IPCC Guidelines Research Articles

Assessing land-use history for reporting on cropland dynamics—A comparison between the Land-Parcel Identification System and traditional inter-annual approaches

In developed countries, grassland and cropland conversion and management can be a major source of land-use and land-use change (LULUC) related greenhouse gas (GHG) dynamics. As this activity is recognized in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), reporting on LULUC is an integral part of annual GHG inventories required from Annex I countries under the convention. In order to improve LULUC reporting, countries are shifting from national statistical data to high resolution spatial datasets. One such dataset is the Land-Parcel Information System (LPIS), an administrative spatial database developed to assist farmers and authorities assessing land eligibility for agricultural subsidies as part of the European Union’s (EU) Common Agricultural Policy.Using the LPIS of the Republic of Ireland as a case study, we demonstrated significant differences in cropland/grassland reporting between an inter-annual based reporting schema and a land-use history approach. Twelve years of national LPIS data were analyzed to explore the dynamics between croplands and non-croplands. Major underlying cropland dynamics were identified with large areas changing between croplands and non-croplands even though annual total cropland areas were relatively stable over this period. Furthermore, we showed that in the 12 year study period, 69.8±10.7% of the area leaving cropland each year returned to cropland within the following five years. Following the EU Common Agricultural Policy definition, these areas count as temporary grassland, which according to IPCC reporting guidelines should be reported as cropland. In an example utilizing three different LULUC reporting methodologies (total area based, land-parcel based, and land-use history based) to assess changes in cropland and grassland areas for the 2008–2012 GHG commitment period, not including land-use history led to an underestimation of cropland by 45.7% as well as an associated error in land-use change assessment. We therefore demonstrate good practice for accurately measuring cropland conversions under current IPCC guidelines using multi annual LPIS records.

Short communication: Impact of the intensity of milk production on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions in Portuguese cattle farms

The aim of this study was evaluate the relationship between the intensity of milk production for a wide range of Portuguese commercial cattle farms and NH3 and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from manure management and enteric fermentation. A survey was carried out at 1471 commercial dairy cattle farms (Holstein-Friesian) and the NH3, N2O and CH4 emissions at each stage of manure management were estimated as well as CH4 losses from enteric fermentation. Gaseous emissions were estimated by a mass flow approach and following the recommendations of IPCC guidelines. The manure management and enteric fermentation in a typical Portuguese cattle farm contributes with 7.5±0.15 g N/L milk produced as NH3 and 1.2±0.22 kg CO2 equivalent per litre of milk as GHG. Increasing milk production will significantly reduce NH3 and GHG emissions per litre of milk produced. It can be concluded that a win-win strategy for reducing NH3 and GHG emissions from dairy cattle farms will be the increase of milk production on these farms. This goal can be achieved by implementing animal breeding programs and improving feed efficiency in order to increase productivity.

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission from Ceramic Tableware Production: A Case Study in Lampang, Thailand

This paper presents energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from ceramic tableware production in Lampang, Thailand. All data of energy consumption in ceramic production were collected from a small enterprise manufacturing plant and the unit of analysis was 1kg of product. A scope of study was gate to gate. The amount of GHG emission in a unit kgCO2e/kg of product was calculated by 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories method and the emission factors were referred from Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) and IPCC databases. The results showed that the total energy consumption from ceramic tableware production was 24.28MJ/kg of product and almost 98% of total energy consumption was from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumption during firing. The amount of GHG emission was 0.237 kgCO2e/kg of product. The glost firing was found to be a hotspot of energy consumption and GHG emission.

Changing urban forms and carbon dioxide emissions in China: A case study of 30 provincial capital cities

Urban form is increasingly being recognised by scientists for the potential role it might play in the coordination of sustainable urban development and the reduction of CO2 emissions. However, despite increasing interest in the morphology of cities in climate change science, few quantitative estimates have been made of the effects of urban form on CO2 emissions. The goal of this study is to quantify this relation, using panel data for China’s 30 provincial capital cities from 1990 to 2010. In order to meet this aim, we first selected a series of urban form indicators, which we quantified by applying spatial metrics to remotely sensed data. We then estimated CO2 emission levels using a unified standard method recommended by the IPCC Guidelines, and subsequently performed a panel data analysis. The results of the study demonstrated a positive correlation between the growth of urban areas and CO2 emission levels. Further, it was also found that increased “urban continuity” led to reductions in CO2 emissions and that, conversely, increased “urban shape complexity” exerted a positive influence in relation to CO2 emissions. The findings of this study indicate that measures to make existing cities in China more compact may in fact help to reduce levels of CO2 emissions, just as increasing fragmentation or increased irregularity with respect to urban form may contribute to increased CO2 emissions. If serious about achieving meaningful reductions in CO2 emissions, decision makers and planners should take urban form into consideration when developing low-carbon cities in China.

