Inverse Translation Research Articles

Inverse Translation as a Pedagogical Tool in the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) Classroom

Inverse Translation as a Pedagogical Tool in the English for Specific Purposes (ESP) Classroom

Existence of positive solutions for generalized quasilinear Schrödinger equations with Sobolev critical growth

In this paper, we are devoted to establishing that the existence of positive solutions for a class of generalized quasilinear elliptic equations in R N with Sobolev critical growth, which have appeared from plasma physics, as well as high-power ultrashort laser in matter. To begin, by changing the variable, quasilinear equations are transformed into semilinear equations. The positive solutions to semilinear equations are then presented using the Mountain Pass Theorem for locally Lipschitz functionals and the Concentration-Compactness Principle. Finally, an inverse translation reveals the presence of positive solutions to the original quasilinear equations.

Bi-Directionality in English-Arabic-English translation of relativization

Bi directionality, a common practice in translation industry, refers to the transfer from L2 to L1 (direct translation) or L1 to L2 (inverse translation). Several studies have investigated relativization in direct or inverse translations, but few studies have considered relativization in the two translation directions. Following a hypothesis–based observational design, this study investigated the Arab undergraduates' performance on the direct and inverse translation of relativization. The study sample comprised undergraduates in the College of Languages and Translation (n = 36) and was divided into two groups (students of English and students of translation). The results showed statistically significant differences between students' performance on direct and on inverse translation (t (35) = 14.906, ≤0.05), indicating that inverse translation was more difficult than direct translation. The independent-sample t-test revealed that the students of translation outperformed the English students in direct and inverse translations. Despite the two groups' low performance on inverse translation, both considered that direct and inverse translations were equally 'somewhat difficult’. The paper concluded with suggestions that could guide the design of the translation courses and selecting teaching methods that could improve students’ translation of relativization.

Exploring the Pedagogical Potential of Monolingual Corpora in Inverse Translation Training

This article presents a comprehensive study that delves into the untapped potential of incorporating monolingual corpora as a strategic tool within translator training to enhance trainees’ proficiency in the challenging domain of inverse translation from Arabic to English. By shedding light on the pedagogical promise of monolingual corpora in inverse translation instruction, this research underscores the critical need to integrate this tool into translator training curricula, thereby amplifying the translation competencies of trainees. The central research inquiry is as follows: How does using a monolingual corpus enhance the performance of students engaged in inverse translation of collocations from Arabic to English within the context of political and media texts? The researchers focused on two groups of female students specializing in political and media translation at the College of Language Sciences, King Saud University. These groups, a control and an experimental one, were meticulously trained with different references—while the control group relied on conventional bilingual dictionaries, the experimental group employed monolingual corpora as their primary translation references—the assessment criterion centered on translating a newspaper text. The noteworthy outcome of this comparative analysis was that the experimental group consistently outperformed their counterparts in the control group by leveraging monolingual corpora. The findings from this research offer precise guidance to enhance the efficiency of translation training programs. Moreover, the study equips translators with essential skills and competencies and elevates the quality of translation training programs.

Translator Trainees’ Performance on Arabic–English Promotional Materials

Abstract Due to linguistic and cultural variations between the source language (SL) and the target language (TL), the tourism industry may struggle to communicate effectively with tourists from various linguistic and cultural backgrounds. The translation industry could contribute significantly to the growth of the tourism industry by removing linguistic and cultural barriers, facing those with different cultural and language backgrounds. Given this issue, this study targets 27 postgraduates enrolled in translation training programs at Saudi universities with an average age of M = 27.471 (SD = 4.8319) and examine their performance on inverse translation (Arabic to English). The authors use a translation task, a tourism-based knowledge questionnaire, and a scale of difficulty to gather the data. Findings reveal shortcomings in the postgraduates’ translation of the promotional translation material and adherence to the source text style. The participants’ responses to the questionnaire show a lack of know-what and know-how in tourism translation. Training in tourism translation and the design of tourism translation courses should be based on the interdisciplinary nature of the field in order to adequately prepare translator trainees for the tourism translation industry.

