Irrigation Facilities Research Articles

Pengelolaan Wakaf Uang untuk Pertanian (Studi Kasus Pada Global Wakaf Cabang Yogyakarta)

With a very high flexibility, money waqf can be used as a source of funding to be invested or allocated to various types of programs for economic improvement of the public. One of the potential investment of money waqf is for the agricultural sector. In this case study, Global Waqf-ACT manages waqf funds into three divisions. The first division is fundraising which collects fund to be invested into productive business for agriculture to improve Indonesia's food security. Development of waqf funds was then carried out by LPM in order to increase the productivity of agricultural land by providing superior seeds, providing pest drugs, providing irrigation facilities and stabilizing the selling price of farmers' grain so as to improve the welfare of farmers in Jipang Village, Cepu District, Blora District, Central Java. Distribution of waqf in the form of distribution of rice for sale of Sodaqo Retail is based on buying and selling transactions with a certain amount, which is then distributed to the beneficiaries and for humanitarian aid in areas or countries suffering from disasters. To increase the amount of money waqf for agriculture for better agricultural productivity and prosperity of farmers in Jipang Village, Cepu District, Blora Regency, Central Java, the Global Waqf –ACT established a business capital loan program for farmers with a voluntary loan system.
 
 Keywords: Management, Money Waqf, Agriculture, Global Waqf

Improving cotton irrigation methods in erodible soils of Tashkent province, Uzbekistan

Agricultural degradation areas are increasing worldwide. From them, 56% due to water erosion, 28% due to wind erosion, 12% due to soil nutrient depletion, salinization, pollution processes, and 4% due to densification, swamping, and subsidence processes. As a result of such negative processes and the existence of the water shortage problem in 80 countries of the world, 7 million hectares of arable land are withdrawn from agricultural use every year, and the problem of food security is arising in the world. In this article, the results of scientific research and cost-effectiveness calculations on 3 different slopes of cultivated fields on soils prone to irrigation erosion are written. In Uzbekistan, great attention is paid to solving the problems of improving land reclamation and increasing the productivity of irrigated lands. In the Action Strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021, it is stated that “... further improvement of the reclamation condition of irrigated lands, development of the network of reclamation and irrigation facilities, wide introduction of intensive methods of agricultural production, first of all, modern water and resource-saving agrotechnologies, highly productive tasks on the use of agricultural machinery” are defined. It is necessary to develop new technologies for effective methods of increasing the productivity of lands prone to irrigation erosion in order to implement part of the specified tasks.

Impact of Hydrogel on Agriculture – A review

Water is one of the most essential natural resource, which is often costly and limiting particularly in arid and semi arid regions. Under climatic changing scenario, fresh water resources at global level is synchronizing day by day and creating water scarcity and transforming more irrigated area to rainfed. The use of water holding amendments like hydrogel polymer enhancing the water and nutrient use efficiency and will become more important over time, especially in arid and semi arid region. Hydrogel has unique characteristics that it retains water and nutrient from their surrounding area and will help in alleviating moisture stress of crop plants during prolonged dry period and where irrigation facilities are available this technology could reduce the number of irrigation applied to crops. The dose of hydrogel as suggested in the literature varies from 2.5 to 5 kg/ha depending on the soil texture. A lower dose is recommended for clayey soil while a higher dose is recommended for sandy soil. Nowadays water management is considered as one of the biggest challenge in arid and semi arid region of world, in fact by 2030 global water demand probably to be 50% higher than today, resulting in water scarcity. Many research finding confirmed that hydrogel not only used for saving of water/irrigation, but also have tremendous potential to improve the physical and biological properties of soil. In this paper, responses of hydrogel polymers on various crops are reviewed.

VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION AND MARKETING IN KAVREPALACHOWK DISTRICT, NEPAL: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Vegetable seeds, in Nepal’s context, are regarded as a high-value and low-volume commodity that, despite having a great scope for lucrative production, still proves to be elusive for farmers. In this regard, a study was carried out in Kavrepalanchowk district of Nepal to assess the economics of vegetable seed production and determine the economic viability of seed production enterprises in increasing farm income and improving socio-economic status. Face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured survey questionnaire were used to collect the primary data. For the interview, a sampling frame of all seed producers in the district was prepared, out of which sixty seed producers were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Further, ten traders were also surveyed with a semi-structured questionnaire. The highest benefit-cost ratio was recorded in tomato (3.36), followed by kidney bean (1.55) and cress (1.34). Only one marketing channel was reported at the study site, with farmers selling their produce to a cooperative, which eventually sells the seeds to a seed company. According to the study, kidney bean seed producers had the highest share of consumer rupees (72%), followed by tomato seed producers (50%) and cress seed producers (16.67%). Limited irrigation facilities, the incidence of disease and pests, and limited market information have been reported as the major hindrances in the study area. Thus, the findings show the potential of vegetable seed production to be a financially lucrative enterprise. The enhancement of market linkage and better collaboration between various value chain actors and concerned stakeholders can help overcome existing problems and create a better foundation to improve the seed production enterprise.

Assessment of a Tidal Marsh Irrigation Area Based on the PAKSI-PU

This research intends to investigate the evaluation of existing tidal marsh irrigation areas based on the PAKSI-PU currently in effect in Indonesia. However, the tidal marsh irrigation is needed for the modeling of tidal marsh irrigation performance, which is necessary for developing this type of irrigation. This research is conducted in Terantang irrigation area, South Borneo Province, Indonesia. The methodology consists of literature study for determining the reliability condition of infrastructure facilities; survey or reliability parameter measuring water supply, irrigation management, management institutions, and human resources; and verification of survey or measurement results. The performance of an irrigation area is an indication in the scheme to illustrate the management of irrigation system and based on the performance indexes of the irrigation facilities after the development and rehabilitation. Generally, the development of tidal marsh in the future has to meet three conditions that are technically is easy to be implemented and can be accepted by society, economically is feasible and profitable and does not damage the environment so the natural resources is remain maintained. The result shows that based on the recommendation of the document, if it is reviewed from the performance condition and classification which the criteria due to the excellent performance is from 80 until 100%, good performance is from 70 until 80%, less performance is from 55 until 70%, and bad performance is less than 55%; so there is about 93.6% of 70 unit of IKSI data is in the condition of less until bad; only 6.4% is in the good performance. These results are very needed to support the tidal marsh irrigation performance. Keywords : assessment, tidal marsh, Terantang, PAKSI-PU. https://doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.50.4.12

Use of Indices on Daily Timescales to Study Changes in Extreme Precipitation Across Nepal Over 40 Years (1976–2015)

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive picture of extreme precipitation across Nepal from 1976 to 2015 based on high‐quality daily precipitation observations from 28 precipitation stations spatially distributed across the country. We computed 11 extreme precipitation indices. The selected indices allow the analysis of extreme events (such as flood/inundation) related to heavy precipitation and evaluate the linkage with indications of agricultural production and drought (such as consecutive dry and wet days). Using a simple daily intensity index (SDII) and the number of days with daily precipitation ≥10 mm (R10), along with the total amount of annual precipitation (PRCPTOT), we summarized the distribution of the wet periods of the year at different locations. We divided the study period into two halves (T1: 1976–1995 and T2: 1996–2015) to examine the temporal mean, trends, and their shift. We emphasized the changes in those indices between these two periods across the country. Our results show that although the amount of precipitation (in terms of PRCPTOT and SDII) did not change significantly between the two periods (i.e., T1 and T2), there exists a clearly increasing trend of extreme precipitation indices in T2 compared to T1. In addition, the consecutive dry days show the rising tendency of elongated dry spells that can adversely affect plant/crop growth in the future. Our study recommends the need for effective management of both precipitation extremes (i.e., drier and wetter), for instance, by introducing irrigation facilities and flood mitigation measures.

