Iron Samples Research Articles

A GPU implementation of the PCG method for large-scale image-based finite element analysis in heterogeneous periodic media

Image-based physics simulations in heterogeneous media at a microscopic scale are a growing trend in various fields within and around Scientific Computing. We consider the scope of Numerical Homogenization, where micro-computed tomography is used to obtain digital models of physical samples, naturally leading to pixel and voxel-based solutions. In this context, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is commonly employed to solve the governing differential equations, via a system of algebraic equations. As image dimensions increase, the memory allocation due to the matrix associated with the FEM quickly becomes unfeasible, even in sparse format. Assembly-free strategies are adopted to reduce memory usage, with the caveat of increased computational cost. The Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient (PCG) method is widely employed to solve this sort of large-scale sparse linear systems , and is fitting to be adapted for assembly-free implementations. This work focuses on a massively parallel PCG solver applied to finite element analyses of heat conduction and linear elasticity on image-based models. Memory-efficiency is one of our main concerns, in an attempt to make feasible the employment of personal-use GPUs for large-scale simulations. The resulting solver is validated with an analytical benchmark, and by comparing the obtained results for a microtomographic model of a cast iron sample against experimental values found in the literature. Time and memory metrics are presented and discussed. It is shown that the developed program allows for homogenization studies of nearly 500 million degrees-of-freedom to be conducted in personal computers equipped with CUDA-enabled devices of 8 GB RAM, taking seconds or a few minutes per system solution with the PCG method. Up to 400× speed-up was observed in comparison to an analogous solver running in a 16-thread CPU. Our GPU implementation makes it possible to conduct, in a matter of minutes, homogenization studies that would take hours, or even days, in personal CPUs.

Corrosion Behaviour of Nodular Cast Iron Used for Rotor Manufacturing in Different Wastewaters

Submersible drainage sump pumps work in a highly corrosive environment, forming films with corrosive reaction products on the surface. Pump rotors are high-demand parts, so they are made of quality materials with good wear and corrosion resistance properties such as nodular graphite cast iron. This paper analyses the corrosion behaviour of cast iron used in the manufacture of rotors in three types of wastewaters, with variable pH. Nodular graphite cast iron samples were immersed in wastewater for 30, 60, and 90 days and tested by linear polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, the layers of reaction products formed on the surface of the material were analysed by SEM and EDS. The results showed that nodular cast-iron immersed in wastewater with acidic pH showed intense corrosion, the oxide layer formed on its surface is unstable. Also, the final structure of the product layer is that of a tri-layer with cations and anions absorbed from the corrosion media: the double-electric layer directly connected to the metal surface, an internal layer consisting of ferrous compounds and ferric compounds that control the diffusion of oxygen, an outer layer, and a compact crust of ferric compounds. The change in the pH of the wastewater has a major influence on the corrosion rate of the cast iron, which increases from 356.4 µm/year in DWW-1 (6.5 pH) to 1440 µm/year in DWW-2 (3 pH) and 1743 µm/year DWWW-3 (11 pH) respectively. As can be seen, the experimental study covers the problem of the corrosion behaviour of the pump rotor in various types of wastewaters this aspect is particularly important for the good use of wastewater pumps and to predict possible deviations for the operation of the equipment within the treatment plants.

4D characterisation of void nucleation, void growth and void coalescence using advanced void tracking algorithm on in situ X-ray tomographic data

An advanced tracking algorithm based upon 4D X-ray tomographic data was developed to enable a more robust and full field approach to ductile damage characterisation. By following each individual void, the three ductile damage mechanisms (void nucleation, void growth and void coalescence) could be separated and be studied in more detail, with enriched 4D information available for each of the three damage mechanisms. Here, a successful application of the developed tracking algorithm on a pure iron sample is presented. Two different notch geometries were chosen for the demonstration of analysis technique to further study the influence of triaxiality on ductile damage.

