Smelting Research Articles

Oxidation of molten zirconium-containing droplet in water

During a severe accident in light water reactors, the molten reactor core (corium) falls into a water pool in the form of a jet. Complex interactions may occur between the melt and coolant known as molten fuel–coolant interactions (FCI), including energetic coolant evaporation and metallic melt (e.g., Zr and Fe) oxidation. This may further lead to steam and hydrogen explosions, which are both substantial safety risks for nuclear power plants.The heat of reaction and hydrogen production during oxidation can influence the progress and severity of the accidents. For example, the reaction heat may prolong the liquid state of corium, potentially leading to high-intensity explosions, whereas the generated hydrogen can create a combustible atmosphere, increasing the risk of hydrogen explosion. Therefore, this study evaluates the hydrogen production and oxidation degree of molten metallic droplets falling into a water pool to improve the FCI models for the risk evaluation of severe accident safety. The MISTEE-OX facility at KTH, which has been primarily built to study steam explosions is modified to investigate oxidation during FCI and provide experimental data on the oxidation behaviour of metallic droplets (Zr/Fe) quenched in a subcooled water pool. The dynamics of the falling droplets and generated bubbles are recorded using a high-speed camera, and the total volume of the bubbles is measured using a graduated cylinder. This study presents preliminary experimental results of the oxidation between Zr/Fe droplets and water, as well as recent improvements in measurement methods and facility upgrades. Our research findings are useful to enhance the knowledge of the oxidation process in FCI phenomena and validate the related mechanistic models in FCI codes.

ВАРИАНТ КОМПАКТИРОВАНИЯ МЕЛКОДИСПЕРСНЫХ ЖЕЛЕЗОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ ДЛЯ МЕТАЛЛУРГИЧЕСКОГО ПЕРЕДЕЛА

The paper presents the results of a study of options for compacting fine iron-containing materials for metallurgical processing. The authors have proposed a method that involves the use of, in addition to an iron-containing material, a thermoplastic binder material. In this case, aggregation of the mixture and strengthening of the resulting aggregates is carried out simultaneously in a closed mold under the influence of pressure and temperature not lower than the softening temperature of the thermoplastic material. It is possible to obtain a compact unit, convenient for storage and transportation, that successfully performs the functions of a charge component during cupola and blast furnace melting of cast iron.

Wettability and reactivity of liquid aluminium and highly deformed steel

The high-temperature liquid Al - solid S355J2N steel interaction was studied using a modified wettability test. A sessile drop method with a capillary purification procedure was employed for the first time, involving non-contact aluminium isothermal heating followed by the dropping of a pure liquid Al drop onto the severely deformed steel substrate and isothermal contact heating of Al with steel. The calculated contact angles and wetting kinetics curves demonstrated a good spreading and wetting of the investigated system. Scanning electron microscopy investigations played an important role in interpretation of the microstructural characteristics of the specimen, especially those located at the drop/substrate interface. The electron backscattered diffraction measurements allowed to characterize the microstructure of the interface zone to obtain more detailed information about the grain size, type of the intermetallic phases: θ-Al13Fe4, Fe2Al5, FCC Al and ferrite and their distribution in the neighborhood of the interface zone. These intermetallics were also confirmed via transmission electron microscopy studies coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the drop/substrate interface. Research findings provide valuable insights into the liquid Al and steel interaction during the explosive welding process, where the local melting of metal takes place at the interface of colliding plates, strongly deformed due to the collision.

Changes of the trace metals in ice core during 1915‒2016 in coastal eastern Antarctica

Antarctic trace metal records provide important information for grasping the influence of human activities on the environment over the last centuries. The CA2016-75 ice core is located along the East Antarctic Zhongshan Station–Dome A, enhances the record of metals research in the East Antarctic region, and its high-resolution supplies data support for the study of high-frequency climatic drivers and the effect of human activities on the Antarctic environment. A thorough dataset on seven trace metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ba and Pb) in a coastal ice core in eastern Antarctica during the previous 102 years (1915–2016) is presented in this study. Pb has the lowest concentration (9.51 ± 20.95 pg g−1), and Ba has the highest concentration (36.57 ± 51.35 ng g−1). Notable variations are observed between the pre-1968 AD and post-1968 AD phases for Mn, Zn and Ba. The abrupt, remarkable increase in the concentrations coincided with the change of metal smelting production in the southern hemisphere. In addition to this, it may also be related to local Antarctic scientific research activities. Al and Fe, the primary crustal elements, are essentially obtained from soil dust; Cu shows high crustal enrichment factors (EFc, >10), indicating that it is notably affected by anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the anthropogenic activities in the Southern Hemisphere have had an impact on lead deposition in Antarctica. This study not only enriches the trace metal historical record along the Zhongshan Station–Dome A but also provides a high-resolution ice core record, which is very crucial for the reconstruction of trace metal concentration changes in the last 100 years.