Determinants of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Bundelkhand Region, India

The study attempted examining climate change adaptation strategies in the most backward regions of India, i.e., the Bundelkhand region. Data were collected from 200 farmers during April and May of 2017, and a binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the data. The farmers were most likely to improve irrigation facilities if they have access to institutional credit, information about the weather, and have taken crop insurance. Also, farmers perceived that an increase in temperature, a decline in rainfall, and a decline in water tables motivate and influence farmers to change their cropping pattern from wheat (a water-intensive crop) to chickpea (a less water-intensive crop) to cope with the changing climate. Hence, the present study recommends that since water table is declining continuously and creating water crisis even in the rainy season for agriculture and domestic consumption, community participation in the conservation of water-bodies is vital. Further, the adoption of crop varieties that require less water, are drought tolerant and mature early will help increase farm productivity and reduce cultivation costs. Lastly, an advance regional weather forecasting system capable of providing farmers with accurate information that will enable them to change cropping patterns and adjust farming practices are required.

Hydrometric flow measurement in water management

The main problem in the operation of irrigation systems is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measuring the main hydrometric parameters in managing water resources of irrigation facilities. When operating systems with pumping stations, it becomes necessary to measure a set of technological parameters, which can be divided into the following groups by type: hydraulic parameters (flow rate, fluid pressure, water flow in the channel), parameters of pumping units, linear-angular parameters (channel section length, channel width, gate movement, mixed parameters (clear area, flow depth, wetted perimeter length). Analysis of existing methods and instruments for measuring water flow for the rational use of water resources is used in all areas the volume of water taken from the water intake and supplied to the irrigation network. This task contributes to operational and control of pumping station parameters without hydrometric instruments at the stations themselves. The problem of organizing automated technological accounting of irrigation water at graduated hydraulic structures equipped with gates and operating in a flooded or backwater-variable mode is solved by new hydrometric methods with the integrated use of ultrasonic, acoustic, or float level gauges as part of modern microprocessor devices that convert water level readings at such structures into flow and runoff readings, according to the calibration characteristic each specific building. The article presents the recommended water metering devices for different hydraulic flow regimes and water quality. To speed up the process of measuring water flow in canals with flow rates of 1-10 m3 / s and large facilities of pumping stations with flow rates of 10-200 m3 / s, types of standard weirs, flumes of various profiles, and water measuring nozzles are recommended. According to the working formulas, changes in water flow are determined, taking into account the error of the gauging station and the indicated weirs.

Evaluation of Delbo Small Scale Irrigation Scheme Performance Southern, Ethiopia

Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region have launched a number of small-scale irrigation projects to help farmers achieve food self-sufficiency. However, because their systems' performances have not been assessed, it is unknown what level of performance they are capable of. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the Delbo small-scale irrigation system in southern Ethiopia. The result revealed that, the output per cultivated hectare was between 7668.96 and 31585.36 birr/ha, and the output per season's unit command area ranged between 5560 and 21583.33 birr/ha. The irrigation supply output per unit ranges between 1.0 and 3.32 birr/m3. The relative water supply (RWS) and irrigation water supply (RIS) were 2.03 and 2.75, respectively. This indicated that irrigation water was not in limited supply, and more water was diverted to the Delbo irrigation facilities. The average application efficiency of the chosen farmer's field was 53.3%, storage efficiency was 61.73%, distribution uniformity was 75.58%, and conveyance efficiency was 73.4%. Field I was more effective than Field II in terms of irrigation water management, while Field III was the least effective. One issue that must be addressed to ensure the sustainability of the schemes is to increase the management abilities of the users in order to improve the scheme's water use.

Pembangunan Pembangunan Irigasi Di Afdeeling Demak dan Grobogan Masa Awal Abad XX: Sebuah Kajian Historis

Abstract
 
 Although the Demak and Grobogan regions are food buffer areas in Indonesia, especially rice, during the Dutch colonial period, they were food insecure areas. This study aims to reveal the history of irrigation policy in the region. The method used is a historical method emphasizing the use of Semarang Residency archive sources. Demak and Grobogan during the colonial period were known as areas prone to famine. The Dutch colonial government and the local government tried to overcome this hunger by building infrastructure to support rice production. Irrigation development was the main policy developed by the Colonial Government from the end of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. As a result of the construction of irrigation facilities, rice production increased so as to reduce the level of hunger and poverty of the people of Demak and Grobogan at that time. 
 