Influence of Free Ferrite on the Mechanical Properties of High Strength Intercritical Austempered Ductile Iron

The first stage of this study investigates the precipitation of free ferrite from the austenite on fully austenitized ductile iron. Several sets of samples of low alloy ductile iron are fully austenitized and then cooled down to different temperatures and different times within the intercritical austenite-ferrite-graphite phase field. Based on these results, heat treatment cycles aimed at obtaining microstructures composed of free ferrite and ausferrite are carried out. Tensile, impact and toughness tests are performed to characterize the mechanical properties. The results show that, related to the high strength austempered ductile iron grades, the best combinations of properties were obtained from the mixed structures composed of 5% free ferrite and 95% ausferrite, resulting from the austempering at 280°C. These amounts of free ferrite allow obtaining an increase of the elongation (about 50%) and impact toughness (about 10%) while the tensile strength and fracture toughness decrease by about 1.5 and 15% respectively.

An influence of nickel with heat treatment on the microstructure and fracture toughness of austempered ductile iron

ABSTRACT In this study, unalloyed and nickel alloyed permanent moulded Austempered Ductile Iron (PMADI) samples are utilised to evaluate and compare properties such as tensile hardness and fracture toughness. All PMADI samples were austempered at 350°C for 150 minutes to improve mechanical properties. When compared to unalloyed PMADI samples, PMADI samples alloyed with 1.5% nickel showed better hardness, tensile, and fracture toughness characteristics. In addition to the microstructure examination on samples to determine the presence of feathery dispersion of Bainite, an X-Ray Diffraction Analysis was done to confirm the presence of austenite.

MACROSTRUCTURE OF CROSS SECTION OF BLAST-FURNCACE SLAG SAMPLES IN IRON MELTING WITH DUST-COAL FUEL INJECTION

The macrostructure of blast furnace slag cross section samples during melting of pig iron with pulverized coal fuel injection on three blast furnaces with a volume of 1500 and 1386 m3 (2 units) was studied. The range of changes in the basicity of the studied slag samples (СаО/SiO2) was 0.98—1.30; corresponding to the temperature samples of cast iron and its silicon content ranged from 1324—1510 °С and 0.13— 1.17 %. To identify blast furnace slag samples in specific operating conditions, the samples were basically divided into five groups from acidic (В1<1,0) to highly basic (В1>1,25). By its physical heating characterictics the cast iron was divided into 3 groups: cold (<1400 °С ); heated (1400—1480 °С ); hot (>1480 °С ). According to chemical heating, the division was also carried out into three groups: cold (<0.5% Si); heated (0.5—0.8) hot (> 0.8). The look of cross section surface of acidic and low-basic slag is the same for former slag regime and the new, due to the use of coke and pulverized fuel with limited sulfur; in conditions of normal heating the cross section is vitreous, shiny dark color. When cooled, the vitreous and luster of cross section of such slags disappears — the chip becomes stone-like gray or black with some difference in the formation of macropores in the sample mass. Common for slag samples with В1>1,1 is a decrease in the vitreous amorphous part with increasing modulus of basicity. The difference for such slags in comparison with those known for melting in other raw material conditions is the lack of clear delimitation of layers in the cross section of the samples, especially noticeable for half-slags. It is established that the macrostructure of slag samples apart from the main В1 and furnace heating is influenced by the magnitude of the alumina-magnesium modulus; this fact should be taken into account in the operational control of the blast furnace for external conditions. It was also found that the deviation of the basicity towards acidic or highly basic slags was accompanied by the absorption of coal dust particles by slag melt. The properties of samples in terms of fluidity and desulfurizing ability of corresponding slags are considered.

Influence of Palm Kernel Shell Powder on the Mechanical Properties of Inoculated Gray Cast Iron

The use of agricultural by-products and waste materials as fillers and additives to produce different mix designs with enhanced properties is one of the ways researchers are shifting focus to seek and develop materials that rely on renewable resources. The present research investigates the influence of Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) on the mechanical properties of inoculated Gray Cast Iron (GCI). Five specimens consisting of sample C0 (0.3%FeSi, 0%PKSP), Sample C3 (0.3%FeSi, 0.3%PKSP), sample C6 (0.3%FeSi, 0.6%PKSP), sample C9 (0.3%FeSi, 0.9%PKSP), and sample C12 (0.3%FeSi, 1.2%PKSP) were developed using sand mold casting method, the chemical analysis, and their mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, and microstructures) were evaluated. The chemical composition shows that the produced gray cast iron solidified within the hypereutectic cast iron range (Carbon Equivalent, CE > 4.5), while the microstructure reveals through the graphite flakes distribution that the produced gray cast iron consists of type A graphite. The highest tensile strength and hardness values were observed in sample C3 with tensile strength and hardness values of 155.97MPa and 156.74 BHN respectively. From the result obtained, an increase in both tensile and hardness values was observed up to 0.3% PKSP addition, beyond this amount, shows a decrease in both tensile strength and hardness values for the developed gray cast iron samples.

