Iraqi School Research Articles

Challenges and Opportunities of Rebuilding Physical Education Programs in Post-Conflict Iraqi Schools in Iraq

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the challenges and opportunities of rebuilding physical education programs in post-conflict Iraqi schools in Iraq. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: Rebuilding physical education programs in post-conflict Iraqi schools faces challenges such as infrastructure damage, limited resources, and cultural attitudes that prioritize academics. Safety concerns also create anxiety for families regarding participation. However, there are significant opportunities for development, including promoting holistic growth, engaging communities in program development, and collaborating with NGOs for funding and resources. Integrating physical education with other subjects can enhance student engagement. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Ecological systems theory, resilience theory & conflict transformation theory may be used to anchor future studies on the challenges and opportunities of rebuilding physical education programs in post-conflict Iraqi schools in Iraq. Develop and implement strategies for rebuilding and repurposing damaged physical education facilities using available resources. Advocate for the inclusion of physical education as a critical component of educational and post-conflict reconstruction policies.

Predictive analytics model for students' grade prediction using machine learning

This project aims to develop a predictive analytics model using machine learning to forecast student grades, helping educational institutions identify struggling students early for targeted support. By leveraging machine learning, the model can analyze large datasets to detect complex patterns, enhancing prediction accuracy in education. The project employs neural networks due to their ability to capture non-linear relationships in data. Two models were created: one trained with data from low-rated schools and tested on both low- and high-rated schools, achieving 85.7% and 83.3% accuracy, respectively. The second model, trained with high-rated school data, yielded 88.9% accuracy for high-rated schools but only 35.7% for low-rated ones. Results indicate that separate models for different school levels are more effective due to discrepancies in grade reporting accuracy among Iraqi schools.

Prevalence of Smoking Among School Students in Iraq.

Background Developing communities like Iraq are critical to building a good community environment. Many complex patterns of behaviors like smoking among adolescents have been exacerbated rapidly in the current era which led to changes in the Iraqi community's perspectives and life expectancy. This study aims to find out the prevalence of smoking among secondary school students in Iraq and their perceived contributing factors. Methods A cross-sectional study design was used with a representative sample of Iraqi school students recruited through a multistage cluster randomization from the Nineveh Governorate's intermediate and secondary schools to ensure the representation of the general public strata. A total of 330 students were randomly selected from eight schools distributed all over Mosul city (the center of Nineveh Governorate) and its boundaries semi-rural areas. Data collection utilized a standardized, anonymous questionnaire based on the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) administered within classrooms with the researcher's presence. The questionnaire included questions related to sociodemographic characteristics of the students, smoking state, smoking types, frequency of smoking, relative smoking state, opinion on predisposing factors for initiation of smoking, and knowledge about hazards of smoking. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26 to calculate frequency distribution with further logistic regression analysis was performed to identify statistically significant factors contributing to initiation of smoking among the student participants with p-value estimation of any compares considered significant below 0.05. Results Prevenance of all types of smoking was 24.5% from 330 students with 30% from 246 males and 7%from 84 females has been encountered. Hookah (Shisha) was the most prevalent type of smoking.About a third of the smoker sample reported smoking at least once daily. Peer pressure (OR=3.49, P< 0.001) or family smoking (OR=1.769, P=0.019) emerged as the strongest influence for initiation of smoking, besides stress (OR=2.23, P= 0.04) and personality traits like stammering and jealousy (OR=2.58, P= 0.013), (OR=2.22, P= 0.017, respectively) have also significant odds. Interestingly, media (movie star) influence played a significant role also. (OR=1.492, P= 0.045). Conclusion The prevalence of smoking among the study sample was 24.5 % out of 330 participating students. Significant influencing factors were found that raised the concern and necessitated the development of targeted interventions. Implementing evidence-based strategies, such as comprehensive school-based educational programs and smoke-free indoor air policies, can significantly improve public health outcomes.