 Keywords: Colonial, local, irrigation, hunger, production

Relationship between the profile of green manuring growers and their level of knowledge towards sustainable agriculture

The practice of green manuring is as old as that of the art of manuring crops. Crops grown for the purpose of restoring or increasing the organic matter content in soil are called green manure crops. Their use in cropping system is called green manuring. The present study was carried out in Navsari district of Gujarat State. Navsari district comprises of six talukas and out of these, two talukas viz., Jalalpore and Gandevi having higher number of green manuring growers were selected purposively. Total 120 green manuring growers were selected for the present study. In the correlation analysis it was found that age was non-significant correlated with their knowledge. Education, land holding, annual income, mass media exposure, economic motivation, innovativeness, crop produce, cropping intensity and irrigation facility were positively and significant. Moreover, such as social participation, extension participation and scientific orientation were positively and highly significant relationship with their knowledge.

Farmers’ knowledge and adoption of improved mandarin orchard management practices in Syangja district, Nepal

Mandarin is one of the major fruit crops in the mid-hills of Nepal. Since improved farming practices appear to offer a significant chance to boost production and revenue, a study was conducted in Syangja, Nepal with the objective to assess farmers’ knowledge and adoption of improved mandarin orchard management practices and identify factors affecting their adoption. Primary data were collected by the use of pretested semi-structured questionnaire from randomly selected 97 respondents within the study area. Data were entered and analyzed using MS Excel, SPSS, and STATA, and the inferences were retrieved using the binary logistic regression model. Findings revealed that the respondents were familiar with most of the improved orchard management practices, however, there was variation in the scale of adoption of these practices. The majority (>90%) were found to practice pruning, FYM application, and weed control; however, there were relatively fewer adopters when it came to the use of Bordeaux paste (75.25%), chemical fertilizers (17.52%), mulching (57.74%), irrigation (44.33%), and soil testing and amendment (39.18%). The study showed that the adoption of Bordeaux paste and soil amendment differ significantly by gender (p=0.069 and p=0.041, respectively). Training has a positive impact on the use of Bordeaux paste (p=0.026), chemical fertilizers (p=0.075), and soil amendment practices (p=0.003). The usage of chemical fertilizers is more prevalent among people with formal education (p=0.075). Knowledge level also positively influences the adoption of mulching (p=0.014) and soil amendment practices (p=0.000). The number of trees is positively and significantly associated (p=0.008) with irrigation practice. It is recommended that expanding access to irrigation facilities and encouraging the use of the recommended amount of fertilizers, mulch, and Bordeaux paste must be prioritized in the study area.

Need to take precedence for off seasonal vegetable farming? Issues in context of Nepal

Vegetable farming beyond the regular cropping calendar when supply is low and prices are high increases consumers range of choices and enhance profit. Nepal offers favourable potential for off-season vegetable production. However, inadequate approach to market and seasonal fluctuation of available vegetable creates difficulties in commercialization of off-season production. The current paper describes about what opportunities and importance do off-season farming has in Nepal and the constraints it has to encounter with. The cheap availability of labour, increasing interest of the government, and climatic suitability provide an opportunity for the farmers to make profitable income due to high prices during the off-season period which reduces the risk of failure of the farm, marketing risk, and maintains market equilibrium. Nevertheless, this cultivation system faces challenges of high post-harvest loss, poor implementation of policies, hijacked subsidies, inadequate irrigation facilities, and high pest infestation on-farm side and scarcity of cold storage, high transact cost, unmanaged collection, and market centers on the market side. Commercialization of off-Season vegetable production can create a better environment for income improvement and maintain market equilibrium.

Perceived Effects of Rainfall and Temperature Variability on Yields of Cereal Crops in the Mion District of Northern Ghana

Climate variability has been a major threat to achieving sustainable food production in many countries, including Ghana. This is attributable to insufficient and erratic rainfall coupled with increasing temperature. This study examined the perceived effects of rainfall and temperature variability on yields of cereal crops in the Mion District of the Northern Region. The study reveals that farmers in the Mion District have experienced changes in climatic conditions evident in high temperatures and low rainfall. The study also reveals that rainfall and temperature variability adversely affect the yields of cereal crops such as rice, maize, and millet. The effect could manifest in either yield reduction or total crop failure of cereals. The study also showed that factors that enable farmers to respond to impacts of rainfall and temperature variability are Agric extension services, application of fertilizer, irrigation farming, use of improved seeds, and favourable government policies such as subsidies and credit facilities. The study, therefore, concludes that yields of cereal crops are adversely affected by rainfall and temperature variability. However, farmers resort to Agric extension services, application of fertilizer, irrigation farming, use of improved variety of seeds, and favourable government policies in response to the impacts of rainfall and temperature variability. The study recommends that government should employ more extension agents and construct more irrigation facilities in the Mion District to reduce the adverse effects of climate variability on yields of cereal crops.

