Displaced Persons Research Articles

Ethnodevelopment and post-conflict: new challenges for the social construction of habitat with territorial justice in the Afro-Colombian Caribbean

ABSTRACT In Colombia, the ethnic and rural communities’ defense of their territories poses a complex and urgent challenge, even after the protracted peace process that culminated in the 2016 havana accords. With the uncertainties of the current post-conflict scenario, regulations and framework initiatives have generated an important debate that affects community life. The complexity of the Caribbean region involves historical, ethnic claims in the Montes de María, a place of permanent social struggle, where armed conflict has provoked intense forced displacement. This research encompasses the collective processes of territorial affirmation in this region. It investigates the scope, impact, and development of life plans by the Afro-Colombian community councils, as effective governance mechanisms that allow communities to remain in their territory with dignity. The author asserts that life plans based on Participatory Action Research (PAR) are an alternative to the development plans proposed by the government, as they suggest territorial affirmation from an ethnic differential approach and enable social renewal. This case study proposes a methodology to support communities in developing life plans, a process that can be replicated in similar contexts.

Seeking Refuge in South Africa: Navigating Power, Healing, and Co‐Creation in Body‐Mapping Processes

This article refines the participatory body‐mapping process drawing insights from a preparatory workshop in South Africa, the country of origin of the method. Widely used in trauma‐informed research, body‐mapping as an art‐based method enables participants to express embodied experiences through non‐verbal storytelling. Responding to critiques of its cultural appropriation by the Global North, we engaged with scholars working with marginalised populations and/or in challenging research contexts to reflect on this participatory methodology. This article details their insights on how to conduct body‐mapping research as a contextually grounded tool and sensitive to marginalised populations. The article reconstitutes body‐mapping as a relational and dynamic method where bodies, spaces, and emotions interact to co‐create knowledge. This process reshapes power dynamics between researchers and participants, transforming body‐mapping into a collective space for healing and resistance. Rooted in the South African context, the research honours the method’s origins while actively exploring ethical ways to expand its potential for future use in forced migration research.

Вимушена міграція у сфері міжнародного права

Abstract. The article deals with forced migration in the field of international law. The object of the study is social relations that are formed in the process of legal support of forced migration, legal regulation of the status of refugees and asylum seekers. The subject of the study are the norms of international treaties and conventions of the United Nations, norms of primary and secondary law of the European Union, which regulate the status of forced migrants, internally displaced persons, displaced persons, refugees and asylum seekers. The methods used in the research are: historical, general methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural approaches, comparative legal, some special and private, as well as formal legal methods. It is noted that the analysis of legal and political acts of the United Nations allows us to assert the formation of an independent direction of international organizations - the field of forced migration and the general international system of asylum and protection. The legal regulation of forced migration is a complex set of norms, principles and institutions that directly or indirectly affect the functioning of the general asylum system and its elements. The array of international legal norms in the field of forced migration can be characterized as a separate independent sub-branch of migration law that regulates heterogeneous social relations that arise and develop in connection with the involuntary nature of migration of foreign citizens or stateless persons, including: in the field of content legal status of migration, determination of those responsible for consideration of requests for international or supplementary protection, reception and accommodation of migrants crossing borders, control and protection in the field of external borders in the context of forced migration. Keywords: human rights and freedoms; migrant; refugee; ecological migrant; protection; legal status.

Ukrainian DP Publications at the New York Public Library

ABSTRACT This research paper delves into the New York Public Library’s collection of publications from Ukrainian Displaced Persons (DP) camps, spotlighting the significant contributions of distinguished Ukrainian figures. By exploring the origins of works by notable individuals such as Ivan Bahriany and Iar Slavutych, the paper unveils the diaspora’s endeavors in preserving Ukrainian heritage through literature amid the challenges following World War II. Thanks to the generous donations and acquisitions from Ukrainian immigrants, these collections stand as a vivid testament to the Ukrainian diaspora’s cultural resilience and enduring intellectual legacy.