Dead wood basic density, and the concentration of carbon and nitrogen for main tree species in managed hemiboreal forests

Forest ecosystems are an important carbon (C) pool, and the decomposition of dead wood plays a key role in its C cycle. Based on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories were established. Nations that have signed the agreements are encouraged to quantify C pools and fluxes in their forests, including its proportion occurring as dead wood. There are significant differences in density and C concentration of dead wood among tree species. In managed hemiboreal forests of Estonia the dead wood density, and C and N concentration changes in different decay classes for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), silver and downy birch (Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh.), black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) have been assessed. All together 548 sample discs taken from logs (measurements were restricted to fallen dead trees only) were collected. The results revealed a decrease in mean dead wood density with progressing decay state for all studied tree species. Pine, spruce and grey alder had the smallest wood density reduction with progressing decay state, retaining 37%, 30%, and 36% of initial density, respectively. Other broadleaved tree species (birch, black alder and aspen) had the greatest density reduction during decomposition, retaining 24%, 23%, and 16% of initial density, respectively. For all studied tree species there were no significant differences of wood density between sites with different moisture conditions (dry, medium or wet areas). In case of pine, spruce and birch the C concentrations were significantly affected by the decay class, while in case of both alders and aspen the C concentrations were not significantly affected by changes in decay classes. For all the assessed tree species the N concentration in dead wood was increasing with increasing decay class.

CO2 emissions from Iran's power sector and analysis of the influencing factors using the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology (STIRPAT) model

ABSTRACTThe current status of CO2 emissions from Iran's power sector and the socio-economic factors that influence these emissions are fully covered in this paper. To begin, the amount of CO2 emissions is calculated based on the IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories. The analysis of socio-economic influencing parameters is performed by the stochastic impacts by regression on population, affluence and technology (STIRPAT) model using population size, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, electricity intensity and consumption of energy resources for electricity generation. Then CO2 emissions related to the electricity consumption in six sectors (residential, industrial, public, agriculture, trade and lighting) as well as grid losses and internal electricity consumption of power plants are estimated. Finally, CO2 emissions from Iran's power sector are compared with their alternatives in Turkey and China. The results indicate that CO2 emissions increased from 78.778 Tg in 2003 to 149.691 Tg in 2013, and the average CO2 specific emission factor is 571.29 g/kWh. The outputs of the STIRPAT model illustrate that population size, GDP per capita, electricity intensity and the consumption of fossil fuels for electricity generation positively influence CO2 emissions, while electricity generation by hydropower, renewable energies and nuclear energy negatively do.

Legal and Regulatory Developments on CCS

Since IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (IPCC, 2005) was published there have been significant developments in international, regional and national law and regulations. The Special Report, being written in 2003–2005, reflected the relatively early nature of development of regulations pertaining to CCS and, in particular, geologic storage. The principle area of focus in the Special Report was marine treaties – namely the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) and the London Convention – as they had been the focus of prior legal analysis and the parties to the treaties had begun their own consideration of the topic. Both marine treaties proceeded to remove their prohibitions on CO2 geological storage, the London Convention in 2006 and OSPAR in 2007 (IMO, 2006a; OSPAR, 2007c). Another significant influence at this time was the work being undertaken to develop a CCS-focused chapter in the IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories (IPCC, 2006a). These guidelines set out how to undertake and report the GHG performance of CCS, creating a methodology for geological storage assessment and report that became the basis for subsequent CCS regulations. In the years following, there were numerous developments at the national and regional levels. For example, the EU CCS Directive was developed in 2007 and 2008 (EC, 2009a), to create an enabling framework for CCS, to remove barriers and allow it to proceed but also to ensure environmental protection. The Directive was adopted in 2009, along with a revision of the EU’s Emission Trading Directive (EC, 2009a) which brought CCS into the EU’s emissions trading scheme. CCS-specific laws and regulations have also been established at both the federal and state levels in the United States, and the commonwealth and state levels in Australia. The other major development in international law and regulations since the Special Report is the inclusion of CCS into the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the UNFCCC’s Kyoto Protocol. This took several years, from 2005 to 2011, but in 2011 a new set of rules specific to CCS were developed and adopted which allows CCS to be a legitimate project activity under the CDM for developing countries to use (UNFCCC, 2011b). It is widely anticipated that future mechanisms developed under the UNFCCC and allowing CCS will follow the principles established by these CCS CDM modalities and procedures. These international developments potentially impact 180 countries. This paper provides a descriptive review of the key legal and regulatory developments since 2005, with a particular focus on the international developments. It also briefly reviews the application of permitting regimes to new CCS projects in the US and EU (Netherlands).