The Integrated Impact of Drought on Crop Yield and Farmers’ Livelihood in Semi-Arid Rural Areas in China

Drought has a profound impact on crop yield and the subsistence farming economy in arid and semi-arid lands of developing countries. It creates insecurity in the food supply and livelihood of rural farmers, leading to different livelihood trajectories and transformations. However, a primary challenge is to examine the complexity and location-specificity of drought impact. This study proposes a conceptual framework to understand the integrated drought impact on Yuzhong County in Gansu Province, China. Specifically, the study applies the standardized precipitation index at different time scales to observe drought changes from 1960 to 2017 and estimates the correlation with crop yield. Then, farmers in the northern, central, and southern regions of Yuzhong County were categorized using two-step cluster analysis, based on survey data collected from 1013 interviews conducted in the three regions. The study explores the impact of drought on the livelihood and food security of different clusters of farmers and analyzes their livelihood trajectories and transformations. The results showed that the drastic years with moderate and severe droughts were 1981–1983, 1997, and 2011–2012. Drought was significantly correlated with crop yield, and the effect of SPI12 was more severe. Five clusters of farmers in the southern regions of Yuzhong county were affected by drought with large drought disaster areas and serious economic losses, leading to high rates of affordability deficit and food insecurity, especially in the southern region. As a result, farmers have been adapting their livelihoods to drought, transforming toward mixed livelihoods in the northern region and part-time agricultural livelihoods in the central and southern regions. This study recommends an increase in public investment in water conservancy and irrigation facilities and suggests that locations and policies be utilized to promote the transformation of farmers’ livelihoods to make them more resilient.

The Effect of Climate Change on Food Crop Production in Lagos State.

Climate change is set to be particularly disruptive in poor agricultural communities. This study examines the effects of, and farmer's perceptions of, climate change on farming practices for cassava and maize in Lagos, Nigeria. Analysis of weather data from 1998 to 2018 (the most recent available) reveals little impact on cassava yield but a significant impact on maize yield. Furthermore, survey results indicate that farmers in this area are currently implementing techniques to adapt to changes in climate based on the type of crop grown. Agriculture in Lagos, Nigeria, is largely rain-fed and climate change negatively impacts crop productivity by decreasing crop yield and soil fertility, limiting the availability of soil water, increasing soil erosion, and contributing to the spread of pests. A decline in crop production due to climate change may be further exasperated by a lack of access to farming technology that reduces over-reliance on the rain-fed farming system and subsistence agriculture. This study indicates that there is a need for initiatives to motivate young and older farmers through access to credits, irrigation facilities, and innovative climate change adaptive strategies.

Factors Affecting Adoption of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies by Small Holder Farmers in Mountain and Lowland Agro-ecological Zones of Eastern Uganda

Farmers in tropical rural areas are confronted with several challenges but outstandingly climate change which can only be overcome by adopting to climate change resilience strategies. This study assessed the factors affecting adoption of climate change resilience strategies in Muyembe sub-county, Bulambuli district, Uganda. We used questionnaires, interviews, focused group discussions and field observations to collect the required data, which was analyzed using basic descriptive statistics and logistic regression model. Results indicate that, the dominant climate change resilience strategies adopted in the study were, soil/water conservation (65%), drought resistant crop varieties (59.4%), and irrigation (55.6). Results of the logistic regression indicated that, gender and family size were the most important factors that influenced adoption of climate change resilience strategies with coefficient -0.86 and P0.05, and0.18 and P0.05 respectively. On the other hand, the barriers to adoption of the same by majority farmers were dominated by financial constraints and adulteration of farm inputs at 93.4% and 74% respectively. We concluded that, many farmers are still locked in indigenous practices that have made them vulnerable to climate change effects characterized by low yields, crop failure hence low incomes, poverty and food insecurity. We recommended that, government should support the adaptation strategies to climate change by the smallholder farmers technically by providing both ground and surface water irrigation facilities and financially by providing agricultural loans as well as focusing on promoting awareness and advancing education on climate change to farmers through knowledge and skill sharing platforms such as training, conferences, and seminars.