Food insecurity among displaced populations in Armenia during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resulted in displacement of approximately 90,000 ethnic Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, exacerbating existing vulnerabilities in the region. This study investigated food insecurity among displaced populations and host communities in Armenia during the conflict. This study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data obtained from the 2020 REACH ARM Database Multi-Sector Needs Assessment (MSNA), which was conducted across six Armenian provinces. The original data collection was designed to assess humanitarian needs in Armenia in the aftermath of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. In this analysis, we examined the associations between displacement status and two outcomes of interest: the household's ability to purchase food and reduced portion sizes. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed for each food security outcome. The study sample included 1,309 households, with most male heads (68.1%), an age distribution mostly under 50 years (81.2%), a majority having general education (55.7%) and higher education (22.8%), and 74.0% not employed. 134 households (10.2%) were displaced and staying in collective centers, 658 households (50.3%) were displaced and staying with family or friends, and 517 households (39.5%) that were not displaced but hosting displaced people. Displaced individuals staying in collective centers had 3.89 times higher odds of reporting a reduced ability to purchase food compared to non-displaced individuals (aOR: 3.89, CI: 2.396.45). Additionally, displaced individuals staying with friends or family had 2.5 times higher odds of experiencing food purchasing difficulties (aOR: 2.53, 95% CI: 1.87-3.42). Households in debt and those with children and lactating women also faced higher food insecurity risks. Similarly, displaced individuals in collective centers had 1.94 times the odds of reducing portion sizes (aOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.12-3.29). Female-headed households and households with lactating women also experienced higher rates of portion size reduction, while higher-income households were less likely to face such issues. Our findings underscore the critical need for targeted humanitarian interventions to address food insecurity among displaced populations in conflict settings. Displaced individuals, especially those in collective centers, faced higher risks of food insecurity, compounded by household vulnerabilities such as debt, children, and lactating women. Female-headed households were particularly affected, necessitating gender-sensitive humanitarian interventions.

The relational model of sense of coherence: explaining refugees’ mental health and well-being in Austria

Purpose This paper aims to construct a model explaining migrant health and well-being from a salutogenic perspective. Accounting for the relational, interactional factors impacting on the health of forced migrants, the “Relational Model of Sense of Coherence” combines elements from Antonovsky’s theory of salutogenesis with elements from Honneth’s theory of recognition. Design/methodology/approach The model has been developed from the empirical findings of a two-year qualitative study with 28 forced migrants in Austria. Besides initial and final surveys on the participants’ perception of health, health literacy and participation, data were gathered in a qualitative, participatory action research setting and analysed by the method of interpretative case reconstruction. The model is applied to the case reconstruction of a female refugee from Iraq explaining the dimensions impacting on her self-perceived status of health and well-being. Findings Next to consistency/comprehensibility and load balance/manageability persons need to experience participation/controllability as well as relatedness/self-confidence, recognition of rights/self-respect and social recognition/self-esteem to develop and/or maintain a strong, relational sense of coherence. All six dimensions contribute to feelings of meaningfulness; all components are necessary for a move towards the healthy end of the health-ease/dis-ease continuum. Originality/value The paper contributes to theory building in the fields of salutogenesis and recognition by developing a model based on an in-depth, participatory qualitative study with a vulnerable target group.

Ecologies of De/colonization: Embodied Caribbean Diasporic Perspectives

In this photo essay, we take readers through ecologies of de/colonization that we engage with in our creative methodology of walking and talking. As academics called upon to do equity, diversity and decolonization work in colonial institutions, we reflect on our location in lək̓ʷəŋən and W̱SÁNEĆ lands (“Victoria, BC, Canada”) and the circuits that extend to the Caribbean archipelago of our origins and families (Borikén/Puerto Rico and Jamaica). We take up the tasks of collectively reflecting on how to care for our communities and for each other in an interconnected world amidst socio-ecological crisis. Our method that emerged during the pandemic is specific to our embodiments “here” as settlers of Caribbean roots whose family histories “there” include both complicity with and domination by colonization, trans-Atlantic enslavement, and forced migration. We are attempting to learn, as we hold the messiness of institutions who want straightforward paths to remediate racism, colonization, and the like. Our walking and talking follow a meandering and re-visiting process prompted by our institutional contexts and circumstances, and also by serendipity, surprise and beauty offered through non-human elements on our walks. The photos evidence these moments and the connections to “here-there” in ecologies of de/colonization. We invite readers on our circuitous paths that involve deconstructing, and building or affirming, noticing, following literal paths and those in scholarly-activist circles. In the creative process of drawing relations of the here-there, and attending to serendipity, ancestral spirit, and more-than-human agency, we witness and imagine worlds otherwise (King et al., 2020). These circuitous roots and routes offer possibilities of reckoning, repairing and re-worlding.