Development of Greenhouse Gas (CO2) Emission Factor for Korean Coal Briquettes

Korea adheres to the basic emission factor proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines to calculate the greenhouse gas emission. However, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines recommends applying an emission factor unique to a country, which reflects its features in fuel consumption. Especially, there has been little research in emission factors and in the amount of Korean coal briquettes used in Korea, and even worse, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines has not proposed the basic emission factor for such briquettes. Recently, the Korean government has made efforts to calculate greenhouse gas emission factors for each sector, and it is requiring research and development be conducted in the greenhouse gas emission factors of Korean coal briquettes in household and commercial sectors. The amount of carbon, hydrogen, and calorific values in the input fuel was measured using a calorimeter, elemental analyzer and proximate analyzer. For fuel analysis, the CO2 emission factor for Korean coal briquettes is 95,558 CO2 Kg/TJ. It is lower than the local anthracite CO2 emission factor, 111,100 CO2 Kg/TJ and the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, 87,399 CO2 Kg/TJ by about 13.99 and 2.79%, respectively.

Nitrogen excretion factors of livestock in the European Union: a review.

Livestock manures are major sources of nutrients, used for the fertilisation of cropland and grassland. Accurate estimates of the amounts of nutrients in livestock manures are required for nutrient management planning, but also for estimating nitrogen (N) budgets and emissions to the environment. Here we report on N excretion factors for a range of animal categories in policy reports by member states of the European Union (EU). Nitrogen excretion is defined in this paper as the total amount of N excreted by livestock per year as urine and faeces. We discuss the guidelines and methodologies for the estimation of N excretion factors by the EU Nitrates Directive, the OECD/Eurostat gross N balance guidebook, the EMEP/EEA Guidebook and the IPCC Guidelines. Our results show that N excretion factors for dairy cattle, other cattle, pigs, laying hens, broilers, sheep, and goats differ significantly between policy reports and between countries. Part of these differences may be related to differences in animal production (e.g. production of meat, milk and eggs), size/weight of the animals, and feed composition, but partly also to differences in the aggregation of livestock categories and estimation procedures. The methodologies and data used by member states are often not well described. There is a need for a common, harmonised methodology and procedure for the estimation of N excretion factors, to arrive at a common basis for the estimation of the production of manure N and N balances, and emissions of ammonia (NH3 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) across the EU.

Methane Emissions in Wastewater Treatment Process and Emissions Calculation in Henan Province

The process of wastewater treatment is one of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions from urban human activities and methane is a source of greenhouse gases can not be ignored. According to the method recommended by IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006,a calculation model was established to assess methane emissions of wastewater treatment in Henan.Then methane emissions from wastewater treatment in Henan province in the year of 2010 were estimated. The results showed that net methane emissions from the sewage treatment process was 21,764.1 tons, and methane from the industrial wastewater generated process was 98,609.33 tons. The results will provide a scientific basis for policy maker to mitigate the methane emission from the sewage treatment process of Henan province.