Dealing with Inverse Translation: Word Order in Spanish L1-English L2 Translated Texts

The aim of this article is to focus on the arrangement of words in phrase, clause and sentence structures in English discourse and its importance in achieving successful communication, for example, when doing inverse translation. Positioning syntax is considered as a contributing factor in the construction of expression of meaning in coherent and unified pieces of translated discourse. After several years of teaching inverse translation (Spanish-English) to proficient English L2 students, I have observed that for them mastering word order in Spanish L1-English L2 translated texts is extremely challenging and more complex than is often presumed; bringing awareness of this into the classroom is worthwhile. One of the main obstacles students must overcome when producing discourse in English is that of L1 interference; misapplication of the descriptive rules of word order in their own, or any other, language, will lead to stumbling blocks in the process of communication. By providing carefully selected samples of language for analysis, together with clear explanations, this article attempts to offer a practical approach to dealing with this aspect of grammar. For the purposes of illustration, Spanish, the source language in the examples included in the study, has been used for comparative reference.

Fill in the Blank: Transferrable Deep Learning Approaches to Recover Missing Physical Field Information.

Solving materials engineering tasks is often hindered by limited information, such as in inverse problems with only boundary data information or design tasks with a simple objective but a vast search space. To address these challenges, multiple deep learning (DL) architectures are leveraged to predict missing mechanical information given limited known data in part of the domain, and further characterize the composite geometries from the recovered mechanical fields for 2D and 3D complex microstructures. In 2D, a conditional generative adversarial network (GAN) is utilized to complete partially masked field maps and predict the composite geometry with convolutional models with great accuracy and generality by making precise predictions on field data with mixed stress/strain components, hierarchical geometries, distinct materials properties and various types of microstructures including ill-posed inverse problems. In 3D, a Transformer-based architecture is implemented to predict complete 3D mechanical fields from input field snapshots. The model manifests excellent performance regardless of microstructural complexity and recovers the entire bulk field even from a single surface field image, allowing internal structural characterization from only boundary measurements. The whole frameworks provide efficient ways for analysis and design with incomplete information and allow the direct inverse translation from properties back to materials structures.

Back to Direct Style: Typed and Tight

Translating programs into continuation-passing style is a well-studied tool to explicitly deal with the control structure of programs. This is useful, for example, for compilation. In a typed setting, there also is a logical interpretation of such a translation as an embedding of classical logic into intuitionistic logic. A naturally arising question is whether there is an inverse translation back to direct style. The answer to this question depends on how the continuation-passing translation is defined and on the domain of the inverse translation. In general, translating programs from continuation-passing style back to direct style requires the use of control operators to account for the use of continuations in non-trivial ways. We present two languages, one in direct style and one in continuation-passing style. Both languages are typed and equipped with an abstract machine semantics. Moreover, both languages allow for non-trivial control flow. We further present a translation to continuation-passing style and a translation back to direct style. We show that both translations are type-preserving and also preserve semantics in a very precise way giving an operational correspondence between the two languages. Moreover, we show that the compositions of the translations are well-behaved. In particular, they are syntactic one-sided inverses on the full language and full syntactic inverses when restricted to trivial control flow.

Inverse Translation Quality


 
 
 This paper aims to analyse the quality of inverse translation and to see whether or not trainee translators, such as undergraduate language students, can produce translations between foreign languages, and whether or not post-editing machine translation and translation memories, have any effect on the Malay students’ performance. Through error analysis approach, this paper also aims to reveal the contributing factors to the mistakes the students did in their translations and uncover the nature of Google Translate by identifying the recurring types of errors in the MT outputs. Results revealed that the translation technologies, particularly in the post-editing modified translation memories and machine translation tasks, helped the students improved the quality of their translations, suggesting that non-native speakers can be highly skilled professional translators with years of experience and proper training. Based on the error analysis, syntactic and lexical errors seem to be problematic in Google Translate in both Arabic-English and English-Arabic translations, implying that proper guidelines are crucial in post-editing so that post-editors can be aware of the potential recurrent errors and not overlook them. Also, the study identified that linguistic interference might have significantly influenced the students’ performance as the three languages differ from one another in many aspects. 
 
 

Design of a new multi-epitope peptide vaccine for non-small cell Lung cancer via vaccinology methods: an in silico study.