An overview of education at middle and high schools in Iraq: A summary on the case of mathematics

This brief investigation dives into the landscape of general education and mathematics instruction in Iraq's middle and high schools to provide insight into many facets of the educational system. The talk covers essential educational themes by giving an overview of general education and mathematics teaching and learning, emphasizing the issues faced and untapped potential within the Iraqi school system. This review aims to delve into the complexities of the current condition of general and mathematics teaching in these institutions, offering significant insights that go beyond surface-level examination. This investigation aims to identify existing barriers and prospective areas for reform and progress. This results in a better knowledge of the dynamic elements impacting general education and mathematics instruction in Iraq's middle and high schools

Effect of Body Mass Index on Eruption Time of Permanent First Molars and Incisors among a Group of 6- 8 Year Old Iraqi School Children

Effect of Body Mass Index on Eruption Time of Permanent First Molars and Incisors among a Group of 6- 8 Year Old Iraqi School Children

Əbu Hənifə və Rəy məktəbi

As it is known, in the early Islamic period, that is, during the time of the Prophet and his companions it was not difficult to find answers to the questions. However, when we look at the later periods, we see that people who had just accepted Islam, belonging to many new cultures, asked new questions. It was not so easy to answer these questions merely based on the Qur'an and the Sunnah. For this reason, Kufa scholars considered it necessary to use ijtihad with raʾy (free legal reasoning). They were subjected to a lot of criticism in that period and today because they resorted to raʾy while doing ijtihad. One of the two main schools that criticized the Ahl al-Ra’y the most was the Ahl al-Hadith (people of hadith) school. From the early days of the formation of the Hadith school of jurisprudence, the Iraqi school has been accused of abandoning the book and the Sunnah in the interpretation of Shari'ah rulings and preferring the rulings obtained by the intellectual method. This intellectual method that we are talking about has been the target of criticism in certain historical periods, sometimes in the name of ra’y, sometimes inthe name of qiyas (analogy), and sometimes in the name of istihsan. Abu Hanifa is one of the famous scholars who have been criticized by Ahl al-Hadith. This article deals with the life, works and school of ra’y of Abu Hanifa.

Investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in a number of Baghdad schools and extent of their resistance to disinfectants and sterilizers

PurposeThis study was design to investigate of P. aeruginosa, an example of Gram-negative bacteria, in seven primary and secondary schools of Baghdad city, and the effects of Ethanol and Dettol of P. aeruginosa biofilm.Design/methodology/approachSeventy swabs were collected from seven primary and secondary schools of Baghdad city, Iraq, during November -December 2022. Swabs were collected from classes desk, doors handles, students hands and water taps. Standard microbiological testing methods were used on the samples for isolation and identification. The ability of bacteria to form biofilm and the effects of Ethanol and Dettol on"preformed” biofilms was examined by microtiter plate with the use of an ELISA reader.FindingsIn 70 swabs from seven primary and secondary schools, growth was observed in 33 swabs as P. aeruginosa. Primary schools were higher contaminated than secondary and water taps and door handles represented the main source of this contamination. The ability of bacteria to produce biofilm was observed in 19 (57.6%) isolates and 14 (42.4%) nonbiofilm producers. As well as, Ethanol (70%) treatment of preformed biofilms led to enhance biofilm formation and revealed significantly greater staining after 4 and 24h than Dettol (3%) compared to an untreated control (tryptic soy broth (TSB) incubation).Originality/valueStudies on P. aeruginosa in Iraqi schools are quite rare. This work is considered distinctive because it drew attention to the presence of pathogenic bacteria within primary and secondary schools, which are not considered their natural environment.

The book (literary criticism) for the sixth grade of the Preparatory School critical Study

يندرج هذا البحث ضمن الدراسات التي تعنى بتقويم مناهج اللغة العربية المقررة في المدارس العراقية وتحليلها، وقد تناول الباحث كتاب (النقد الادبي) للصف السادس الاعدادي/ الفرع الادبي، محللا وناقدا ومسلطا الضوء على المنهجية المتبعة في تأليف الكتاب، وعلى طريقة توزيع المادة العلمية، والأفكار التي تضمنتها، وأسلوب عرضها وتبويبها، والمستوى اللغوي، فضلا عن الجوانب الفنية التي تتعلق بإخراج الكتاب وطباعته.&#x0D; وقد توصل الباحث الى أنَّ الكتاب يُغطِّي الأهداف التربوية التي أُلِّف من اجلها، ولكنه مع ذلك لم يخلُ من الهنات والاشكاليات المنهجية التي ارتبطت بتوزيع مادته العلمية، والأسلوب المتبع في عرضها، وافتقارها الى التوازن والدقة في بعض الحالات. أما من جهة السلامة اللغوية والاسلوبية، فقد ظهر للباحث أنَّ الكتاب شابته أغلاط كثيرة متنوعة، لغوية، وأسلوبية، وطباعية، واملائية، في حين كان من المفترض أنْ يخلو منها تماما، أو-على اقل تقدير-أنْ تكون قليلة ومعدودة، ولا سيما حين يكون الامر مرتبطا بتدريس اللغة العربية.

