KC, actual evapotranspiration (ETa) and CWR are generated using Inverse Distance Weightage (IDW) interpolation technique in ArcGIS software. The results show that ET0 and ETa are higher in Kharif season than the Rabi season. The KC is also found higher in kharif than in rabi. Since the Pe is negligible in Rabi season, CWR in Rabi season is found to be higher than kharif season. The CWR in Rabi varies between 320 mm to 378 mm and in kharif season it varies between 94 mm to 263 mm. It is concluded that the seasonal estimation of CWR helps in understanding the peak water demand in that season in better way. It is required to provide sufficient irrigation to the crops in Rabi season especially as the agricultural production completely depends on the irrigation facilities in the study area because there is no rainfall in this season.

The linkage of water quality measurement the downstream of the Citarum cascade reservoir management

Cascade Citarum Reservoirs, located in the western part of the island of Java in Indonesia country, cover the main building dams, hydropower, irrigation facilities and other supporting facilities. The study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the existing condition of the downstream reservoir, including the relation of the water quality and quantity, by using a conceptual model of the Citarum Cascade Reservoir management. The study mostly used the secondary data acquired from Indonesia Power, the Management Bureau of Cirata Dam (BPWC), Perum Jasa Tirta II (PJT) Jatiluhur, the Management Bureau of the Citarum-Ciliwung River Basin (BPDAS Citarum-Ciliwung), and the Water Resource Management Agency of the West Java Province. This research aims to predict the discharge plans R5 and R20 using the Weibull method and the uncertainty of future discharge using the continuous model approach. Furthermore, the multivariate statistical test will analyse the linkage of water quality in reservoir management. To solve the problem of the allocation of the raw water discharge to fulfil the water requirement in the downstream area was developed proportionally in this study, in which the raw water discharge allocations were 46.92 m3/sec, 91.9 m3 /sec and 97.95 m3/sec for Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur, respectively. The tests to determine the relationship between the discharge and water quality using the Discriminant test indicated that the discharge correlates strongly with the parameters such as NH3. BOD and COD.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GROWTH RATES AND DIRECTION OF GROWTH OF OUTPUTS OF SELECTED FOOD GRAINS IN NIGERIA (1981-2020)

The study assessed the influence on the growth rates and direction of growth of prices of outputs of selected food grans (rice, maize and wheat) in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020. Time series data were collected from secondary sources. The data was analyzed using regression analysis. The analysis showed that, the instantaneous growth rates were 4.8%, 4.3% and 1.5% for outputs of maize, rice and wheat, respectively, per annum increase in Nigeria (1981-2020); Whereas the value of the coefficient of quadratic term (t2) for rice (5.22), maize (0.649) and wheat (-0.62) were positive for rice and maize but negative for wheat which implies stagnated growth rates in rice and maize production and accelerated growth process in wheat production. In the same, the result revealed that the instantaneous growth rates were 15.5%, 13.2% and 13.1% for prices of maize, rice and wheat, respectively, per annum increase in Nigeria (1981-2020). Also, the value of the coefficient of t2 for rice (13.2%), maize (15.5%) and wheat (13.1%) were all positive and significant – which implies accelerated growth process in Nigeria (1981-2020). The study concluded that, climate change, environmental degradation and stagnating yields could have catastrophic effects and reduce yields and increase prices of food grains like rice, maize and wheat in Nigeria. It was therefore, recommends that, effort should be made by government and other relevant stakeholders in agriculture towards providing irrigation facilities in order to adjust any unfavourable influence of increase or decrease in rainfall on food grains’ growth and yield in Nigeria.

Art and Architecture of Ancient Kashmir during Karkota Dynasty with Special Reference to Lalitaditya Muktapida (724-761 A.D)

The Karkota dynasty of Kashmir was led by Lalitaditya Muktapida, who was its greatest emperor. During his reign, which lasted from 724 until 761 AD, he brought Egypt to the peak of glory. His rule was unquestionably historic in many ways, but his conquests are what history will remember him for the most. The kingdom's golden age began during Lalitaditya's leadership. For him, there was no one religion that he could not accept. At this period, both Buddhism and Brahmanism, the two major religions in India at the time, gained support from this emperor, who built temples for the Buddha and other gods? Several viharas, where learning flourished, were established by the king, who lavishly supported scholars. Foreign scholars and intelligentsia were treated with respect in Kashmir, and several cultural missions from other countries were welcomed. Many public buildings and services were overhauled under his watch. In the event of a natural disaster, farmers were given access to irrigation facilities and relief measures were put in place. As a result of the establishment of charitable institutions, those in need were fed every day. During the reign of Lalitaditya, also known as Samudurgupta of Kashmir, the author of this thesis focuses on art and architecture. During his reign, Kashmir prospered in art, architecture, culture, and learning. Many historians and writers have dubbed him the "Alexander of Kashmiri history" because of his many victories. The study will investigate the old styles of art and architecture from the time of the Karkota Dynasty, which was controlled by Lalitaditya from 724-761. These styles are of considerable significance in the modern era as part of the rich cultural history of the country.