A MORE COMPREHENSIVE GREENHOUSE GAS ACCOUNTING METHODOLOGY FOR PEACH PRODUCTIVE CHAIN: TOWARD A CERTIFICATION OF LOW-CARBON FRUITS

The most recent and recognised standards for carbon footprint (CFP) ISO 14067:2013 requires the inclusion of land based emissions (CO2 fluxes from soil organic carbon change and field emissions from fertilization) into greenhouse gas accounting. These two categories of emissions are often disregarded from CFP studies of fruit products. In the present paper a simple methodology to include land-based emissions into greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting of fruit product from perennial crops is tested on a case study, and the results compared to experimental measurement from literature in order to evaluate its point of strength and weakness; this methodology is based on IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories (IPCC, 2006). All fossil (anthropogenic) and biogenic emissions arising from all agricultural operations during orchard life cycle have been accounted according ISO 14067:2013. Fertilization resulted to be the most impacting agricultural operation, together with the production of materials constituting the irrigation pipe system and its supporting structure (metal and cement poles, wire). The most innovative aspect of the tested methodology consists in considering the sink role of soil in fruit orchards managed according to sustainable agronomical practices (increasing of internal and external carbon input to soil). Comparison with measurements data from literature revealed that the simple methodology tested can be improved in order to improve the accuracy of the estimates according to pedoclimatic conditions and crop specificities.

Measurement of methane production from pig and cattle manure in Lithuania

The current experiment was conducted to quantify methane (CH4) productivity from pig and cattle manure. The manure was collected from twenty commercial farms in different parts of Lithuania. The biogas production and ultimate methane production were measured in a batch experiment according to the international standard. Manure was stored for a period of up to 70 days at constant 35 ± 1°C temperature. Infrared or electrochemical detection was adopted to analyze the methane and carbon dioxide content in biogas. Theoretical methane production was calculated according to the chemical composition of manure. In our study, the theoretical methane production from the total volatile solids (VS) for both pig and cattle manure was in the range of 0.41–0.46 m3 kg-1 CH4 VS. Theoretical methane production from easily degradable volatile solids was by 26.72% lower than that from total volatile solids. During the storage period, up to 64% of total manure volatile solids and up to 89% of easily degradable volatile solids had decomposed. The ultimate methane production for pig liquid manure was the highest and reached 0.29 m3 kg-1 CH4 VS. The methane production for pig solid fraction of manure was 0.12 m 3 kg-1 CH4 VS, for the liquid fraction of pig manure – 0.18 m3 kg-1 CH4 VS. The methane production for dairy cattle liquid and solid manure, also non dairy cattle solid manure reached 0.20–0.21 m3 kg-1 CH4 VS. For dairy cattle slurry the methane production was the lowest – 0.05 m3 kg-1 CH4 VS, in comparison with other samples. Our study showed that methane production for pig and cattle manure in Lithuania was from 13% to 36% lower than the default values recommended for Europe (IPCC Guidelines..., 2006) and are used for calculations of national methane emission from manure.

Estimating nitrous oxide emission flux from arable lands in China using improved background emission and fertilizer-induced emission factors

A nitrous oxide (N2O) emission database was compiled for arable land (284 measurements from 62 studies) to establish predictive models for building a greenhouse gas emission inventory in China. Arable lands were grouped into dry land and rice paddy based on the IPCC 2006 guidelines. The results of the meta analysis show that the annual mean N2O fluxes from dry land and rice paddy were 4.69±4.62 (SD) and 5.89±3.23kg N2O–N ha–1 yr–1. Fertilizer–induced N2O emission factors were 0.68±0.41% for dry land, and 0.49±0.43% for rice paddy. The relationship between N2O flux from arable lands and various environmental variables were analyzed, and the magnitude of N2O emissions from zero mineral N addition control plots (background emission) was determined based on precipitation. Based on the above background emissions and correlation coefficients, two new predictive models were established to estimate N2O emissions from arable lands in China. Comparison showed that the precipitation–rectified background emissions could largely improve the model predictions, and the two new models had better performance than the 1996 IPCC guideline method. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that the important local environmental variables be included in the estimates when compiling a national N2O emission inventory.