A comparative study of achievement abilities and physical aptitude between boys and girls of the age group (6-7) years

&#x0D; The study of achievement and cognitive abilities and physical variables for children in the stage of 6-7 years is important as it gives a lot of indications and indicators for this school age, the study focused on a sample of the first grade pupils of some schools in Fallujah (100 students). The researchers used the descriptive method of the study and measured the attainment capabilities through a questionnaire prepared by them. Physical efficiency was also measured through Sargent Vertical-Jump test. The research problem was summarized in the presence of delays in the students&amp;#39; cognitive levels and their attainment abilities this led researchers to compare their achievement and cognitive abilities with physical efficiency and the study aimed to know and compare those variables for pupils’ ages 6-7 years .The Researchers concluded that the measurement of mental abilities is one of the most important processes for evaluating the academic and cognitive level of boys and girls and from the first grade of primary, which is the basic school stage that will be built on the rest of the later stages, they also concluded that the measurement of physical efficiency at this age is very important to know the level of motor and physical ability of children in order to evaluate the curricula of physical education lessons and school sports. The Researchers recommended to develop the attainment capabilities of first grade pupil in all Iraqi schools through changing and improving the curriculum by adopting modern teaching and learning methods, the development of means and methods of teaching staff and the development of curricula of physical education and sports lessons in order to develop and increase the muscle explosive power of the legs, which plays the main role in enhancing and improving the degree of physical efficiency of students in primary school .&#x0D; &#x0D;

A Study of the Life of Imam Asbat Bin Nasr Al-Hamdani (d. 170 AH) - may Allah have Mercy on him -

This research is titled ((Study of the life of Imam Asbat bin Nasr Al-Hamdani (d. 170 AH) - may Allah have mercy on him)) and the goal is to explain the life of a narrator from among the most prominent followers of the Followers, may Allah please them. He is considered one of the prominent commentators who conveyed the interpretation of the Mighty Book of Allah, and Imam Al-Tabari mentioned him, and the scholars approved his interpretations. He is considered one of the prominent figures of the Iraqi school of Kufa, so I decided to present something about his life, as there is no independent study of him.

The Impact of Educational Games at Professional English Lessons in Iraqi Schools

The purpose of this study we present the most helpful material in the field of teaching foreign languages is to analyze the results of using professional English courses with educational games in Iraqi schools, indicates, it’s a tools used in the teaching second language. In this work, we aim to explore the effects of education games on improving and developing learners’ . The participants are fifth grade from two different elementary schools. This is a deliberate selection on the part of the researcher. One hundred and thirty-eight students were selected randomly from the fifth grade class. After testing the tool with two groups; experimental and control group, researchers concluded that educational games are more beneficial than more conventional methods. Playing educational games significantly affects the motivation of Iraqi students, according to the results of this study, and they are also helpful in increasing students' exposure to vocabulary and providing students with meaningful practice of language.

Evaluating the Impact of the Approach of Cooperation and Partnership Between Schools and the Community in Developing Educational Administration

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the cooperation and partnership approach between schools and society in developing educational administration. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. The questionnaire was distributed to teachers and principals in schools in the Iraqi state. The study reached the following results: There is a significant impact of the cooperation and partnership approach between schools and society in developing educational administration in Iraqi schools, and there are no differences between the average significant answers of the sample members about the impact of the cooperation and partnership approach between schools and society in developing educational administration in schools. Iraqi nationality according to the variable number of years of experience. And paying attention to participatory aspects and cooperative activities between the school and society, and activating the role of the family in the educational process, synonymous with the educational process, as it is considered the first building block in society.

Using building information modelling to optimise design quality of natural lighting in Iraqi school buildings

Abstract One of the most important aspects directly affecting a building’s performance is the design quality of the natural day-lighting. The present research evaluates the effectiveness of daylight in school buildings in the city of Baghdad. It aims to ascertain how the characteristics of building windows affect the quality of day-lighting, the objective of this exercise being to improve educational processes in schools by making improvements in relation to the aspect of provision of satisfactory day-lighting levels. A building simulation approach was adopted, and using Autodesk Revit 2018 (Insight plug-in), a daylight analysis was conducted under the aegis of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology. For the case study, we selected the modern design of a 24-classrooms school building, which is part of a plan for the construction of 1,000 Iraqi schools. Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED v4) simulation was conducted on the school building design to provide the results, which were measured and analysed according to LEED v4 standards. The results demonstrated that opening dimensions and direction have an essential impact on natural day-lighting. The research concluded that using BIM simulation tools enhances the design quality of the natural lighting in such a way that compliance with LEED v4 requirements is achieved. The present study will assist in identification and assessment of the problems concerned with natural lighting levels in Iraqi school buildings as well as resolving these at an early design stage.

