Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Valorization of pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaves as a source of polyphenols by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction: Comparison with other extraction methods and bioactivity evaluation

This study aimed to valorize pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) leaves as a rich source of polyphenols through the application of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE). Initially, the ILMAE process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM), resulting in a total polyphenols yield of 27.84 ± 0.33 mg GAE/g DW under the optimal conditions: [BMIM]Br concentration of 0.57 mol/L, extraction time of 14 min, microwave power of 460 W, extraction temperature of 77 °C, solvent-to-material ratio of 30 mL/g, and three extraction cycles. Compared to conventional methods such as maceration extraction (ME), heat reflux extraction (HRE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), the ILMAE method exhibited a significantly higher PLTP yield. Furthermore, the PLTP extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity against DPPH• and ABTS+• radicals, as well as a significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase activity. This work demonstrates that ILMAE is a green and efficient strategy for the valorization of pawpaw leaves.

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of protein from Nannochloropsis sp. biomass

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of protein from Nannochloropsis sp. biomass

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of lipid and eicosapentaenoic acid from Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass: experimental optimization approach

Lipids and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) compounds from Nannochloropsis oceanica biomass were extracted using a combination of ionic liquids (ILs) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). When compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction, the proposed novel approach in this paper successfully improved both the yield of total extracted lipids and the EPA content. The effect of selected extraction parameters including the weight of applied IL (tetramethyl ammonium chloride: [TMAm][Cl]) (0.5–2.5 g), reaction temperature (60–100 °C), and process time (5–30 min) on final products was evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal values of parameters were determined and three-dimensional response surfaces were plotted from the mathematical models and discussed. The yield of total extracted lipids and the content of EPA were found 19.58 wt% (g g−1 of total biomass) and 37.919 mg g−1 of total FAME respectively, when the extraction process was accomplished in 24.69 min at 88.18 °C and with 1.65 g of ILs. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied in the analysis of experimental data and the R2 of 0.9506 and 0.9517 for total lipid and EPA models, respectively, show that the experimental findings were well aligned with the predicted values. Furthermore, at similar condition, the extraction process was replicated using two other types of ILs namely [EMIM][Cl] and [EMPyrro][Br] to extract the total lipid and EPA. The results showed that [TMAm][Cl] performed better in extracting compounds from microalgae. Based on the findings, this study shows that the combination of ILs mediated in water-based MAE is an environmentally friendly, reliable, and efficacious approach to enhance the extraction of lipids and EPA from N. oceanica with considerable potential to be up-scaled for commercial applications.

Effect of imidazolium ionic liquids as microwave absorption media for the intensification of microwave-assisted extraction of Citrus sinensis peel essential oils

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE-IL) has been applied for the separation of essential oils (EOs) from Citrus sinensis var. Valencia peels. Two imidazolium ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([C2mim]OAc) and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl), were investigated for extraction efficiency, thermal behavior of the process, and chemical composition of the EOs obtained. During extractions, two different concentrations of ionic liquids (ILs) were studied (5% or 10 %), and the proposed MAE-IL was evaluated in comparison with usual microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) using water as solvent. Results indicated that both concentrations of ILs influenced EO extraction, thermal behavior, and chemical composition. However, [C2mim]OAc was more efficient, increasing extraction velocity by 10 times, enhancing extraction efficiency of EOs (39 %), and increasing the presence of oxyterpene compounds in the EOs. However, the great ability of ILs to interact with microwaves had an impact on the thermal history of the sample, reaching almost 110 °C, promoting the presence of compounds related to thermal effect.

Extraction of Quercetin from Nothopanax scutellarium Leaves via Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction

Extraction of Quercetin from Nothopanax scutellarium Leaves via Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction on brazilin levels from sappan wood and its dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition activity

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction on brazilin levels from sappan wood and its dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition activity

Design of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclea barbata Miers. and its lipoxygenase inhibitory activity

Design of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Cyclea barbata Miers. and its lipoxygenase inhibitory activity

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of Heneicos-1-ene from coriander foliage and optimizing yield parameters by response surface methodology

In this study, an efficient ionic liquid (IL)-based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) was employed for the extraction of Heneicos-1-ene from coriander foliage. Quantification of Heneicos-1-ene was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. Parameters affecting extraction such as material to solvent ratio (1:10, 1:15, and 1:20), types of IL ([CH3(CH2)3]4NF, [BMIM][PF6], [BMIM][BF4], and [C6H5]4P[Br]), concentration of IL (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 M), microwave power (200, 500, and 800 W), extraction temperature (50, 70, and 90 °C) and extraction time (2, 6, and 10 min) were evaluated. Response surface methodology was applied to determine the optimum levels of these parameters to get maximum yield. The optimal conditions were achieved at 800 W, 90 °C for 2 min at a material to solvent ratio of 1:10 using 0.1 M solution of [BMIM][BF4], to get maximum predicted yield of Heneicos-1-ene (412.8 mg/100 g) as against 408.5 ± 1.14 mg/100 g for experimental value with 0.991 correlation coefficient. IL-MAE resulted in 5.85 times higher yield as compared to the conventional method (69.77 ± 1.8 mg/100 g).

A PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO SKIN PENETRATION OF MORUS ALBA ROOT EXTRACT NANOEMULSION

Objective: White mulberry (Morus alba) root extract has terpenoid, flavonoid, and stilbene compounds. The stilbenes, oxyresveratrol and resveratrol, have antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Nanocarriers can help active ingredients to be delivered in a more efficient manner. The advantages of nanoemulsion on products include increased penetration, biocompatibility, and low toxicity due to its non-ionic properties and have the ability to combine the properties of lipophilic and hydrophilic active ingredients. The objective of this study was to prepare, characterize, and evaluate the in vitro skin penetration of M. alba root extract nanoemulsion.
 Methods: The M. alba root extract was prepared by ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction method. Nanoemulsion was optimized and prepared using virgin coconut oil (VCO), Tween 80, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) by aqueous phase-titration method to construct pseudoternary phase diagram. M. alba root extract nanoemulsion was characterized for droplet size, viscosity, zeta potential, and physical stability tests for 12 weeks. In vitro skin penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was determined by the Franz diffusion cell and was compared by macroemulsion preparation, then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method.
 Results: Based on pseudoternary phase diagram, nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract contained of 2% VCO and 18% mixture of surfactant Tween 80 and PEG 400 (1:1) was chosen. Nanoemulsion has average globule size of 81.61 nm, with polydispersity index 0.22, and potential zeta −1.56 mV. The cumulative penetration of oxyresveratrol from nanoemulsion was 55.86 μg/cm2 with flux of 6.53 μg/cm2/h, while regular emulsion was 32.45 μg/cm2 with flux of 3.5501 μg/cm2/h.
 Conclusion: Nanoemulsion of white mulberry root extract was penetrated deeper than regular emulsion.

Imidazolium-based ionic liquids with inorganic anions in the extraction of salidroside and tyrosol from Rhodiola: The role of cations and anions on the extraction mechanism

The role of cations and anions of imidazolium ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction system for salidroside and tyrosol of Rhodiola was investigated. To evaluate eight kinds of imidazolium-based ionic liquid with different cations and anions on molecule level, the geometries of related IL molecules and target extracts were optimized by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) level. Electrostatic potential (ESP) distributions of these molecules above are identified in the water modeled by the polarizable continuum model. The theoretical and experimental analysis shows there is some correlation between the characteristic values of ESP distribution and extraction yield. The more similar the ESP distribution of ILs are to salidroside and tyrosol, the higher the extraction yields are. Wider variability of ESP is beneficial to extraction. The main role of cations is interaction with extract molecules by its positive ESP regions. So the cations influence the solubility of extracts by the molecular interaction. Unlike the cations, the types of anions can affect the structure of the cell wall. The ILs with Br anion have greater ability to dissolve cellulose and break the cell wall, which made the target components within the cell could effectively dissolve. Due to the differing function of cations and anions of ILs, the ionic liquid-based MAE could provide higher extraction yields and take much shorter extraction time than conventional organic solvents.

Molecular modeling of 4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carbonitrile and octahydrocyclopenta[b]pyrrole-2-carbonitrile as a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) inhibitor

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction on brazilin levels from sappan wood and its dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition activityIslamudin Ahmad, Erwi Putri Setyaningsih, Ayun Erwina Arifianti, Fadlina Chany Saputri, Abdul Mun’im

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of verbascoside from Rehmannia root