Shrub biomass accumulation and growth rate models to quantify carbon stocks and fluxes for the Mediterranean region

The importance of shrub formations in the Mediterranean area both in terms of area occupied and carbon sequestered by them is currently being recognized. However, due to the lack of suitable models to estimate biomass accumulation and growth rate in this region, the carbon sequestered by these formations is not included when computing the total carbon stocks in aboveground biomass in Mediterranean forest ecosystems, according to the IPCC guidelines. The aim of the present study is to develop equations to predict biomass accumulation and growth rate for the main shrub formations in the region of Andalusia (Southern Spain), using the fraction of canopy cover (FCCm) and the average height of the shrub formations (Hm) as predictors. To build these models, more than 800 plots were inventoried using destructive sampling; the mean value found in the region for biomass accumulation and annual growth rate being 16.73 Mg ha−1 and 1.14 Mg ha−1 year−1, respectively. Heathers and big-size Cistaceae formations were the ones that presented the highest values of biomass accumulation (24.99 and 21.01 Mg ha−1, respectively), while the highest values for annual growth rate were achieved by Leguminous gorse shrubs and, again, big-size Cistaceae bushes (1.49 and 1.64 Mg ha−1 year−1, respectively). The carbon content for the main shrub species and formations in the area was also obtained. The developed models provide the opportunity to estimate shrub carbon stocks in Mediterranean forest management from easy-to-obtain variables, namely FCCm and Hm. Moreover, the used shrub formations classifications and model structure allow their applicability to compute biomass accumulation and growth rate at regional and national level using as input data from the Spanish National Forest Inventory.

Nitrous oxide emissions from black soils under a continuous soybean cropping system in northeast China

A large number of natural wetlands in northeast China have been reclaimed as farmland in the last few decades, and soybean is the main rain-fed crop here. For the depth understanding of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from reclaimed soybean fields, using static opaque chamber method, we conducted a four-year N2O flux measurement at two adjacent soybean fields cultivated after wetland drainage in 1987 and 1993, respectively, in the Sanjiang Plain of northeast China Using static opaque chamber method,. Both sites had two treatments including soybean cropped and bare soils (i.e., SF87, BS87, SF93 and BS93). The results showed that soil N2O emission from all of the plots was severely inhibited by the low temperature in winter (November to March), while a N2O emission pulse occurred during the spring thaw (April and May). Temporal variation of the N2O fluxes during the growing season varied over all the four years but was mainly affected by soil water-filled pore space (WFPS). Intense rainfall events increased the intensity and duration of N2O pulses during the growing season, and most high fluxes were occurred at WFPS > 45%. The mean annual N2O emission from all treatments over four years was 4.8 ± 1.2 kg N ha-1 (ranges: 1.9-19.8), and one third of the emission originated from the spring-thaw. In addition, soybean growth did not increase N2O emissions during the growing season, which support the cancellation of N2O emission calculations from nitrogen fixed by legumes in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