Professor Younis As-Samarra'i as One of the Pioneers of the School of Editing Iraqi Poetic Diwans

Professor Younis Ahmad As-Samarra'i is one of the outstanding professors of Arabic, Abbasid literature at Baghdad University since the beginning of 1970s as a teacher, scholar, editor and author till his death in 2005 in Baghdad. He was concerned with human and intellectual heritage, researching in it, editing and publishing poetry of those poets whose manuscripts have not reached to us like many poets whose works were not collected because their manuscripts were lost., and like many treasures of the Arabian civilization which were lost because of wars, natural catastrophes, political upheavals and other reasons. There was an urgent need, therefore, to collect the uncollected scattered poetry, of outstanding figures who had influenced human thought, from its sources and introduce it to the reading public and to students, scholars and researchers. Such work needs great efforts, knowledge and patience to collect, edit, document, compare, knowledge of the historical background as well as experience in editing the heritage. All this is begun earlier by Professor Younis As-Samara'i after getting his PhD till his death. He has published and participated with many other Arab researchers in producing and publishing classical collections of Arabic poetry. The Iraqi school of editing poetry collections is characterized by effective participation in this regard by publishing hundreds of volumes. Professor Younis alone edited the works of more than twenty poets which accounts as more than twenty per cent of the poetry and prose productions of the Abbasid Period and published them in the outstanding journals and periodical and in separate volumes to enrich the Arabic library in general and the Abbasid library in particular and this will be the concern of this paper.

Finite element analysis and retrofit of the existing reinforced concrete columns in Iraqi schools by using CFRP as confining technique

Abstract There are many studies about the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) to strengthen concrete members such as columns, beams, and slabs. The effectiveness of these strengthening techniques has been proved by enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete structures. So, CFRP has been used to strengthen and repair existing concrete structures in Iraq. For example, in Al-Mosul city, the strengthening and repairing system is done for concrete members such as beams, columns, and slabs using the Near Surface Mounted or confinement technique. Therefore, the research aim is to use CFRP for maintenance as an alternative material to strengthen and repair concrete members in Iraqi schools. This article employs methods to enhance and repairing of some of concrete columns at Al-Abeer school in Najaf city by using modern materials as an alternative method of maintenance. In addition, finite element analysis was carried out using Abaqus software to verify the effectiveness of strengthening. The reinforced concrete (RC) column strengthened by using fiber-reinforced polymer as a confining technique increased compressive strength by about 91% compared to the control column. In addition, the value of strains increased to nearly 100% in the longitudinal direction with the stability of the value of the lateral strains, despite the occurrence of a significant increase in the compressive strength capacity. So, the values of vertical displacement at stress 4 MPa were 22.3 mm for the strengthened RC column and 5 mm for the control RC column. Thus, the strengthened RC column increases the values of compressive strength with a decrease in displacement to approximately 22%. Four years ago, the strength of the school building was assessed, thus the success of the strengthening.

COVID-19 infections among Iraqi school students: Severity, types, and symptoms.

The prevalence of COVID-19 infections among school students has become a significant and ongoing concern. This study aimed to assess the severity and types of COVID-19 cases and associated symptoms among school students in Iraq. A comprehensive study was conducted by the Public Health Directorate of AL-Muthanna Governorate from November 29, 2020, to February 12, 2021, utilizing RT-PCR-based COVID-19 surveys. The survey included 9,357 students (4,261 male and 5,096 female) and 83 schools. The retrospective analysis of the survey records indicated that male and female students had a mean age of 9.2±1.16 years with notably higher rates of asymptomatic infections than older students. Male students showed lower odds of asymptomatic infection but higher odds of symptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections compared to their female peers, particularly among elementary students. Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell, shortness of breath, and muscle pain were significantly associated with COVID-19 infection. Sneezing was significantly associated with a lack of infection. Home nursing by parents and self-care practices have proven to be highly effective in controlling COVID-19 infection among children. These findings highlight the need for age- and gender-specific considerations in COVID-19 prevention and management strategies in schools.