Агломераттың физика-химиялық қасиеттеріне флюстерді қолданудың әсері

The results of a research of the fluxes usage effect on the physicochemical properties of sinter from mill scale are presented. The conducted studies have shown the expediency of introducing fluxes into the composition of the sintering charge. However, each flux in the form of quartzite or limestone (dolomitic) has its own advantage. When quartzite is used as a flux, X-ray phase analysis and microsection of the agglomerate confirm the presence of metallic iron. The introduction of limestone (dolomitic) into the sinter charge allows to produce a fluxed sinter. When using sinter for metal smelting, the fluxed sinter will allow limestone to be removed from the furnaces. The conclusion of which leads to the saving of a significant amount of heat spent on dissociation СаСО3 and MgСO3, thus saving fuel. Magnesio-ferrite formation (MgFe2O4), periclase (MgO), alumina in fluxed sinter is primarily due to the use of limestone (dolomitic). Magnesium contained in limestone dissociated with magnetite to form MgFe2O4 and MgO. To confirm the reliability of X-ray phase analysis, samples of the fluxed agglomerate were examined by scanning electron microscopy with the INCA Energy microanalysis system. Also, the average elemental composition of the sinter according to EDS analysis is shown in the figures and tables.

Advancements in Hybrid Additive Manufacturing: Integrating SLM and LMD for High-Performance Applications

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies enable near-net-shape designs and demand-oriented material usage, which significantly minimizes waste. This points to a substantial opportunity for further optimization in material savings and process design. The current study delves into the advancement of sustainable manufacturing practices in the automotive industry, emphasizing the crucial role of lightweight construction concepts and AM technologies in enhancing resource efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By exploring the integration of novel AM techniques such as selective laser melting (SLM) and laser metal deposition (LMD), the study aims to overcome existing limitations like slow build-up rates and limited component resolution. The study’s core objective revolves around the development and validation of a continuous process chain that synergizes different AM routes. In the current study, the continuous process chain for DMG MORI Lasertec 65 3D’s LMD system and the DMG MORI Lasertec 30 3D’s was demonstrated using 316L and 1.2709 steel materials. This integrated approach is designed to significantly curtail process times and minimize component costs, thus suggesting an industry-oriented process chain for future manufacturing paradigms. Additionally, the research investigates the production and material behavior of components under varying manufacturing processes, material combinations, and boundary layer materials. The culmination of this study is the validation of the proposed process route through a technology demonstrator, assessing its scalability and setting a benchmark for resource-efficient manufacturing in the automotive sector.

Sustainability Assessment and Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metals in a Mineral Aggregation Area of Datian County, South China

Heavy metal pollution in soils, especially in mineral aggregation areas, presents significant sustainability challenges affecting ecosystem health and human well-being. This study conducted source apportionment and risk analysis of soil heavy metals in Datian County, South China, to promote sustainable land use and pollution mitigation. We collected 103 surface soil samples (0–20 cm) from a typical mineral aggregation area and analyzed the concentration distributions of heavy metals using geostatistical methods. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were employed to evaluate pollution levels and ecological risks. Our findings reveal that heavy metal concentrations substantially exceeded Fujian Province’s background values, with Cd exhibiting severe pollution levels. Cd, Pb, and Cu pose moderate to high ecological risks. Major pollution sources include metal smelting enterprises, soil parent materials, mixed sources of mineral extraction and traffic pollution, atmospheric deposition, and agricultural pollution. Their contribution rates were found to be 15.66%, 17.72%, 38.32%, 8.25%, and 20.05%, respectively. Utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models integrated with geostatistical methods, this study provides robust source identification and highlights sustainable practices for soil management. The results offer a scientific basis for developing strategies to mitigate heavy metal pollution and enhance environmental sustainability in the region.