西安市温室气体排放的动态分析及等级评估

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 西安市温室气体排放的动态分析及等级评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305271199 作者: 作者单位: 陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 陕西省软科学研究计划项目(2012KRM48);国家社会科学基金项目(14XKS019);黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室基金(10501-1214) Dynamic analysis of greenhouse gas emission and evaluation of the extent of emissions in Xi'an City, China Author: Affiliation: College of Tourism and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University,,,,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为了解西安市温室气体排放的动态规律和排放水平,基于全球标杆的温室气体排放等级评价方法,并采用国际公认的《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》和基于IPCC的《省级温室气体编制指南》推荐的方法对西安市的温室气体排放进行了动态分析和排放等级评估。结果表明,从1995年到2011年,西安市温室气体排放呈快速上升趋势,16年间温室气体排放量从1207.16×104t 上升为3934.17×104t,年均增高7.66%。增幅最高的是水泥温室气体(年均增高11.75%)、废弃物(8.77%)和能源(7.63%),农业年均降低1.74%,林业固碳年圴增加3.56%。从温室气体构成看,能源占80.13%-90.55%,水泥占1.75%-7.49%,农业占1.86%-8.01%,林业固碳占-2.58%—5.22%,废物处理占7.52%-16.38%。可见能源消费的增加是导致西安市温室气体排放增长的主要原因,林业碳汇能力有待提高。万元GDP温室气体排放不断降低,说明西安市碳减排方面的科技进步在不断提高。人均、单位面积温室气体排放量和排放指数增速很快,年均增幅分别达5.84%、7.66%和6.84%。西安市温室气体排放等级持续增高,16年间从较低等级(Ⅰc)上升为中下等级(Ⅱa),目前距应对气候变暖目标(Ⅰb)已高出两个亚级,温室气体排放增高的趋势不容忽视。 Abstract:Global warming caused by greenhouse gas emission may cause severe environmental and social problems. Greenhouse gas accounting has become a hotly debated research topic. Internationally, some research has been undertaken on greenhouse gas accounting and some progress has been made; however, there are many shortcomings in this field. The main problem is that current research is mainly focused on carbon emission, particularly carbon emission from fossil fuel combustion, and is less involved in carbon fixation and ways of assessing regional carbon emission levels. In addition, the actual emission figures for greenhouse gases nationally and regionally in China were unknown. Although much research relates to carbon emission, the results are difficult to compare owing to inconsistent research methods and standards. Xi'an City, a historical and cultural tourist city in China, lies in the radiation center of the Guan-Tian economic zone. It is the economic, cultural, education, manufacturing and high-tech industry hub of northwest China. Xi'an will be an international metropolis in China in the near future. However, research relating to the greenhouse gas footprint in Xi'an is scarce. In this paper, the author proposed an evaluation system for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission to the level of global benchmarking using the methods recommended by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the Chinese Guidelines for Provincial Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and using this a dynamic analysis of GHG emission and evaluation of the extent of GHG emission in Xi'an City was performed. The results showed that, from 1995 to 2011, GHG emission showed a rapidly rising trend in Xi'an City, increasing from 1207.16×104t to 3934.17×104t, which represented an average annual increase of 7.66%. The largest increase was for cement (an average annual increase of 11.75%), waste (8.77%) and energy (7.63%) GHG. Agricultural GHG emission showed an annual reduction of 1.74%, while forestry carbon sequestration showed an annual average increase of 3.56%. In a breakdown of emissions, energy GHG accounted for 80.13%-90.55%, cement GHG for 1.75%-7.49%, agricultural GHG for 1.86%-8.01%, forestry carbon sequestration for -2.58%—5.22%, and waste treatment GHG for 7.52%-16.38%. An increase in energy consumption is the main cause of the increase in GHG emission in Xi'an City, and forestry carbon sequestration capacity needs to be improved. In Xi'an City, the GHG emission per 10,000 Yuan GDP was constantly decreasing, and progress in the science and technology of carbon emission has continuously improved. The GHG emission per capita, per unit area and per carbon emission index has increased very quickly, showing an average annual increase of 5.84%, 7.66% and 6.84% respectively. The carbon emission state in Xi'an City has increased continually from a low level (Ⅰc) to a middle level (Ⅱa), which was an increase of two sub-grades and which was two grades higher than the target set for the control of global climate warming. The increasing trend in carbon emission cannot be ignored. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants

Besides its great potential in controlling water pollution from different sources, wastewater treatment system generates significant amount of greenhouse gases. Hence, reducing the emission of greenhouse gases from the wastewater treatment plants is the major concern. The correct understanding and estimation of the greenhouse gases emitted from different points of the plant is essential to tackle this challenge. This research has attempted to evaluate and quantify the emissions of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the wastewater treatment system. Anaerobic wastewater treatment is more environmental friendly treatment technology than aerobic treatment due to its low solids generation rate, low energy consumption and the production of a usable biogas. In this study, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories are followed for calculating GHG emissions from wastewater treatment plants. This paper discusses the GHG emissions for wastewater treatment and compares the environmental benefits and GHG contributions of anaerobic and aerobic treatment technologies.

Carbon Footprint and Mitigation of Vegetables Produced at Open Fields and Film House using Life Cycle Assessment