Unraveling the Multiple Drivers of Greening-Browning and Leaf Area Variability in a Socioeconomically Sensitive Drought-Prone Region

The complex attribution of climatic, hydrologic, and anthropogenic drivers to vegetation and agricultural production and their consequential societal impacts are not well understood, especially in socioeconomically sensitive states like Maharashtra, India. Here, we analyzed trends and variability in the MODIS leaf area index (LAI) time series, along with spatiotemporal patterns in precipitation, groundwater storage, agriculture statistics, and irrigation infrastructure, to identify their influences on the vegetation response and discuss their implications for farmers. The state showed greening in all biomes except forests, with a net gain of 17.478 × 103 km2 of leaf area during 2003–2019, where more than 70% of the trend in LAI is represented in croplands. Maximum greening was observed in irrigated croplands, attributable to increased crop productivity, whereas inadequate irrigation facilities with erratic rainfall patterns and droughts were primarily responsible for cropland browning. We discerned the dynamics and variability of vegetation response by incorporating a spectrum of synergistic feedbacks from multiple confounding drivers and found that uneven distribution of water availability across the administrative divisions governed the quantitative distinction in leaf area change. Despite the observed greening trends, the state witnessed a high number of farmer suicides related to droughts and agriculture failures hampering their socioeconomic security; therefore, improved irrigation infrastructure and comprehensive policy interventions are crucial for abatement of farmer distress.

Design and Construction of Combined Drip and Sprinkler Irrigation Prototype for Instructional Delivery in Agricultural Education in College of Education, Zing, Taraba State, Nigeria

The purpose of the study was to design and construct a drip and sprinkler combined prototype irrigation for instructional delivery in College of Education, Zing, Taraba State, Nigeria. The need for a facility such as this cannot be over-emphasized as it will enhance academic achievement of students of agriculture. The design was based on combined drip and sprinkler irrigation methods for teaching and learning. The study presents a novel combined irrigation system that is suitable for instructional delivery in institutions of learning. The result shows that the discharge of individual emitters/drippers and sprinklers delivered water adequately, wetting and sprinkling water, by the combined methods to the desired areas. The study recommends, among others, that such a novel irrigation facility should be established in institutions of learning, in Nigeria, to enhance instructional delivery in agricultural education.

Scale to Measure Performance of Extension Personnel in Promoting Sustainable Dry Farming

The scale was developed to measure the performance level of extension personnel in promoting sustainable dry farming in central dry zone of Karnataka. Dry farming areas are the areas which receives an annual rainfall of 750 mm or less than that and there is no irrigation facility for raising crops. Dry farming is the scientific management of soil and crops under dry lands without irrigation. In total 38 statements were framed in scale with review of literature, experts’ suggestion and the role & responsibilities prescribed by State Department of Agriculture, Karnataka to their staff. The edited statements in form of questionnaires were sent to 109 judges to rate the relevancy of statements with the help of online platform ‘Google Forms’. Out of 109, 21 completely filled questionnaires were received in the span of 3 months with many reminders through mail and phone calls. In total 20 statements were selected out of 38 which were having mean relevancy score more than 4.00 and relevancy percentage more than 80. Then t-test has been administered for item analysis and all the 20 selected statements were found to have t-value more than the standard value i.e., 1.75 and hence all 20 statements were retained to the final scale. The r-value was found to be 0.78 and hence the scale was found to be reliable and valid to use in future for the similar investigations.