The Effect of Energy Parameters of Power Sources on the Structure and Properties of Permanent Joints at Manual Arc Welding

The study presents the results of the research into the effect of the dynamic properties of inverter and diode power sources of welding arc power supply on the stability of melting and transfer of electrode metal into the weld pool. The principal energy parameters of the power source include the rates of rise and fall of short-circuit current, the ratio of arc burning current to short-circuit current, and other related factors. It has been demonstrated that an increase in the rate of change of these parameters within one welding mode microcycle alters the properties of heat and mass transfer, increases the frequency of electrode metal droplet transfer, reduces the size of transferred droplets in the weld pool and the duration of their stay on the electrode end under the influence of the high temperature of the welding arc, and the duration of short circuits. The increase in the mass fraction of alloying elements at their transition from the coated electrode to the weld metal is demonstrated to depend on the rate of change of the main energy parameters of one welding mode microcycle of the inverter power source in comparison with the diode rectifier. An enhancement in the structural integrity and properties of permanent joints during welding has been observed when using an inverter power source for the welding arc with high dynamic properties.

The phenomenon of thermodiffusion in liquid and solid metals in the works of O. M. Skrebtsov

The year 2024 marks the 100th anniversary of a world-renowned scientist, our countryman, Professor Olexandr Mikhailovich Skrebtsov. In addition to research on the use of radioactive isotopes in metallurgy and the development of the theory of the liquid state of metal melts, he paid considerable attention to the phenomenon of thermodiffusion in liquid and solid metals. This paper is devoted to the analysis of this part of the scientific heritage of O. M. Skrebtsov. The movement of atoms under the action of a temperature gradient (thermodiffusion) occurs during various natural phenomena and in many technological processes. However, when studying the driving forces and mechanisms of thermodiffusion, as a rule, the academic approach prevailed. This allowed the theory of thermodiffusion to be well enough developed concerning gases, salt solutions, and solid metals. This article is focused on the analysis of research aimed at the possibility of practical use of this phenomenon to improve the service life of parts operating under conditions of a temperature gradient and optimize processes occurring with a temperature gradient. Such processes occur in metallurgical units, accompanying bimetallic casting, welding, surfacing, etc. Based on the analysis of the experimental data available in the literature, a relationship between the heat of thermodiffusion and the ratio of the atomic radii of the diffusing elements, Rd, and the base metal, Rb, was found. The fundamental possibility of using thermodiffusion for controlling the desulfurization processes in liquid cast iron and creating protective coatings on gray cast iron parts during their operation at high temperatures was also shown

Decomposition of Sulfide Phases and Subsequent Matte Collection in the Black Top of a Platinum Group Metal Smelter

ABSTRACT This study explored, on a laboratory scale, how matte separates from the gangue in the black top of a PGM smelter. Two PGM concentrates, one with high sulfide content (17.3 mass%, Platreef concentrate) and the other with low sulfide content (1.3 mass%, UG-2 concentrate), were studied in the temperature range of 800°C to 1480°C, which is the temperature gradient across the black top. The results showed that effective matte separation occurs at temperatures when the matte is completely molten, and a substantial amount of liquid silicate phase has formed. The main matte separation mechanism is the coalescence of sulfide prills and their gravitational settling through the continuous path created by the liquid silicate phase. Complete matte separation occurs at lower temperatures in Platreef concentrate (1400°C in Platreef concentrate vs. 1480°C in UG-2 concentrate), due to the higher concentration of liquid silicate phase of lower viscosity, as well as the higher amount of sulfide minerals in this concentrate. PGMs already dissolve and collect in a nickel-iron-based alloy associated with the matte at temperatures as low as 900°C.