Lung cancer is the most common type of tumor worldwide. Non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is considered any epithelial cell-related lung cancer, which includes more than 85% of all lung cancer cases. NSCLC is less responsive to chemotherapy than SCLC. Therefore, the need for other treatments has become more pronounced and immunotherapy has gained increasing attention as a promising therapy in recent years. The current study aimed to design a multi-epitope peptide vaccine targeting main cancer/testis antigens of SP17, AKAP4, and PTTG1, which have a major function in tumor cell proliferation invasion. The protein vaccine was constructed using the rigorous immunoinformatics analysis and investigation of several immune system parameters, considering B cell epitopes and CD4 and CD8 induced epitopes as the most important cells to respond to cancer cells. Inverse translation and optimization of codons were performed to have the designed protein's cloning as well as expression potential in E.coli. Physicochemical, antigenic, and allergenic features were assessed to confirm the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. The secondary and tertiary structures were predicted. Finally, intrinsic disorder and 3D model refinement and validation were performed to eliminate structural problems. The designed construct had a stable structure that could be an antigen and stimulate the immune system and not be an allergen. The built model 3D structure was valid and stable. Further investigations are needed to approve the safety and immunogenic property of this new vaccine for NSCLC before it can be used in patients.

Projection hypothesis from the von Neumann-type interaction with a Bose-Einstein condensate

We derive the projection hypothesis in projective quantum measurement by restricting the set of observables. This projection hypothesis accompanies a bipartite system with the von Neumann-type interaction, which consists of a quantum mechanical system, with a meter variable to be measured, and a quantum field theoretically macroscopic extended object, that is, a spatiotemporally inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensate in quantum field theory with the quantum coordinate, that is, the zero-energy Goldstone mode(s) of the spontaneously broken global spatial translational symmetry. The key steps in the derivation are the return of the symmetry translation of this quantum coordinate to the inverse translation of the c-number spatial coordinate in quantum field theory and the reduction of quantum fluctuations to classical fluctuations with respect to the Goldstone mode(s) due to a superselection rule.

Adaptación y validación al español de la Escala de Empoderamiento Psicológico

Psychological empowerment is a construct with a multifaceted character composed of four basic cognitions (impact, competence, meaning, and self-determination), which goes beyond a simple delegation of power. The impact of empowerment in different fields of Psychology has been important due to the proven relations maintained with other well-founded psychological variables in the scientific literature, and because of the positive consequences on the results and well-being of people. Although there are different instruments for the measurement of this construct, the Psychological Empowerment Instrument (PEI) by Spreitzer (1995) has been traditionally the one most employed to measure the psychological empowerment in the area of Organizational Psychology, counting with more than one thousand publications, and articles as well as translations and adaptations to different languages. The original questionnaire elaborated by Spreitzer consists of 16 items organised in four factors following the four basic cognitions that were described above. Therefore, the aim of this article is the adaptation to Spanish, validation of the PEI, and to analyse its factor structure. In order to do so, two independent studies were carried out. The specific objective of the first study was to translate into Spanish and to adapt culturally such questionnaire. In the second study, the objective was to validate the resulting questionnaire and to analyse the factor structure and its goodness and with other psychological and organisational variables as well as the external validity in a sample of workers. In order to do so, in the first study it was carried out an inverse translation and adaptation to Spanish with a sample of 242 university students to subsequently analyse the factorial structure of the items and its reliability. The resulting translated questionnaire confirmed the factor structure in four dimensions (Competence, Meaning, Self-determination, and Impact), although the number of items was reduced from the original 16 to 13, which would explain the 74.08 % of the sampling variance. To confirm the psychometric characteristics of this new questionnaire, we performed a second study with 317 workers of a Spanish service company in order to analyse through confirmative procedures the internal structure of this new instrument, verify its adequacy and goodness of fit of the resulting factors as well as assessing the relation and external validity in a sample of workers and concurrency with other variables (structural empowerment, affective commitment and intention to leave), which are known to have a relation with psychological empowerment from previous research. From the application of this new questionnaire translated to Spanish into this sample of workers, we confirmed again the structure of 13 items in four factors from the first study. Furthermore, we obtained good fit indexes (GFI, AGF, and NNFI), with values between .90 and .96. Additionally, through regression analysis we obtained positive and statistically significant results between psychological empowerment and other variables included in the study (structural empowerment, affective commitment, and intention to leave), testing the interrelations among them. Therefore, those people with a greater cognition on their empowerment developed a greater engagement and attachment towards the organisation, and consequently, their wish to leave was lower. Our study concludes with a discussion about the importance of the adapted instrument and its possible applications. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2022.39.1.12