Measurement of 54Fe(n,2n)53Fe reaction cross-sections at 14 MeV neutron energies using activation method and its relevance for fusion-plasma temperature diagnosis

Iron as a main structural material in fusion facilities, its activation reaction cross-sections induced by 14 MeV neutron is of great significance. In order to solve the problem of insufficient accuracy of 54Fe(n,2n)53Fe reaction as temperature monitor in fusion reactors, the 54Fe(n,2n)53Fe reaction cross section was measured based on K-400 D-T neutron generator at China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP). Three natural abundance iron samples sandwiched with zirconium and niobium foil were irradiated at three angles for 50 min. Neutron activated product, 53Fe, was measured by off-line gamma ray method with a high purity germanium detector at CAEP. The neutron flux was obtained from 56Fe (n,p)56Mn as the standard monitor reaction, and the mean neutron energy was calculated by Q formula. As a result, the cross sections at 14.51 MeV, 14.67 MeV and 14.83 MeV neutron energies are (5.40 ± 0.61) mb, (6.96 ± 0.72) mb and (10.30 ± 0.94) mb, respectively. The experimental results were compared with the previous experimental data and evaluation database. The present findings show a good agreement with the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and TENDL-2019 and with partial existing experimental results. As a temperature monitor in fusion reactors, a new ion temperature curve with an accuracy of (11–17)% was proposed based on the present activation results of 54Fe (n, 2n)53Fe reaction.

Studying and Improving the Hardness Properties of Gray Cast Iron

This research focuses on the hardness of gray cast iron. Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. The machinability cannot set a specific definition. However, several indicators and directories give a clear image, the most important of which is the factors that affect the machinability of gray cast iron according to the metallurgies and the metal cutting and cutting conditions. The main goal of this research is to improve the hardness of gray cast iron. Many experiments on several samples to get different results and then compare these results to get the best which is the goal of the research. The conclusions through the practical side of this research are the different values of hardness through the different hardening processes. As the hardening processes gave a sample of grey cast iron a hardness value that differs in each type of hardening. The notes through the graph that the hardness reaches its peak in the traditional hardening, where its value is (370.6), followed by the laser hardening process, which reaches (321.6) The amount of increase between the hardness of the laser and the traditional hardness takes the value of (15.24 %) The work on samples in the form of aggregates, and each group will be treated in a specific way and then subject to tests.

Copper and Iron Cooperation on Micro-Spherical Silica during Methanol Synthesis via CO2 Hydrogenation

A series of mono- and bi-metallic copper and iron samples were prepared by impregnation method on micro-spherical silica and used for the synthesis of methanol via CO2 hydrogenation. Compared with conventional carrier oxides, micro-spherical silica has obvious advantages in terms of absorption capacity and optimal distribution of active phases on its surface, also exhibiting excellent heat resistance properties and chemical stability. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various techniques including XRF, XRD, SEM, TEM, H2-TPR and CO2-TPD techniques, while catalytic measurements in CO2 hydrogenation reaction to methanol were performed in a fixed bed reactor at a reaction pressure of 30 bar and temperature ranging from 200 to 260 °C. The obtained results revealed that the mutual interaction of copper–iron induces promotional effects on the formation of methanol, especially on systems where Fe enrichment on the silica support favours the presence of a larger concentration of oxygen vacancies, consequently responsible for higher CO2 adsorption and selective methanol production. Surface reconstruction phenomena rather than coke or metal sintering were responsible for the slight loss of activity recorded on the catalyst samples during the initial phase of reaction; however, with no appreciable change on the product selectivity.