The Development of Disaster Risk Map for Semeru Volcano Eruption 2021-2022, East Java, Indonesia

The Semeru Volcano eruption on December 4, 2021 caused damage to social, economic and environmental aspects. The Rejali Watershed (DAS) is one of the areas severely affected due to the eruption. The eruption resulted in 51 deaths, 10,565 displaced people, 1,027 houses damaged, two connecting routes and 43 public facilities damaged. This study mapped the disaster risk areas due to the eruption of Semeru Volcano. This research used Laharz to analyze the lava flow hazard map and weighting for social, economic, physical, environmental, and capacity vulnerability parameters. The results showed that the risk level of Semeru Volcano eruption is divided into three classes: high, medium, and low risk. The high-risk area is 8915.09 Ha (14 %), the medium-risk area is 2174.74 Ha (17 %), and the low-risk area is 1885.60 Ha (69%). The high and medium risks were located on the upper and middle slopes of the Rejali watershed because the upstream area experiences a narrowing of the river flow (bottleneck) due to direct borders with structural land. The Semeru Volcano disaster risk map results can be used as a reference in sustainable risk management efforts in the Rejali watershed to reduce the impact and damage caused by the eruption.

Changing patterns of family formation among internally displaced populations in Yemen: evidence from cross-sectional surveys

Introduction: Yemen has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the Middle East and North Africa region and is home to one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises. How the conflict and resulting displacement have impacted family formation patterns is not entirely clear. In this study, we investigate the impact of displacement on child marriage and early childbearing by comparing time-to-first-marriage and time-to-first-birth among displaced and non-displaced girls.MethodsWe used data collected through cross-sectional multistage stratified cluster household surveys in three governorates in Yemen with high concentrations of internally displaced persons (IDPs). Employing an analytic sample 1,861 girls aged 15–24, we compared entry into first marriage and time to first birth between IDPs and non-displaced persons using Kaplan Meier curves and Cox regressions.ResultsWe found high rates of child marriage in this population, with 37.8% and 34.5% of ever-displaced and never-displaced girls aged 20–24 married before age 18. Overall, those who were displaced had 30% higher hazard of overall marriage compared to their host counterparts (95% CI 1.16–1.47), and 23% increased hazard of child marriage (95%CI 1.01–1.51). Stratification by governorate revealed heterogeneity across governorates, with displaced populations at higher hazard of marriage in Aden and Maarib but not in Hadramout. We found that child brides and displaced participants were more likely to initiate earlier childbearing compared to non-child brides (HR = 3.44; 95% CI 2.94 4.0) and host counterparts (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.15–1.58). Despite generally having lower age at first birth, child brides experienced a 19% lower hazard of first birth after marriage compared to those married over 18, indicating that child brides tended to wait longer before first birth (95% CI 0.72–0.92). We did not find a significant association between displacement status and marriage to birth interval after adjusting for child marriage status.ConclusionOur results highlight the impact of forced displacement on time-to-first-marriage and suggest that those who are displaced are more vulnerable to child marriage. We did not find compelling evidence for child marriage driving an increase in early childbearing. Nonetheless, our findings highlight the need for interventions that focus on prevention and mitigation of child marriage in this setting, particularly among IDPs who are at increased vulnerability.

Mental Health and Psychosocial Adjustment in Ukrainian Refugee Children in Romania

<p dir="ltr"><span>In the context of Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, over 6.6 million people have sought refuge in Europe, with more than 1.6 million Ukrainians having arrived in Romania since the beginning of the conflict. Among them, approximately 83,748 individuals are still in the country, of which 30% are children (UNICEF, 2023). The exposure of children to war and military aggression can be viewed as a violation of their fundamental human rights. The impact of war and displacement can have negative consequences on young people, given that this stage is crucial for their physical, mental, and neural growth. Because of the distinct developmental phase they are in, children who are refugees of war are more vulnerable to experiencing psychological disorders. Within the context of forced migration, child refugees frequently encounter challenges related to isolation, community fragmentation, and cultural displacement. These circumstances often create substantial obstacles for children and young people seeking access to healthcare and mental health services. These hurdles encompass language barriers, mental health stigma, cultural beliefs surrounding mental well-being, and healthcare professionals lacking the necessary skills to effectively engage across diverse cultural contexts. Children and adolescents who have suffered significant war-related trauma may be handling these experiences in ways that complicate or impact their current self-image or their views of others and the surrounding world. </span></p><p dir="ltr"><span>This research aims to investigate the occurrence of mental health problems that interfere with social adaptation among young refugees who have recently resettled from Ukraine to Romania, in the municipality of Cluj-Napoca. The research data will be collected using the APS-SF tool for assessing psychopathology and problems interfering with psychosocial adjustment in adolescents aged 12-18 years and the Decision-Making Capacity Test that measures decision-making ability i.e. the ability to choose rationally between several available alternatives. The research targets 19 Ukrainian children and adolescents who are currently refugees in Cluj-Napoca, aged between 12 and 18 years old. </span></p><div><span><br /></span></div>