Rehmannia root is widely used as drug and functional food in East Asia and verbascoside content is the main quality control index of Rehmannia root because of its pharmacological activities; thus a fast, and environmentally-benign extraction method of verbascoside from Rehmannia root is a much-needed project. In this work, an ionic liquid (IL)-based microwave-assisted method for the extraction of verbascoside from Rehmannia root was proposed and the driving forces underlying the extraction processes were also explored. Several ILs with different cations and anions and the parameters of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), including extraction time, the IL concentration, liquid-solid ratio, and microwave irradiation power, were investigated. Experimental results indicated that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity of ILs, π–π stacking between ILs and verbascoside, and steric hindrance effect were the fundamental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency. The IL, 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bemim]Cl) showed the highest extraction ability, thus it was selected as the optimal solvent. Meanwhile the optimized extraction conditions were 30 g g–1 of liquid-solid ratio, 0.3 mol L–1 of [Bemim]Cl, 210 W of microwave irradiation power, and 10 s of extraction time. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the extraction yields of verbascoside from fresh, dried, and processed Rehmannia roots were 0.92, 0.34, and 0.22 mg g–1, respectively. Compared with conventional heating reflux extraction and Soxhlet extraction, the IL-based MAE was an efficient and rapid method (extraction time was only 10 s) with simple sample preparation.

Separation of the main flavonoids and essential oil from seabuckthorn leaves by ultrasonic/microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation extraction.

Volatile essential oils (EOs), non-volatile rutin (RU), quercetin (QU), kaempferol (KA) and isorhamnetin (IS) were effectively extracted and isolated from seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves by ionic liquid-based ultrasound/microwave-assisted simultaneous distillation extraction (ILUMASDE). After optimization by response surface methodology, EOs, RU, QU, KA and IS were separated under the following optimum conditions: an ionic liquid of 1.0 M 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazole bromine salt ([C4mim]), liquid/solid ratio of 12 ml g−1, extraction time of 34 min, microwave power of 540 W and a fixed ultrasonic power of 50 W. Under the optimized conditions of ILUMASDE, the extraction yields of RU, QU, KA, IS and EOs were 9.18 ± 0.35, 5.52 ± 0.23, 3.03 ± 0.11, 5.64 ± 0.24 mg g−1 and 0.095 ± 0.004%, respectively. The yield of EOs obtained using ILUMASDE was 1.07-fold higher than that obtained by conventional hydrodistillation extraction (HDE). In addition, the components of the EOs obtained using ILUMASDE and HDE were similar. The extraction yields of RU, QU, KA, IS obtained by ILUMASDE were 1.03–1.35-fold higher than that obtained by the ethanol ultrasonic-assisted extraction (EUAE), ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (ILUAE) and ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE). And the extraction time used by ILUMASDE was 34 min, which is 14.17%, 56.67%, 56.67% and 85.00% less than those used by HDE, EUAE, ILUAE and ILMAE, respectively. Therefore, ILUMASDE can be considered a rapid and efficient method for extracting flavonoids and EO from seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoids L.) leaves.

Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction: Fast and green extraction method of secondary metabolites on medicinal plant

Background: Ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) is one of the non-conventional extraction methods that has been developed and applied in recent years. Some studies have reported the success of this approach for extracting the target compound (secondary metabolites) from medicinal plants optimally. Objective: This review paper aimed to provide detail information about the application of the IL-MAE method as a fast and green extraction of a secondary metabolite from the medicinal plant. Materials and Methods: The literature published on IL-MAE was searched and collected using online resources from the electronic databases including Google Scholar, DOAJ, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. Results: This review highlights the role of IL as a green solvent, the basic principles, mechanisms of MAE, and its utilization of natural product extraction. Furthermore, this review explained about the application of the IL-MAE method to extract secondary metabolite (particularly the targeted compound) from a medicinal plant, and a brief extraction mechanism of IL-MAE using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Conclusion: The application of IL-MAE method has successfully performed to extract the targeted secondary metabolite from a natural product, where the extraction process to be rapid, efficient, and green.

Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-Assisted Extraction (Il-MAE) of Oxyresveratrol from Morus alba Roots

Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-Assisted Extraction (Il-MAE) of Oxyresveratrol from Morus alba Roots

A Novel Approach towards Green Extraction for Glycyrrhitinic Acid by Ionic Liquid Based Microwave Assisted Extraction and Optimization through Response Surface Methodology

Background: Extraction process plays an important role in extraction of herbal bioactive components. Ionic liquid based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) has the potential to yield maximum analytes from the crude drugs in shorter time period with less solvent consumption and greater efficiency. Objective: The present study aimed to develop new protocol of Ionic Liquids based Microwave-assisted Extraction (ILs-MAE) of glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice; optimization of the protocol through RSM and comparison of IL-MAE with conventional extraction techniques like maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Materials and Methods: A novel ionic liquid-based microwave assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method was carried out for glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra using ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride ([bmim]Cl) and optimized by response surface methodology. The variable microwaveassisted extraction parameters selected were concentration of [bmim]Cl, extraction time and microwave power while solid-liquid ratio and extraction temperature were kept constant. Response surface methodology was applied for developing, improving and optimizing the whole process and comparison of IL-MAE with maceration and soxhlation by HPTLC. Results: The yield of glycyrrhitinic acid was found to be 0.48 % w/w in maceration in 7 days, 0.76 % in soxhlation in 3 h and 2.54 % w/w in IL-MAE in 4 min. Conclusion: IL- MAE of glycyrrhitinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra was proved to be better in respect of extraction efficiency, time and quantity of solvent used. Meanwhile, there was great reduction in the environmental pollution by using the green solvents/ ionic liquids (ILs), which is a great benefit to all.