Translationese and interlanguage in inverse translation: A case study

AbstractCurrent translation studies do not present a clear distinction between ‘translationese’ and ‘interlanguage’, giving rise to conceptual and terminology confusion. To disentangle these two concepts, we start with a relatively conservative working definition of translationese, then find it necessary to first differentiate between direct and inverse translations, according to whether the translator's L1 equals to TL or not. Taking Zhuangzi (a Daoist classic) as a case, we made both inter- and intra-speaker comparisons among Lin Yu-tang's inverse translation, James Legge's direct translation, and the two translators' creative works in English, with well-established language complexity metrics and quantitative methods. Results show that: (1) Inverse and direct translations are remarkably different in terms of complexity; (2) Inverse translation demonstrates both features of interlanguage and translationese, with the former mostly at lexical level and the latter at syntactic level; (3) Similar patterns are also discovered in Lin's other inverse translated works, suggesting our quantitative comparative method proposed may be reliable to some extent. Such results support our proposal that translationese and interlanguage should and can be differentiated for both theoretical and practical purposes.

A Comparative Study of Translation Errors Made by Odia ESL Learners

The study investigates the types of errors made by the Odia ESL learners while performing the task of both direct translation i.e., from Odia (L1) to English (L2) and inverse translation, i.e. from English (L2) to Odia (L1). It will also make an attempt to find out whether the medium of instruction has to play a significant role in committing these errors or not. The data were gathered from 30 Odia ESL learners studying in Class X and who were divided into two groups of the equal number on the basis of the medium of instruction they had in their school. The participants were assigned the task of translating two passages (one from L1 to L2 & the other from L2 to L1). The study was conducted at two different educational institutions in Odisha. Participants had to write down the translation directly on th e paper. The written data were analyzed thereafter by the researcher herself. The result of the analysis revealed that the medium of instruction has no role to play in committing the types of translation errors by the Odia ESL learners.

Translating the homoerotic from and into Russian

The translation of a text with homoerotic content reveals complex political, social and cultural contestation in the transnationalization of sexual desire and identity. This article examines the translations of homoerotic poetry by Russian émigré writer Valerii Pereleshin from and into Russian. Pereleshin’s different approaches in his inverse translation (Pushkin’s “Imitating the Arabic” and Kuzmin’s Alexandrian Songs) and direct translation (Pessoa’s “Antinous”) demonstrate how translation choices are governed by the interplay of discourses of same-sex desires in different cultural contexts, as well the poet-translator’s expression of sexual otherness.

Inverse translation and the language student: A case study

Abstract This article explores the agency of the student in translation in language teaching and learning (or TILT). The purpose of the case study discussed here is to gain an overview of students’ perceptions of translation into the foreign language (FL) (also known as “inverse translation”) following a module on language and translation, and to analyse whether there is any correlation between students’ attitude to translation, its impact on their language learning through effort invested, and the improvement of language skills. The results of the case study reveal translation to be a potentially exciting skill that can be central to FL learning and the analysis gives indications of how and why language teachers may optimise the implementation of translation in the classroom. The outcome of the study suggests that further research is needed on the impact of translation in the language classroom focussing on both teachers’ expectations and students’ achievements.