Theorising the ‘migration fix’: workerisation and exclusion in the European border regime

ABSTRACT The contemporary European border regime is shaped by an apparently paradoxical set of developments: while the securitisation of borders and the violent exclusion of displaced people intensifies, the demand for foreign workers is rapidly growing, driven by severe labour shortages across European economies. In this article, we develop the concept of the migration fix to study how different economic and political logics interact at the heart of European bordering and generate a range of new policies and practices. We theorise this concept drawing from the critical literature on racial capitalism, border studies and the political economy of migration, to understand how border regimes operate within broader logics of capitalist development and function as temporary and unstable fixes between different interests and tendencies, sustaining nativist political projects while creating opportunities for the exploitation of migrant labour. We develop this concept in relation to contemporary EU and member state policies in Germany, Italy and Greece, showing how a set of migration and border policies seek to reconcile business pressures for greater labour migration with the further securitisation of bordering, through the negotiation of partnerships with neighbouring countries and the drive towards what we term the workerisation of asylum seekers and refugees.

Return Intention Outcomes of Forced Migrants

Why do some forced migrants intend to remain in their new location, while others plan to return? The study is based on in-depth interviews and focus groups with forced migrants from South Asia in Greece in 2017 and collected 423 responses to open-ended questions from Ukrainian refugees in Germany in 2022. Through qualitative analysis and the aspiration-capability theoretical framework, the researchers identified the main return intention outcomes. They added to the analysis two main dimensions of coping with cultural trauma: place (direct or indirect return to origin-country or culture) and time (permanent or temporal). For Ukrainian refugees, return intention outcomes are defined by the image of their country of origin and the temporality of their status. For forced migrants from South Asia, returning intention outcomes are connected to risky and often illegal ways of reaching the EU, their asylum status, and their attempt to recreate their cultural practices in the destination country. Therefore, the findings of the study help develop an understanding of the study of forced migration under the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 of the United Nations. It would encourage researchers, policymakers and academicians to further research in the area of forced migration and refugees.

Boko Haram Insurgency and Environmental Degradation in the North-East Region of Nigeria, 2009-2021

The Boko Haram (BH) insurgency has attracted global attention because it has lingered for over ten years now and gory news of serial killings, ambushes of security personnel and convoys, abductions, internal displaced persons/refugee crisis, among others made the headlines. The BH insurgency has a devastating impact on the economy and society particularly in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa States where the security problem had been more pronounced. Bauchi, Gombe and Taraba States in the Northeast region of Nigeria and the neighbouring Republics of Niger, Chad and Cameroon have also been affected, having accommodated people fleeing the insurgency. While many displaced persons have settled in states other than that of their origin and may not go back, others with government support have started returning to their ancestral homes to start a new life. The BH insurgency, as with different aspects of the society, seriously affected the environment of a region that has been experiencing ecological degradation over time. The insurgency-induced environmental degradation in the Northeast region does make the headlines; little or nothing is reported or written about this aspect of the crisis. This paper attempts to examine the environmental impact of the insurgency in relation to the violent military engagements and the lifestyle of the displaced persons in and outside camps. The content of the paper is based on information generated largely from written material and some oral data.

Innovative strategies and implementation science approaches for health delivery among migrants in humanitarian settings: A scoping review.