Application of Ionic Liquid as a Green Solvent for Polyphenolics Content Extraction of Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth Herb

Objective: The aims of the study was to explore the application effect of ionic liquid as a green solvent in the polyphenolics content extraction from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs using 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl). Methods: The polyphenolics content extraction was performed by using the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) method with some extraction parameters, including extraction time, microwave power, ratio liquid-solid, and ionic liquid concentration. The yields of total polyphenolic content were examined using a microplate reader 96 well method, and the extraction mechanism was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The results showed that the effect of ionic liquid on the yield of total polyphenolics content, including 18.287 μg GAE/g (0.7 mol/l [BMIM]Cl concentration, 14 ml/l liquid-solid ratio, and 270 Watts microwave power for 10 minutes), and 15.734 μg GAE/g (0.7 mol/l [BMIM] Br concentration, 14 ml/l liquid-solid ratio, and 270 Watts microwave power for 15 minutes), whereas the SEM demonstrated the extraction mechanism with significant physical changes in matrix sample after treatment using different solvents. Conclusion: Application of green chemistry principles using an ionic liquid as a green solvent for the polyphenolic extraction of P. pellucida herbs to be rapid, easy, and efficient. Key words: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth, total polyphenolic content, ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Microwave‐Assisted Extraction from Polygonum minus and Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

A green biogenic, nontoxic, high‐yielding synthetic method is introduced for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ionic‐liquid‐based, microwave‐assisted extraction (ILMAE) from Polygonum minus. The aqueous ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl)‐based plant extract was used as reducing agent to reduce silver ions to AgNPs. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectrophotometry. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra showed that the plant bioactive compounds capped the AgNPs. The particle size and morphology of Ag NPs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. Elemental analysis was carried out by energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Photodegradation studies showed that the AgNPs degraded 98% of methylene blue in 12 min.

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) kunth using response surface methodology

ObjectiveTo optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. MethodsThe IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. ResultsBased on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concentration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) as a solvent was selected. The regression model was obtained to predicts the yields from Peperomia pellucida: Y = 30.250 – 1.356X1 + 2.655X2 + 2.252X3 – 0.565X4 + 0.990 X1X3 – 8.172 X1X4 – 3.439 X3X4 – 4.178 X12 – 3.210 X32 – 6.786 X42 – 7.290 X12X3 + 5.575 X1X32 – 4.843 X32X4 with R2 = 0.82519. Scale-up confirmation test was obtained the maximum yields of total polyphenolics content with the amount of 31.1725 μg GAE/g. ConclusionsThe IL-MAE method produced a higher extraction polyphenolic and performed rapidly, easily and efficiently.

Comparative assessment of various extraction approaches for the isolation of essential oil from polygonum minus using ionic liquids

The recent trend of green consumerism in the modern society has triggered the use of plant-derived chemicals in the food, cosmetics, and fragrance industries. Ionic liquids emerged as an effective solvent for extraction of bioactive compounds from numerous plant resources. The objective of this research was to study the ionic liquid-assisted extraction of essential oil from polygonum minus and to compare the impact of various processing methods such as; microwave, ultrasonic, reflux and mechanical stirring on the yield of essential oil. Ionic liquids with various anions (NTf2, Cl, and Ac) and cations (AMIM, BMIM, and HMIM) were investigated. The performance of these ionic liquids was also compared with the organic solvent such as toluene, pentane, and hexane. The results indicated the cationic and anionic components exhibit remarkable impact on the extraction efficiency of the respective ionic liquids. In addition different processing parameter including extraction time, concentration and solid-liquid ratio were also optimized for all processing techniques employed. The use of Clevenger apparatus in combination with the ionic liquids based various processing techniques was also explored. The combination of Clevenger apparatus with ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (ILMAE) technique showed the highest extraction efficiency of essential oil under the optimized condition of 21min and 60°C using [AMIM] Ac. We believe the present work would open for a new pathway for ILs based green extraction of a natural product from renewable resources.