Porosity and non-metallic inclusions in cast iron produced with a high proportion of scrap

The work is devoted to the problem of an increase in the proportion of scrap metal in castings smelted and produced from wear-resistant chromium cast irons. Castings obtained with more than 60% of armor scrap and cracked during solidification and subsequent heat treatment were selected as research objects. Castings of similar mill armor after operation characterized with different wear resistance were selected to compare the characteristics of the structure and properties. The composition, structure, amount of non-metallic inclusion and porosity of samples cut from identical places of castings were studied with the help of the methods of optical and scanning microscopy, metallographic analysis, X-ray fluorescence analysis, and measurement of Vickers hardness. The characteristic localization of non-metallic inclusions of various types in the structure of cast iron samples was considered. An increase in the proportion of non-metallic inclusions in cast irons obtained using a high proportion of scrap was found, and it was shown that non-metallic oxide inclusions with a loose structure had the most negative effect. Along with porosity and primary crystals of carbide (CrFe)3Ctheydo not prevent the propagation of cracks caused by internal stresses arising during crystallization and subsequent polymorphic transformations in castings.

In-Situ Thermography Investigation of Crack Growth in Armco Iron under Gigacycle Fatigue Loading

A non-destructive thermographic methodology based on the temperature field is utilized to determine the crack tip position during the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) test of pure iron and deduce the corresponding fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR). To this end, a piezoelectric fatigue machine is employed to test 1 mm thick pure iron samples at 20 kHz in push–pull fatigue loading. Two cameras are placed on each side of the plate sample, an infrared one for measuring the temperature fields on the specimen surface and an optical one for visualizing the crack tip verification. The centre section of the specimen is notched to initiate the crack. The temperature field is converted into intrinsic dissipation to quantify the inelastic strain energy according to energy conservation. The maximum value of intrinsic dissipation in each thermal image is related to the position of the crack tip and thus allows monitoring of the crack evolution during the fatigue test. The obtained results show that one specific specimen broke at 7.25 × 107 cycles in the presence of a very low-stress amplitude (122 MPa). It is observed that the intrinsic dissipation has a low-constant level during the initiation and the short cracking, then sharply grows during the long cracking. This transition is visible on the polished surface of the sample, where the plasticity appears during the long cracking and slightly before. The material parameters in the Paris equation obtained from the intrinsic dissipation in the short crack growth are close to the results available in the literature as well as those obtained by the optical camera.

STEEL SMELTING BY OXYGEN CONVERTER METHOD FROM VANADIUM-CONTAINING CAST IRON

The results of BOF steel smelting from vanadium-containing cast iron obtained by smelting metallized pellets from titanomagnetite ore of the Tebinbulak deposit in a high temperature tube furnace (Gero HTRV 200-250/17) are presented in the study. Studies were carried out on devanadization and decarbonization of cast iron under the conditions of BOF process in a vertical high-temperature tube furnace. The study presents a description of the scheme of the experimental setup and the methodology of research, which were carried out on the basis of Research Center of the Montanuniversitaet of Leoben (MUL, Austria, Leoben). The samples of cast iron with different chemical compositions obtained by smelting experimental batches of metallized pellets in submerged arc furnace were used in the tests of BOF process. The temperature was 1450°C in the first quarter and 1550°C in the last quarter of the test. The tests showed that the elements transition from the metal phase to the slag phase according to their standard free energies of oxide formation. The titanium and silicon content decreased to almost null values during the first 12,5% of the total blowing time. The content of manganese and vanadium decreased more slowly, but at the end of the tests they also entered the slag phase. The carbon content can be reduced from 4,5% to almost null values. The quantity of slag was small and as a consequence making it difficult to separate the slag from metallic phase, as a result the slag phase contained about 70% FeO. In similar industrial processes, the FeO content is about 25%, which means that the content of other elements is overestimated by almost three times. The values of vanadium oxide content in the slag obtained during smelting by the oxygen-converter method amounted to 6,2% and 8,41%. The excess of three times is consistent with the vanadium content of about 20% and with 25% FeO in the slag phase. The tests have confirmed the suitability of the vanadium-containing cast iron from titanomagnetite ore of the Tebinbulak deposit in the production of steel by the oxygen converter process.