Powstawanie polifazowej asamblaży minerałów z grupy platynowców w masywie dunitowo-szonkinitowym Inagli w Aldan Shield na platformie syberyjskiej

The Inagli massif is a concentric-zonal ring massif consisting of a dunite core bordered by a sequential series of peridotites, pyroxenites and shonkinites. In dunites, there are densely disseminated accumulations of chromspinelides, as well as schlieren and veined particles of massive chromitites, to which polyphase growths of platinum-group minerals (PGM) are confined. The Inagli intrusive, like the well-known Konder massif, belongs to an independent "Aldan" type of platinum-bearing deposits. The Aldan type of ring intrusions is a platform analogue of the "Ural-Alaskan" zonal dunite-gabbro massifs of orogenic regions. In placers, dunites and chromitites of the Inagli massif, PGM are mainly represented by isoferroplatinum (Pt3Fe) with an admixture of iridium up to 8 wt %. In isoferroplatinum, symplektitic iridium particles and small inclusions of osmium, laurite, ehrlichmanite, malanite, as well as other sulfides and arsenides of platinum-group elements (PGE) are often observed. The bulk composition of such polymineral aggregates can be calculated based on the volume ratios and chemical composition of individual phases. The results obtained in this way show that the compositions of the initial polycomponent solid solutions vary from Pt-Ir-Fe to Ir-Os-Ru-Rh-Pt-Pd-Fe alloys. Polycomponent homogeneous solid solutions, which composition gradually changes from Ru-Rh-Ir-Os minerals to Fe-Pt alloys, are known in the Witwatersrand placers. A similar series of solid solutions of PGE is identified in the placers of the Guli massif on the Siberian platform. Unlike the placers of the Witwatersrand and Guli massif, where PGM are mainly represented by Os-Ir alloys, Inagli minerals have mainly a Pt-Ir-Fe composition with a low proportion of Os. The structures of most natural polyphase PGM aggregates are similar to those of artificial alloys, therefore, the former are also products of crystallization of multicomponent metal melts and their subsequent solid-phase transformations. The limits of solubility between PGE differ significantly, therefore, depending on the initial composition of metal alloys, both polycomponent solid solutions and polymineral aggregates can be formed. Based on the analysis of combined double and triple diagrams of PGE systems, the author considers possible ways of evolution of phase transformations of alloys of different composition.

Selective Adsorption of Hazardous Substances from Wastewater by Hierarchical Oxide Composites: A Review.

Large volumes of wastewater containing toxic contaminants (e.g., heavy metal ions, organic dyes, etc.) are produced from industrial processes including electroplating, mining, petroleum exploitation, metal smelting, etc., and proper treatment prior to their discharge is mandatory in order to alleviate the impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Adsorption is one of the most effective and practical methods for removing toxic substances from wastewater due to its simplicity, flexibility, and economics. Recently, hierarchical oxide composites with diverse morphologies at the micro/nanometer scale, and the combination advantages of oxides and composite components have been received wide concern in the field of adsorption due to their multi-level structures, easy functionalization characteristic resulting in their large transport passages, high surface areas, full exposure of active sites, and good stability. This review summarizes the recent progress on their typical preparation methods, mainly including the hydrothermal/solvothermal method, coprecipitation method, template method, polymerization method, etc., in the field of selective adsorption and competitive adsorption of hazardous substances from wastewater. Their formation processes and different selective adsorption mechanisms, mainly including molecular/ion imprinting technology, surface charge effect, hard-soft acid-base theory, synergistic effect, and special functionalization, were critically reviewed. The key to hierarchical oxide composites research in the future is the development of facile, repeatable, efficient, and scale preparation methods and their dynamic adsorption with excellent cyclic regeneration adsorption performance instead of static adsorption for actual wastewater. This review is beneficial to broaden a new horizon for rational design and preparation of hierarchical oxide materials with selective adsorption of hazardous substances for wastewater treatment.

Advancements in dental implant technology: the impact of smart polymers utilized through 3D printing

The field of dental implantology has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, driven by innovations in materials science and manufacturing technologies. One such innovation that holds promise for revolutionizing dental implant generation is the mixing of smart polymers thru three-D printing. This evaluation article affords a comprehensive overview of the effect of clever polymers in enhancing the performance and functionality of dental implants. We begin by using elucidating the fundamental residences of smart polymers, which include their stimuli-responsive conduct, biocompatibility, and mechanical strength. sooner or later, we discover the evolution and programs of 3ِD printing, e.g. like direct metallic laser sintering (DMLS) and selective laser melting (SLM), in dentistry, highlighting its position in fabricating custom designed dental implants. the combination of smart polymers into dental implants is discussed in element, overlaying surface modification techniques, incorporation of bioactive dealers, and customization for affected person-particular desires. furthermore, we look at how smart polymers make contributions to enhancing aspects such as osseointegration, peri-implantitis management, and average implant toughness. clinical insights and case studies are presented to illustrate the real-global applications and results of clever polymer-based dental implants. ultimately, this evaluation objectives to offer valuable insights for clinicians, researchers, and industry specialists worried within the improvement and utilization of advanced dental implant technologies.