Corpus-based Priming for Inverse Translation Training

Training students to become competent translators out of their mother tongue is a challenging objective. Yet for Chinese undergraduate English majors, inverse translation is a necessary skill and an indispensible curricular component. In the pedagogical contexts, teachers and students of translation practice have generally found dictionaries to be of limited use as the explanations or answers offered are often de-contextualized, outdated, misleading or simply wrong. In contrast, corpora can offer more in-situ reference for the struggling translator. It is an area rather under-explored, especially in China, where not much research focusing on corpus-based priming in inverse translation training has been done. Presenting a case study of 50 Chinese undergraduate students majoring in English while they complete three rounds of translation of the same ST with/without different reference materials as tool kits, this paper explores whether, how and what types of corpora can be used in the classroom of translation training for quality improvement in student’s inverse translation practice. Upon analysis, evidence from the tentative experiment confirms that a corpus-based preparatory activation session prior to inverse translation serves to prepare students in terms of linguistic capacity and knowledge base for the task at hand. However, students might place too much importance on the technical aspects of the ST and become implicitly influenced more by the reference material in their translation of technical terms than the more general words and phrases in the original texts. Grammatical nuances and creative writing are also areas in which the priming effect is weak.

Image fuzzy enhancement algorithm based on contourlet transform domain

In order to solve the problems of low contrast, global darkness and noise amplification in some hyperspectral and remote-sensing images, a new image fuzzy enhancement method based on contourlet transform (CT) domain is proposed. The algorithm includes the following four steps. Firstly, the cyclic translation method is used to suppress the pseudo-Gibbs phenomenon caused by the lack of translation invariance of the CT. Secondly, a nonlinear gain function is designed to enhance and suppress the high-frequency coefficients adaptively. Meanwhile, the multi-scale Retinex with mixed gray function is used to process the low-frequency sub-band coefficients. Then, the inverse translation and linear averaging and the inverse CT are performed on the enhanced coefficients, and finally the improved fuzzy contrast is used to enhance the texture and edge of the image globally. The experimental results show that the proposed method can make the image texture details more prominent, and enhance the overall visual effect of the images. Furthermore, the absolute mean difference and PSNR of images are also greatly improved .

Adaptación transcultural al español de la escala Distress Management del NCCN versión 2.2018 para su utilización en pacientes oncológicos en Colombia

Antecedentes: Los pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer presentan niveles significativos de malestar emocional relacionados con la enfermedad oncológica. El termómetro de malestar emocional (Distress Management), es una herramienta diseñada por la NCCN para la medición del malestar emocional que requiere atención psicosocial en pacientes con cáncer como parte de los procesos usuales en la atención. Objetivo: Traducir y adaptar transculturalmente al español colombiano la versión en inglés de la escala Distress Management del NCCN versión 2.2018.
 Métodos: El proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural se desarrolló siguiendo las recomendaciones metodológicas del grupo de calidad de vida EORTC, realizando una traducción inicial, traducción inversa y una prueba piloto donde participaron 10 pacientes atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de cancerología Bogotá, hispanohablantes y que sabían leer y escribir.
 Resultados: Se realizó la traducción del termómetro encontrándose algunas discrepancias en la traducción directa e inversa, llegando a un consenso en cada etapa del proceso. En la prueba piloto, la escala fue respondida entre 5 a 9 minutos, se presentó dificultad en la comprensión de 6 ítems de la lista de problemas. Se decidió adicionar “cansancio” al ítem de fatiga, “psicoactivas” al ítem de uso de sustancias y realizar una explicación de las instrucciones previa a que los pacientes leyeran y diligenciarán el instrumento.
 Conclusión: Se realizó la adaptación transcultural de la escala Distress Management del NCCN versión 2.2018 a una versión en español colombiano. Esta versión puede utilizarse para determinar sus propiedades psicométricas al aplicarse a pacientes con cáncer en Colombia.
 
 

Inverse (A-B/C) translation education in Spain under the EHEA

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to provide a review on the state of the art of translator education into B/C languages in the Spanish post-Bologna university system. During the last ten years, Translation Studies in Spain have witnessed the implementation of new programmes adapted to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). Universities have gained autonomy to design their translation curricula, which has led to significant differences between programmes. This could not but affect approaches to translation into B/C languages, whose role in translator education has long been considered a sensitive issue. Results from an analysis of working languages and A-B/C translation course units embedded in undergraduate and postgraduate (Master) curricula show that a large number of translator-education units no longer offer the ‘inverse’ translation direction. This perception is felt more strongly in Master programmes despite translation out of the A language has been listed in a number of translation competence models. More importantly, it is a competence considered important or essential in the local and European employment markets, especially in translation environments where English has a place.