Over 100 million displaced people rely on health services in humanitarian contexts, defined as unstable or transitory settings created in response to complex emergencies. While services are often described, there is a dearth of evidence on best practices for successful implementation to guide efforts to optimize health delivery. Implementation science is a promising but underutilized tool to address this gap. This scoping review evaluates implementation science in health services for forced migrants in humanitarian settings. We conducted a scoping review according to JBI methodologies. A search of eight databases yielded 7,795 articles, after removal of duplicates, that were screened using PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Data extraction assessed study descriptors, implementation objects, barriers, facilitators, implementation strategies, and use of implementation frameworks in service delivery. Data from 116 studies represented 37 countries and 11 topic areas. Methods were mainly cross-sectional with low-medium evidence rigor. Mental health programs (25%) and vaccination services (16%) were the most common objects of implementation. Thirty-eight unique barriers were identified including resource limitations (30%), health worker shortages (24%), and security risks (24%). Among 29 facilitators, the most common were health worker availability (25%), pre-existing partnerships (25%), and positive perceptions towards the intervention (20%). More than 90% of studies collectively identified 35 implementation strategies, the most common being capacity building (44%), stakeholder engagement (35%), information dissemination (38%), and feedback mechanisms (25%). Only 10 studies used formal implementation models, with RE-AIM (n = 3) and Intervention mapping (n = 2) being most frequent. In this scoping review, we found similar barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies across diverse humanitarian migrant settings and services. However, the use of rigorous methods and formal implementation models was rare. Frameworks included RE-AIM, CFIR, and Precede-Proceed. Increased use of implementation science frameworks and methods will help humanitarians more rigorously and systematically evaluate and develop best practices for implementation of health services for migrants in humanitarian settings.

Rabelais in the Whig World: Religious Persecution, Forced Migration and the Politics of Literary Translation in Post-Revolutionary England

Abstract: The commentary that Pierre Antoine Le Motteux (1663-1718) added to the English translations of Rabelais that he issued in 1694, in which he interpreted the comic episodes of Gargantua and Pantagruel as "satirical allegories" on historical events and personalities in sixteenth-century France, has been mocked by commentators from Alexander Pope to Mikhail Bakhtin as a narrow, philistine way to read literature. This article recovers the personal context of religious persecution and forced migration that shaped the approach to reading Rabelais of Motteux, a Huguenot refugee in post-Revolutionary London. It also recovers the public context in which Motteux's translation and commentary were composed and published, relating them to the principles espoused by leading Whig writers, publishers, and politicians. Finally, it is suggested that Motteux's approach to Rabelais as an allegory that can be deciphered with the correct historical "key" influenced notable instances in the eighteenth-century development of English comic fiction, including Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726) and Laurence Sterne's A Political Romance (1759).

Humanising and optimising HIV health care for refugees and asylum seekers.

Displaced populations living with HIV, including refugees and asylum seekers, face substantial challenges across various regions globally. The intersection of forced migration and HIV presents both shared challenges and region-specific differences. Key issues include little access to health care, pervasive stigma, discrimination, and disruptions in the continuity of HIV care. Refugees often encounter barriers such as legal, cultural, and economic disparities that impact their overall health outcomes. Although HIV prevalence differs across regions, displaced populations consistently face disproportionate challenges including high-risk environments and little health-care access. Addressing these challenges requires a focus on equitable health-care access, with both actionable local interventions and broader global policy changes and an emphasis on long-term sustainability. Reliable and continuous drug supplies, interagency collaboration, and holistic health-care approaches are essential. International collaboration, robust evidence generation, and comprehensive responses are urgently needed to address the complex interplay between forced migration and HIV among vulnerable populations.

The Chagos Archipelago: A limited victory for decolonization

The UK's October 2024 agreement to transfer sovereignty of the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius marks a turning point in Indian Ocean decolonization, though Mauritius must delegate control of Diego Garcia back to the UK for 99 years to maintain the US military base. This article traces the forced displacement of Chagossians from 1968‐1973 and their current responses as their future hangs in the balance. Despite promises of resettlement in parts of the archipelago, many Chagossians remain wary of their continued exclusion from decisions about their ancestral homeland. Their experiences reveal the human costs when military strategy outweighs indigenous rights.

THE NEW ATLANTEANS: FORCED MIGRATION, STATELESSNESS AND JUSTICE

With the well-documented predicted continuation of rising sea-levels as a result of man-made climate change over the next century, two interrelated issues have emerged in international law and global policy discussions: what to do about both those who are displaced due to climate change, those whose homelands are entirely physically eradicated due to climate change, and those whose homelands remain geographically/ physically intact but who nonetheless experience forced migrations, and what transnational duties exist in both cases. This article will explore the interrelated but separate nature of these two issues, and the salient features of appropriate transnational responses, particularly the gendered dimensions of forced migration in both cases. It builds upon the existing literature of statelessness, forced migration, displacement and gendered aspects of the transnational obligations in all of these, whilst forging new ground by advancing a new thesis for how the twentieth-century paradigms of forced migration and statelessness must be modified in the wake of this new reality, of climate-crisis-induced forced migration and statelessness.