The interaction of carbon-bonded ceramics with Armco iron

To investigate the possible reactions between carbon-bonded ceramics and liquid Armco iron, three types of carbon (10 wt% C) bonded ceramics Al2O3 rich spinel (C-AR78), MgO rich spinel (C-MR66), and CaO·6Al2O3 (C-CA6) were put into contact with liquid Armco iron at 1625 °C by using the sessile drop method. During the interaction experiments, the oxygen partial pressure values in the experimental chamber were monitored with an oxygen detector. Thereby, the oxygen partial pressures differed based on the used carbon-bonded ceramic. It was found that the iron samples after interaction experiments were covered by newly formed oxide layers, and oxide whiskers have grown at the interface with the ceramic substrates. The compositions of the newly formed oxide layers and whiskers were related to the applied ceramic substrates. Moreover, Al and C pick-up into the iron sample was observed. The obtained results were discussed with a thermodynamic simulation based on the available Al-Fe-Mg-O-database.

Microstructural Design of the Cast Iron via Laser Hardening with Defocused Beam of the Continuous Wave CO2 Laser

The cast iron is widely used in mechanical parts due to its good properties, as damping, good fluidity, resistance to deformation, excellent machinability and low cost. However, the number of its applications are reduced because its low corrosion, wear and friction resistance. The microstructure of the metallic materials has high influence on these properties. Laser hardening can improve these properties via designing of the microstructure. The evaluation of the laser parameter influence on the microstructural features is vital for a correct design of the microstructure and therefore, good improvement of the metallic material properties. Although the various laser parameter influence has been analysed on sundry papers, the influence of the distance from focal point and scan speed in the laser hardening microstructures has been rarely evaluated in the literature. Thus, the influence of this parameter on the microstructures generated through laser hardening is the subject matter of this work. The experiments were carried out with continuous wave carbon dioxide laser on samples of ground cast iron. The atmosphere was air flow at 0.7MPa, the laser operated at 100W and the scan rates were 1mm/s and 5mm/s. The distances to focal point of the laser beams ranged from 0.0mm to 5.6mm. The microstructures of the samples were revealed via nital and evaluated with optical microscopy. This work shown that the microstructure of gray iron cast can be designed by mean of laser hardening. In addition, laser hardened zones had various microstructures (e.g. austenitic, martensitic, pearlite and dendritic). The type of the microstructures in laser treated zones was determined by distance from focal point and scan speed. Moreover, the width and the depth of the laser hardened zones were generally enlarged with the increasing of the distance from focal point. Furthermore, the laser irradiation at slow rates, i.e. 1mm/s, produced laser hardened zones larger than laser scan at 5mm/s. In future works, the hardness, wear and friction resistance of the laser hardened samples will be evaluated because the literature review indicates that austenitic and martensitic microstructures show high values of these properties.

Morphological characteristics and electrical properties analysis of silica based on river and coastal iron sand

This study aims to analyze silica's morphological characteristics and electrical properties based on the river and coastal sand. Iron samples were taken from Sompang river sand, East Lombok and Coastal Sand from Gading, Mataram City. The silica was synthesized using the sol-gel method with a sintering temperature variation of 100 to 175 ℃. Morphological characteristics samples analysis was done using SEM-EDX. The electrical properties of iron sand included measuring the dielectric constant using the parallel plate method. Furthermore, the resistivity was measured using the two-point probe method. In the silica-based on river sand sample, the resistivity value was inversely proportional to the sintering temperature. In contrast, the resistivity value of silica based on the coastal sand sample was directly proportional to the sintering temperature. Silica-based on river sand has a resistivity of about 7.1'104 Wm at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 3.5'104 Wm at a sintering temperature of 175℃. Silica-based on river sand has a resistivity of about 1.8'104 Wm at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 7.1'104 Wm at 175℃. This research is a preliminary study on the electrical properties of natural sand-based silica to improve understanding of the physical properties of silica to be used in technological applications, such as sensors. Furthermore, the dielectric constant value in the river sand sample was directly proportional to the sintering temperature. However, the dielectric constant in the coastal sand sample was inversely proportional to the sintering temperature. Silica-based on river sand has a dielectric constant of about 1.02'102 at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 1.18'102 at 175℃. Silica-based on coastal sand has a dielectric constant of about 1.97'102 at a sintering temperature of 100℃ and 1.15'102 at 175℃.

Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyaniline/Carboxylated Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites for Coating Protection of Cast Iron in Simulated Seawater.