Perception and Challenges of Virtual Classes with Gender Digital Divide amidst and Post-COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraq: An Empirical Analysis

The COVID-19 epidemic has forced the closure of educational institutions all over the globe since it put academic schedules in peril. To maintain academic activity, the majority of academic institutions have turned to online instruction platforms, which immensely affected instructors’ and pupils’ one-on-one interactions, among other things, causing a paradigm change in the teaching–learning approach. In light of this, it is essential to examine pupils’ perceptions and difficulties associated with online learning amid of the COVID-19 epidemic. The current research adopts a sample survey and a quantitative method. In February and March 2022, a sample of 369 Iraqi school pupils was collected using a Google Form Questionnaire. Several statistical methods, including descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability, logistic regression, and the Chi-square test, were used to analyze the data in Statistical Package for Social Science. The findings of the study indicated that, on average, students had mixed opinions toward virtual classes during the outbreak because it became a solution to fill the learning gap. On the other hand, inadequate tools and uneven access to the internet make it difficult for students to learn online. The outcome of the logistic regression analysis demonstrates that the number of rooms, family income, father’s education, and ICT device all have a favorable impact on virtual classes. Meanwhile, students confronted a lot of challenges in taking online classes. Therefore, the findings of this study will persuade academic institutions and policymakers to improve the effectiveness of online learning with the most modern teaching techniques while also encouraging the government to advance remote regions and foster basic infrastructure and Internet access, narrowing the digital divide and making e-learning more fruitful.

Hadith in the Ancient Schools of Law According to Joseph Schacht

In the 3rd century H, the traditions of the Prophet have been collected. In the sixth book (al-Kutub as-Sittah) only the traditions of the Prophet are prioritized. Before Asy-Syāfi‘ī (d. 204 H), in the ancient schools of law, the traditions of the Prophet received little attention. Based on this problem, the author tries to explore further how the hadith in ancient schools of law actually was according to Schacht. From two of Schacht's works: An Introduction to Islamic Law and The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence, the author focuses on: 1). The ancient school of law according to Joseph Schacht; and 2). Hadith in ancient schools of law according to Joseph Schacht. The purpose of this discussion is to describe how Schacht's ideas about ancient schools of law and how hadiths are used by ancient schools of law. In this article the author uses a qualitative descriptive approach with documentary methods and historical analysis. The results of the study show that in the history of the development of legal doctrine, ancient schools of law were born from the activities of qādī (Islamic judges) and specialists who were concerned with legal issues. Their distinctive feature is geographical differences: Hijaz (Makkah and Medina), Iraq (Kufah and Basra), Syiria and Egypt. Their response to the popular practice and administrative regulations of the Umayyad dynasty (collapsed 132 H) gave birth to what is known as Islamic law. During the Abbasid dynasty, the ancient school of law changed into a new school of law based on loyalty to a teacher, which in turn formed groups such as the followers of Abū Ḥanīfah (d. 150 H), Mālik (d. 179 H), Sufyān aṡ-Ṡaurī ( d. 161 H), al-Auzā’ī (d. 157 H), and so on. The ancient legal schools had the same attitude towards hadith. They prioritize the traditions of the Companions rather than the traditions of the Prophet. This can be seen from Asy-Syāfi‘ī's polemic against the Medina and Iraqi schools. Other evidence is the distribution of the use of hadiths of the Prophet and traditions other than the Prophet in the book al-Muwaṭṭa’, Ᾱṡār Abū Yusūf and Ᾱṡār ash-Syaibānī.

Rehabilitating Iraqi Schools According to the Requirements of Social Sustainability

Recently, Social Sustainability has gained significant value as it was considered by the late studies as a principal dimension along with the environmental and economic sustainability. And because of, on the other hand, the significant social role of the school for forming the student’s personality, this research is an appeal for rehabilitating and promoting Iraqi Schools according the issue of social sustainability.As there is no evaluation for the Iraqi Schools, the research is dedicated to this problem, aiming to carry out the stated evaluation and define the design treatments needed for the rehabilitation process. To achieve this goal, a theoretical background for the concept of social sustainability, its criteria, the school and its social functions was introduced. From reviewing previous architectural practices and theoretical studies, different design treatments were extracted and structured within the level of the building itself and the outside landscape. The design treatments were, then, applied to rehabilitate a selected standard school model used by the Directorate of Education in Nineveh Governorate. Evaluating the proposed model, the conclusions demonstrated the possibility of rehabilitating the existing Iraqi Schools to hold most indicators of social sustainability

Modelling Design Standards for Iraqi Schools Using Building Information Modeling

Modelling Design Standards for Iraqi Schools Using Building Information Modeling