CAUSES AND EFFECT OF COMMUNITY INSTABILITY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE PEOPLES OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA

This paper examines the causes and implications of Boko Haram insurgency on socio-economic activities of the people’s of Borno State, Nigeria. Available factors advanced in the process of the study helped understand what motivating people to join the Boko Haram sect in Borno State and other states of the North-eastern region of Nigeria. It is no longer a news that Boko Haram in the waves of their insurgency in Borno State recorded a killing of thousands of innocent’s people, while destroyed and burnt down government and public properties and infrastructures worth Billions of Naira. Besides, the Boko Haram continued indiscriminate attacks pushed millions of people to internally displaced persons camps and forced thousands of business men and women to abandon their businesses thereby created an unprecedented joblessness, hunger and abject poverty in Maiduguri Borno State. However, it is evident that schools of all level were temporarily closed in the mid of the insurgency for certain period, while public health centres were equally closed in some local government areas due to the pressure of the Boko Haram indiscriminate attacks and killings. All efforts by the security agents to cease the Boko Haram insurgency activities failed to yield positive result. However, little or no attention has been given to the negative consequences of the Boko Haram insurgency on socio-economic activities of the people of Borno State. Its against this backdrop, this paper is intended to study the implications of the Boko Haram insurgency activities on socio-economic activities of the peoples of Borno State. Five objectives, two hypotheses were raised to answer the study questions to comprehend the work. A qualitative research design is adopted using primary and secondary sources of data collection method to generates and adequate information on what influenced the peoples to pledges allegiance to Boko Haram sect, and to what extent the Boko Haram insurgency activities affected the peoples socio-economic activities. A purposive sampling technique is used to select the study respondents. The study target population was drawn from two senatorial districts of Borno State. Borno Central Senatorial District and Northern Borno Senatorial District respectively. Four local government areas were chosen from the two senatorial zones, two each, these are Maiduguri Metropolis, Bama LGA, Kukawa LGA and Mobbar LGA. A sampling size of 379 respondents were selected, 95 respondents from each of the four local government areas chosen. A descriptive statistic, mean and standard deviation as adopted using upper and lower limits of decision rate of 3.0 mean coupled with 5 Likert scale method were utilized to analyze the data and interpret the results. The results of the study revealed that the community instability caused by Boko Haram insurgency in Borno State has posed a serious threat to all sectors of human endeavors, includes, education, healthcare, agriculture and specifically paralyzed the socio-economic activities of the peoples of Borno State. The paper concluded that the damages have been done to almost all the sectors of human endeavors by the activities of Boko Haram insurgency hence the need for investing efforts to revive the areas affected, such as education, healthcare delivery, agriculture and so on. However, this paper is equally recommended that the local governments, state and federal government as well as national and international non-governmental organization and philanthropist should as a matter of urgency join hands together and assist the victims of the Boko Haram insurgency displaced from their business activities and ensuring that all affected sectors of human endeavor are effectively functioning. It is also recommended that government should come up with plan to regulates the affairs of both Islamic and Christianity to avoid radicalization of our growing youth in the future.

Resettlement, Employment, and Mental Health Among Syrian Refugee Men in Canada: An Intersectional Study Using Photovoice.

The impact of forced migration on the mental health of refugee men is far-reaching and compounded by gendered masculinity, which shapes men's access to employment and other resources. A gap in knowledge exists on the broader determinants of refugee men's mental health. Using community-based participatory action research and the arts-based method of photovoice, this study advances knowledge about the gendered impacts of forced migration from the perspective of (n = 11) Syrian refugee men in the Canadian context. Theoretical approaches of intersectionality and masculinity were applied to understand how power relations shape Syrian men's identities, their access to employment, and impacts on their mental health. Syrian men's identities were marginalized by working in low-wage jobs because of inequitable policies that favored Canadian experience and credentialing assessment processes that devalued their knowledge. Multiple and overlapping factors shaped Syrian men's mental health including language and literacy barriers, time and stage of life, isolation and loneliness, belonging and identity, and gender-based stress. Caring masculinities performed through fathering, cultural connection, and service-based work promoted agency, hope, and resilience. Public health and community-based pathways must adopt gender-responsive and intersectional approaches to policy and practice. Peer-based programs may mitigate harmful forms of masculinity and promote transformative change to support refugee men's mental health.