Women's Empowerment Strategy Through Utilization of Yards as a Food Source

This study aims to identify and analyze the internal factors which are the strengths and weaknesses as well as the external factors which are the main opportunities and threats and analyze and determine the appropriate strategies to be applied to empower women in supporting the food security of the communities. households. This research was designed using a survey method to collect data from the research objects, namely women members of the Women Farmers Group (KWT). The data obtained was then analyzed using a SWOT analysis to determine the empowerment model that would be applied in the form of activities aimed at using the yard to support household food security. The results of the identification of internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external (opportunities and threats) factors for the main factor of strength is the existence of good irrigation facilities and the main factor of weakness is the resulting product is not not sustainable. The most favorable opportunity factor is the market demand which continues to increase and the most influential threat factor is the limited availability of organic fertilizers and the ever fluctuating prices. The strategy of empowering women through the use of workcamps to support household food security which is the result of determining the right strategy is carried out from the results of the SWOT analysis based on the SWOT matrix increase and s Strive to use existing strengths, especially the power to have good irrigation facilities so that production can continue. The results of recommendations based on the SWOT matrix optimize the workforce and improve the quality of KWT members by following technological developments and government policies to produce maximum and quality output.

Youth in Agriculture : Problems and Suggestions

Today's youth are the hope of the future. They are the real spirit of future agriculture. Young people not only look for their own livelihood, but also for respect and purpose in life. It is a well-known fact that only few young people engage in agriculture, although majority of rural youth have the energy and enthusiasm to do well in agri and allied jobs. In this context, it is worthwhile to know the reason for low participation i.e, problems faced by youth in agriculture and allied activities and their suggestions. Keeping this in mind, a research study was conducted in Warangal district of Telangana state with a sample size of 120 youth selected using a simple random sampling procedure. The data was collected from primary sources with structured interview schedule. The study employed descriptive statistics and garret ranking method to analyse the data. The study indicated that majority of the youth faced the problem of scarcity of labour, lack of irrigation facilities, fear of drudgery in agriculture and allied activities and suggested for timely supply of necessary inputs (93.3%), timely provision of subsidy/credit, mechanization in agricultural sector

LAND USE PATTERN AND LAND USE EFFICIENCY OF THE KURNOOL DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

The Present study aims to discuss the Land use pattern and Land use Efciency of the Kurnool District. Land Resource are limited, it can be said that non- renewable Resources. The key task is in their rational use, which hangs from their effectiveness. Agricultural land use efciency is the main factor that has a signicant impact on the socio-economic situation both in individual regions and in the country as a whole. Land use data is important in analysis of environmental process and understanding its problems, if the living conditions and standards to be improved or maintained at current level and to avoid the adverse development. The Kurnool district has at typical geographical aspects and climatic variation comparatively from the other districts of Rayalaseema region. The district is rich in regur, ferruginous soils which constitute about 60 and 40 percentages respectively. The crops mainly raised are paddy, jower, Pulses, cotton, Ground nut. The annual average precipitation of the district is 653 mm. Its land use components are Net sown area, forest, current fallows, Land put to the non-agricultural use, Barren & Uncultivable land, other fallow lands, cultivable waste land, Permanent Pasture and other grazing lands, misc. tree crops and groves. The depth to water level ranges from 2.20 to 12.67 m bgl. The Increasing population puts enormous pressure on the land in the district. As a result, the land use pattern of the district keeps on changing. The agricultural lands are being acquired for human settlements and various Developmental activities. The forest land has been increased due enhancement of social forestry. The district is predominantly farmed via Rain fed agriculture. Low rainfall, labour scarcity and lack of irrigation facilities have had its impacts on the land; many areas formerly under cultivation have been transformed in to waste lands and uncultivable lands.