On the question of hardening of a slug poured along the wall of a rotating mold

A comparative analysis of metal pouring into rotating molds using the siphon method and top pouring was performed. A new top pouring method is proposed to reduce defects of shrinkage origin: looseness, central porosity, liquation, etc. The method is based on rotating the mold during pouring around its axis or moving a metal melt stream relatively to the rotating mold. The peculiarity of the process is that steel pouring is carried out along the inner wall of the mold. The results of experimental cold physical modeling are presented. A glycerol solution was used as a model liquid. The results of cold modeling showed that implementing the proposed pouring method results in temperature losses averaging up to 5%. Taking into account the scale factor, higher values can be expected in a real process.

On the question of hardening of a slug poured along the wall of a rotating mold

A comparative analysis of metal pouring into rotating molds using the siphon method and top pouring was performed. A new top pouring method is proposed to reduce defects of shrinkage origin: looseness, central porosity, liquation, etc. The method is based on rotating the mold during pouring around its axis or moving a metal melt stream relatively to the rotating mold. The peculiarity of the process is that steel pouring is carried out along the inner wall of the mold. The results of experimental cold physical modeling are presented. A glycerol solution was used as a model liquid. The results of cold modeling showed that implementing the proposed pouring method results in temperature losses averaging up to 5%. Taking into account the scale factor, higher values can be expected in a real process.

Source and fate of atmospheric iron supplied to the subarctic North Pacific traced by stable iron isotope ratios

The availability of dissolved iron (Fe) limits primary production over some regions of the surface ocean, especially in regions such as the subarctic North Pacific. In this work, we use Fe stable isotope ratios (δ56Fe) in bulk and size-fractionated marine aerosol particles and dissolved Fe of surface seawater in the subarctic North Pacific on Japanese GEOTRACES cruise GP02 (Summer 2017) as a tracer to clarify the relative contribution of combustion and natural Fe in both marine aerosol particles and surface seawater. The bulk aerosols collected in the coastal regions of both East Asia and western North Pacific have total δ56Fe values that are as low as −0.5 ‰ when compared to crustal (+0.1 ‰), with both the water-soluble phase and the fine particles even more fractionated (as low as −1.9 and −2.8 ‰, respectively). The negative correlation between the aerosol δ56Fe signatures and the enrichment factors of Fe and other elements dominated by anthropogenic sources (e.g., lead and cadmium) in these coastal regions indicates the presence of Fe emitted from high-temperature combustion sources, such as coal combustion and metal smelting. In these regions, combustion Fe accounts for 4–13 and 13–45 % of the total and water-soluble aerosol Fe, respectively. The results demonstrate that soluble aerosol Fe sourced from combustion Fe can be equivalent to that sourced from natural dust Fe in these coastal regions. By contrast, the aerosol particles in pelagic regions were near crustal δ56Fe in all particle size fractions, indicating the dominance of natural Fe and little to no combustion Fe. The relationships among the fractional Fe solubility, major ion concentration, Fe species, and δ56Fe indicate that the presence of combustion Fe is the dominant reason for the solubility increase in the coastal regions and that the atmospheric processing of mineral dust during transport is more important in the pelagic regions. The dissolved Fe of the surface seawater at 10 m depth had a consistently higher δ56Fe by up to +1.5 ‰ than that of the simultaneously collected water-soluble aerosol Fe. The pattern of the elevated δ56Fe in the surface seawater corresponds to decreasing Fe concentrations and can be approximated by Rayleigh fractionation; we attribute these elevated surface δ56Fe values to the effect of biological uptake. New Fe fluxes from both the atmosphere and deeper depths are limited at least in summer compared with the biological uptake in the open ocean of the subarctic North Pacific.