This study was carried out to find out major factors to mitigate carbon emission using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). System boundary of LCA was confined from sowing to packaging during vegetable production. Input amount of agri-materials was calculated on 2007 Income reference of white radish, chinese cabbage and chive produced at open field and film house published by Rural Development Administration. Domestic data and Ecoinvent data were used for emission factors of each agri-material based on the 1996 IPCC guideline. Carbon footprint of white radish was 0.19 kg CO₂ kg -1 at open fields, 0.133 kg CO₂ kg -1 at film house, that of chinese cabbage was 0.22 kg CO₂ kg -1 at open fields, 0.19 kg CO₂ kg -1 at film house, and that of chive was 0.66 kg CO₂ kg -1 at open fields and 1.04 kg CO₂ kg -1 at film house. The high carbon footprint of chive was related to lower vegetable production and higher fuel usage as compared to white radish and Chinese cabbage. The mean proportion of carbon emission was 35.7% during the manufacturing byproduct fertilizer; white radish at open fields was 50.6%, white radish at film house 13.1%, Chinese cabbage at outdoor 38.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 34.0%, chive at outdoor 50.6%, and chive at film house 36.0%. Carbon emission, on average, for the step of manufacturing and combustion accounted for 16.1% of the total emission; white radish at open fields was 4.3%, white radish at film house 15.6%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 6.9%, Chinese cabbage at film house 19.0%, chive at open fields 12.5%, and chive at film house 29.1%. On the while, mean proportion of carbon footprint for the step of N₂O emission was 29.2%; white radish at open fields was 39.2%, white radish at film house 41.9%, Chinese cabbage at open fields 34.4%, Chinese cabbage at film house 23.1%, chive at open fields 28.8%, and chive at film house 17.1%. Fertilizer was the primary factor and fuel was the secondary factor for carbon emission among the vegetables of this study. It was suggested to use Heug-To-Ram web-service system, http://soil.rda.go.kr, for the scientific fertilization based on soil testing, and for increase of energy efficiency to produce low carbon vegetable.

Field assessment of semi-aerobic condition and the methane correction factor for the semi-aerobic landfills provided by IPCC guidelines

According to IPCC guidelines, a semi-aerobic landfill site produces one-half of the amount of CH4 produced by an equally-sized anaerobic landfill site. Therefore categorizing the landfill type is important on greenhouse gas inventories. In order to assess semi-aerobic condition in the sites and the MCF value for semi-aerobic landfill, landfill gas has been measured from vent pipes in five semi-aerobically designed landfills in South Korea. All of the five sites satisfied requirements of semi-aerobic landfills in 2006 IPCC guidelines. However, the ends of leachate collection pipes which are main entrance of air in the semi-aerobic landfill were closed in all five sites. The CH4/CO2 ratio in landfill gas, indicator of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition, ranged from 1.08 to 1.46 which is higher than the values (0.3–1.0) reported for semi-aerobic landfill sites and is rather close to those (1.0–2.0) for anaerobic landfill sites. The low CH4+CO2% in landfill gas implied air intrusion into the landfill. However, there was no evidence that air intrusion has caused by semi-aerobic design and operation. Therefore, the landfills investigated in this study are difficult to be classified as semi-aerobic landfills. Also MCF of 0.5 may significantly underestimate methane emissions compared to other researches. According to the carbon mass balance analyses, the higher MCF needs to be proposed for semi-aerobic landfills. Consequently, methane emission estimate should be based on field evaluation for the semi-aerobically designed landfills.

Can recent pan-tropical biomass maps be used to derive alternative Tier 1 values for reporting REDD+ activities under UNFCCC?

The IPCC Guidelines propose 3 Tier levels for greenhouse gas monitoring within the forest land category with a hierarchical order in terms of accuracy, data requirements and complexity. Due to missing data and/or capacities, many developing countries, potentially interested in the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation scheme, have to rely on Tier 1 default values with highest uncertainties. A possible way to increase the credibility of uncertain estimates is to apply a conservative approach, for which standard statistical information is needed. However, such information is currently not available for the IPCC values. In our study we combine a recent global forest mask, an ecological zoning map and the pan-tropical AGB datasets of Saatchi and Baccini to derive mean forest AGB values per ecological zone and continent as well as their corresponding confidence intervals. Such analysis can be considered transparent as the datasets/methodologies are well documented. Our study leads to alternative Tier 1 values and allows the application of statistically-based conservative approaches. Our AGB estimates derived from Saatchi and Baccini datasets are 35% and 24% lower respectively than the IPCC values. When restricting the analysis to intact forest landscapes resulting ABG estimates derived from Saatchi and Baccini datasets get closer to the IPCC values with 13% and 1% differences respectively (underestimation). This suggests that the IPCC default values are mainly based on plots in mature forest stands. However, as tropical forests generally consist of a mixture of intact and degraded stands, the use of IPCC values may not properly reflect the reality. Finally, we propose to use the average composite of the Saatchi and Baccini datasets to produce improved alternative IPCC Tier 1 values. The values derived from such approach can easily be updated when newer and/or improved pan-tropical AGB maps will be available.