In our daily lives and product manufacturing, metal corrosion causes significant economic losses. Numerous polymeric composite coatings have been shown to be resistant to harsh environments, such as those found in marine environments. In this study, a composite of polyvinyl alcohol/polyaniline blend loaded with carboxylated graphene was explored in the search for long-lasting coatings to resist electrochemical deterioration of cast iron in desalination systems of saltwater. Polyvinyl alcohol/polyaniline/carboxylated graphene oxide nanocomposite was spin-coated onto cast iron samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical DC corrosion testing with a three-electrode system were used to study corrosion resistance in uncoated and coated cast iron samples. The results exhibit effective corrosion protection properties. The EIS data indicated better capacitance and higher impedance values for coated samples than bare metal, depicting enhanced corrosion resistance against the saline environment. Tafel analysis confirmed a significant decrease in the corrosion rate of the PVA/PANI/GO-COOH coated sample.

PERANCANGAN DAN ANALISIS PENGUJIAN KONDUKTIVITAS PANAS PADA TIPE MATERIAL PADAT

Thermal conductivity is the ability of a materal to transmit heat from one place to another. The value of thermal conductivity is important to determine the type of good heat conductor and bad heat conductor. But the problem is how to know the value of the thermal conductivity of varios materials.This study aims to determine the value of the conductivity of various solid materials. The test is carried out using the research layout tool. The results of research conducted from various solid materials based on the value of the highest heat transfer area are found in composites with a value of 24.0349 cm2. The largest value of the melting ice flow rate with differential temperature was found in the brass sample with a value of 0.075 gr/s and the lowest in the composite sample with a value of 0.017 gr/s. The highest thermal conductivity value is found in the iron sample with a value of 0.358147 W/m k and the lowest is in the composite sample with a value of0.107522 W/m k.Keywords: Conductivity, Heat Transfer Rate, Differential Temperature

Experimental and numerical approach to predict slurry erosion in jet erosion test rig

Surface degradation due to slurry erosion is the common phenomenon encountered in fluid handling and material processing industries. Slurry erosion research initiated at the latter half of the twentieth century. Huge economic losses incurred through slurry erosion, to such an extent that components can't be repaired. Erosion is a complex process, because it operates with many factors and these factors contribute individually and in combined form, they affect severely. To evaluate materials' behavior under erosion environment, slurry erosion test rigs are developed. Numerous jet erosion test rigs are developed, yet standardization of the test method is unattainable due to its intricacy. Jet type slurry erosion test rigs are the preferable choice, as they offer flexibility with the test parameters and it could provide impact characteristics. Erodents' introduction is a tedious task, as particles have to be introduced into the flowing fluid. In the present article, a novel device named modified Venturi device is developed. Performance of the test rig is evaluated by varying the operating test parameters and by evaluating Cast Iron sample as the candidate material. From the results, it is noticed that developed test rig can be successfully employed to evaluate the erosion behavior. Erosion depends on the kinetic energy and the drag force on the particle. Numerical approach through CFD has been adopted and found that the experimental results are in good correlation with Finnie erosion model. SEM Micrographs reveal the material removal mechanism in the test rig.

Molecular dynamics simulation of friction process in atomic structures with spherical nanoparticles

This research investigates the friction process in atomic structures with spherical nanoparticles using the molecular dynamics simulation method. In the simulations performed, the aluminum sample is considered a substrate, the copper sample as nanoparticles, and the iron sample as the target structure. In the first step of the study, the thermodynamic equilibrium of these compounds in terms of temperature and total energy is investigated. As a result, the temperature converges to 300 K, and total energy converges to −270 eV. The results show the equilibrium in atomic structures and indicate the proper selection of atomic positions and interatomic interactions in the simulated samples. Also, some parameters such as friction process in atomic structures in terms of simulation temperature, process friction in atomic structures in terms of the number of simulated nanoparticles, and the friction process in atomic structures in terms of the target structure's velocity are investigated. The results show that as the simulated system's temperature increases, the friction effect on the simulated matrix increases. As the velocity of the target structure increases, the contact time between the atomic structures decreases. Finally, As the maximum force applied to the target metal matrix decreases, it is expected that the amplitude of atomic oscillation of the structures decreases, resulting in a decrease in the mobility and the maximum temperature in the atomic structures.