Safety evaluation and potential health implications of water from post-remediated lead-polluted areas of Zamfara State, Nigeria

Objectives: Dareta village in Zamfara state of Nigeria is one of the villages plagued with the lead (Pb) poisoning crisis of 2010. Dareta and neighboring villages were remediated by simple excavation of topsoil rich in Pb, and burying same in landfills. This study was embarked to assess the physicochemical parameters of some sources of water supply and possible health impacts on humans. Material and Methods: The village was imaginarily mapped into three sites; Residential Homes (Site 1), Markets and Village Squares (Site 2), and Farms with Irrigation Facilities (Site 3). From the three sites, a total of 30 water samples (10 shallow wells, 10 boreholes, and 10 stream/surface water) were randomly collected, according to availability. The physical parameters (Temperature, Conductivity, and Total Dissolved Solids [TDS]) were assessed in situ using a conductivity/TDS meter (model 44600.00, HACH, USA), the assessment of pH was also carried out in situ using an electronic pH meter, (pH 210 micro-processor, Hanna Instrument, USA). The evaluation of heavy metals concentration (Pb, cadmium [Cd], chromium [Cr], and manganese) was done using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (modelAA-6800, Schemadzu, Japan). Results: In groundwater (boreholes and wells), the mean temperature and conductivity were higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) safety levels for “drinking water,” while those of TDS and pH were within the limits. In surface water (streams), the assessed physical parameters were not higher than the WHO safety limits, while the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were above the drinking water guidelines. The risk implication in the human populations consuming the water was determined using the estimated average daily intake (EADI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ). The EADI for Pb, Cd, and Cr for all the water sources in both adult and children consumer populations exceeded the reference dose by US-EPA. The THQ for Pb, Cd, and Cr in both adult and children consumer populations were >1. Conclusion: These findings portend toxicity and increased hazards for the human populations that source their drinking water from the borehole, well, and stream in this village.

Pension Funds as an Infrastructure Financing Avenue: An Exploratory Study

Development of infrastructure is a sine qua non of economic development. Development of agriculture depends, to a considerable extent, on the adequate expansion and development of irrigation facilities. Industrial progress depends on the development of power and electricity generation, transport, and communication facilities. Of course, if proper attention is not paid to the development of infrastructure, it is likely to act as a severe constraint on the economic development process of the countiy. As evidenced, India has reemerged as one of the fastest growing economies of the world. India could unleash its full potential, provided it improves its infrastructural facilities, which are at present not sufficient to meet the growing demand of the economy. A major concern in perpetual infrastructure development is funding. Taking into consideration the current recessionary trends in world economy, slow industrialization and volatile FDI scenario, financing infrastructure development seem to be a major obstacle. Innovation in finance in the recent past has provided large number of avenues such as BOT, BOLT etc. To extend this innovation further, this paper aims to explore the use of pension funds as an option to finance infrastructure projects. The paper shall discuss the Cost-Benefit Analysis of use of Pension Funds in infrastructure financing with specific reference to India. The paper also aims to discuss the learning from similar experiments carried out in other parts of the world.

Sustainable Agriculture Development through Organic Farming in India

The biggest challenge of post-independent India has been to produce enough food to sustain the increasing population. Hence, the Green Revolution began in the 1960s to increase food production. The Green revolution included increased farming area, double-cropping, planting two crops rather than once annually, adopting a high yield variety of seeds, improved irrigation facilities, increased use of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides, and improved farm implements and crop protection measures. Green revolution increases productivity in the short term, but the soil becomes infertile in long run increasing the risk of future food crises. The scientists are suggesting organic farming as an alternative to overcome the problem of future food risk. The main objective of this paper is to determine whether India will achieve the goal of sustainable development by using organic farming. It also discusses the obstacle in this process and possible solutions.

Do farmers perceive climate change clearly? An analysis of meteorological data and farmers’ perceptions in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India

AbstractFarmers must clearly perceive climate change to implement autonomous adaptations and support planned adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Based on the primary data collected from 300 farming households of the sub-Himalayan West Bengal of India, the present study compared farmers’ perceptions with meteorological trends obtained through a combination of statistical and graphical tests. Many farmers declared a change in local climate, and farmers’ perceptions mostly cognate the increasing summer temperature and decreasing monsoon precipitation from 1991 to 2020. However, a greater level of imperfect perceptions was observed for the winter temperature rise. Overall, only 23% of farmers were able to clearly perceive all the changes in climatic conditions. A binary logistic regression model was employed to identify the determining factors of farmers’ clear perceptions, and results showed that farmers who are younger, male, read newspapers, and experienced elephant crop-raiding perceived the changes more accurately. Whereas access to television and irrigation facilities decreased the probability of perceiving climate change accurately. The study recommends that bridging the knowledge gap between farmers and stakeholders is necessary for this region, which could be achieved by disseminating accurate weather information in combination with agricultural advice and targeted initiatives, especially for the older and female farmers.