Development and implementation of technological measures to extend the campaign of blast furnace No. 5 of PJSC Severstal

The work presents generalized experience in the development and implementation at PJSC Severstal of technological measures to extend the campaign of blast furnace No. 5. The authors carried out an analysis, identified and described the problem areas, generalized the principles for ensuring the safety of the shaft lining, boshes and metal receiver of the blast furnace. The results of a study of the working space of blast furnace No. 5 in 2006 are also presented. The identified technological factors ensure an increase in duration of the unit campaign. Technolo­gical measures are given for: washing the blast furnace hearth, reducing chemical erosion of the carbon blocks of the hearth and flange, forming a protective skull in the blast furnace shaft, special methods for loading solid coke substitutes, and organizing an effective structure of the charge column in the blast furnace. It is necessary to use digital models integrated into the blast furnace expert system for operational control of blast furnace technology. The results of the current blast furnace campaign were compared with previous ones. It was proven that the systematic use of all elements of the developed technology makes it possible to achieve high economic indicators while exceeding the standard duration of the campaign by 1.75 times. Experience in technology development made it possible to increase the furnace campaign duration to 17.46 years, achieve a reduction in specific coke consumption by 15.9 %, and increase the specific consumption of natural gas for cast iron smelting by 46.4 %; reduce the specific carbon consumption for cast iron smelting by 6.3 %.

Viscosity Calculation for Al‐Si‐Mg‐Fe System through CALPHAD Method

Viscosity is a crucial parameter affecting the fluidity of metal melts, which directly influences founding properties of Al alloys. However, obtaining viscosity measurement data is difficult for metal melts, and the viscosity prediction for ternary and multi‐component alloys would provide the significant data for selection of process parameters. This study compares the applicability of the Hirai model, SDS model, and R‐K function for viscosity calculations in the sub‐binary systems of Al‐Si‐Mg‐Fe alloys. R‐K function shows the best agreement with experimental data. However, the SDS model shows lower relative error than Hirai model which would play an important role in those system lacking experimental data to predict the viscosities. Ultimately, a database capable of predicting viscosity values for the entire composition and temperature range of the Al‐Si‐Mg‐Fe system was established using the CALPHAD method. Viscosity parameters for Al‐Si, Al‐Mg, Al‐Fe, Mg‐Si, and Mg‐Fe were evaluated and optimized through the R‐K derivation, corroborated with existing experimental data. Using the R‐K function, successful extrapolation and prediction of viscosity for the Al‐Si‐Mg‐Fe ternary and quaternary systems were achieved, with a mean square error between predicted and experimental values of only 0.7%, demonstrating the successful application of the Al‐Si‐Mg‐Fe database for viscosity prediction.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

On the thermodynamic equilibrium of thermal casting processes

Based on thermodynamic calculations, it is shown that heating and cooling of metals and alloys are reversible, equilibrium processes. Based on thermodynamic calculations, it is shown that melting and crystallization of metals and alloys are also reversible, equilibrium processes. With an increase in the cooling rate of the metal, the temperature of its equilibrium crystallization decreases. At a high rate of metal cooling, a short‑term initial process of nonequilibrium crystallization is observed, which quickly passes into the main stage of equilibrium crystallization.

Probing microscale crystallization phenomena: Transforming waste slags into riches

Metal smelting and combustion of solid fuels produce significant quantities of waste slag, leading to issues such as land occupation and environmental pollution. Understanding and controlling the microscale crystallization phenomena of these slags during thermal treatment is crucial for transforming waste slags into materials suitable for carbon capture or glass ceramics. Previous research has primarily focused on macroscopic crystallization behaviors, significantly advancing the utilization of waste slags in cement clinker production. However, macroscopic results are inadequate for precisely controlling the microscale crystallization behaviors of waste slags. Here, we employed the single hot thermocouple technique to visually explore crystal growth modes, shapes, sizes, numbers, and translational rates of the crystal growth front in a representative blast furnace slag under various isothermal temperatures. The results revealed that crystals exhibited five modes as the isothermal temperature gradually increased, including equiaxed, equiaxed & columnar, columnar, columnar & planar, and planar. Moreover, the translational rate of the crystal growth front increased from 0.011 μm·s−1 to 43.7 μm·s−1 with an increase in the isothermal temperature. Simultaneously, the number of crystals decreased from around 104 to 100 μm−2. On this basis, correlations between microscale crystallization behaviors and isothermal temperature were established to fill the current gap.