Inverse Piezoelectric Effect Research Articles

High-bandwidth modeling for rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearity using a standard Prandtl–Ishlinskii model

Rate-dependent hysteresis of piezoelectric stack actuators (PSAs) is known to cause oscillations and instabilities. This paper introduces a novel electro-mechanical coupling model that can accurately characterize the high-bandwidth rate-dependent hysteresis of a PSA. The proposed model contains three components to fully represent the output response of the system, namely, an electric model that is used to describe the electric dynamic behaviors of the PSA and its power amplifier, a hysteresis model that is applied to represent the inverse piezoelectric effect, and a mechanical model that is able to characterize the mechanical dynamic behavior of the PSA. It should be noted that, in the mechanical model, the force generated by the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric wafers is considered a distributed force and the dynamic model of the PSA is regarded as a longitudinal vibration straight bar with a uniform cross section. Through this proposed model, high modeling accuracy is achieved well with high-bandwidth varying frequencies (1–1000 Hz) as well as varying amplitudes. This paper provides a simple and effective novel method for the high-bandwidth modeling of smart material-based actuators with rate-dependent hysteresis nonlinearity.

The Controllable Turbulence Generator Based on Piezoelectric Actuation and Its Mechanical Performance Analysis

Piezoelectric material is a kind of material that can perform electric-force conversion. Various actuators made of its inverse piezoelectric effect have been widely used in intelligent structures. In this paper, a piezoelectric actuated turbulence generator is designed, the design concept and working principle are introduced, the mechanical behavior of the piezoelectric structure is analyzed by using the finite element method, and the influence of electrical load on the deformation of the piezoelectric structure along different directions is considered. This paper can provide some theoretical basis for the design and analysis of turbulence generator.

A Spectrometer for Studying Single Crystals Using the Method of Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction at Near-Backscattering Angles

A spectrometer has been developed at the beamline EXAFS-D station of the Kurchatov synchrotron-radiation source at the Kurchatov Institute National Research Center for the precision determination of relative variations in the lattice parameters of single crystals. The spectrometer allows measurements of small (up to 3 × 10−7) relative variations in the lattice parameter, which may be caused by stoichiometry violation or external actions, e.g., inverse piezoelectric effect. The method of X-ray diffraction in a geometry that is close to backscattering at angles as large as 179.5° is implemented in the spectrometer. Using a synchrotron source, it is possible to select the radiation wavelength for tuning the spectrometer to the near-backscattering diffraction geometry. The equipment of the spectrometer allows simultaneous monitoring of the lattice-parameter variation and mapping of the elemental composition over the crystal surface.

Role of strain and composition on the piezoelectric and dielectric response of AlxGa1−xN: Implications for power electronics device reliability

Gallium nitride (GaN) and AlxGa1−xN, its solid solution with Al, play a vital role in a variety of high-power applications owing to their high breakdown voltage, drift velocity, and sheet charge density. Their piezoelectric nature is critical for both the operation and reliability of GaN-based devices, and this is compounded by the lack of lattice-matched substrates and the lattice mismatch between GaN and AlxGa1−xN, which invariably results in strained films. Thus, accurate models of performance and reliability require knowledge of how strain affects dielectric and piezoelectric response. We used density functional theory to calculate the piezoelectric and dielectric constants for different compositions of AlxGa1−xN as a function of biaxial strain and use Gaussian process regression to develop models, including uncertainties, from the ab initio results. We find that the dielectric constants decrease with compressive biaxial strain and increasing Al content due to an increase in phonon frequencies. Meanwhile, the piezoelectric constants increase with compressive biaxial strain and with Al doping. Our results show that the presence of strain can explain discrepancies in experimental measurements of dielectric constants but not piezoelectric ones. Interestingly, the piezoelectric constants e33 and e31 (which control the elastic energy induced by the application of gate voltage in GaN high electron mobility transistors, which have been related to their degradation) vary by almost 100% within a biaxial strain range of ∼3%. These results indicate that incorporating strain-dependent and composition-dependent piezoelectric response into current degradation models based on inverse piezoelectricity is crucial for accurate reliability predictions in GaN-based transistors.

Micro Electric Field Sensors: Principles and Applications

The measurement of an electric field is of great significance for applications such as online monitoring and fault diagnosis in the ubiquitous power Internet of Things (UPIoT), meteorological monitoring, the petrochemical industry, and space launches. Traditional electric field measurement methods, such as field mills, are bulky, cause electric field distortion, and have a strong temperature dependence. Micro electric field sensors (E-sensors) can effectively reduce the distortion of electric fields. Meanwhile, the low cost and small size allow micro E-sensors to be installed inside equipment, and they are suitable for large-scale sensor array applications. This article introduces E-sensors based on different principles, including the electro-optic effect, induced charge, the inverse piezoelectric effect, and so on. The applications of micro E-sensors and the challenges faced by electric field measurement are also introduced.

Dynamic inverse piezo-effect problem for a long piezoceramic thermoelastic cylinder

Objective. The objective of this work is to solve an unrelated dynamic problem of thermoelectroelasticity for a long hollow piezoceramic cylinder under the action of an electric load on its surfaces in the form of a potential difference.Methods. The mathematical formulation of the considered problem of thermoelectroelasticity includes a system of non-selfadjoint differential equations. At the first stage, the authors consider the associated inverse piezoelectric effect problem without taking into account the influence of the temperature field, and at the next stage, study the hyperbolic heat conduction problem (Lord–Shulman theory) for a given (defined) electroelastic field.Result. A new closed solution to the dynamic inverse piezoelectric effect problem for a long piezoceramic thermoelastic cylinder is constructed. The case of the action of a dynamic electric load in the form of a potential difference on its front surfaces is considered. The ambient temperature and the law of convection heat transfer (3-kind boundary condition) are set. The calculated relations obtained using the generalized method of finite integral transformations allow determining the stress-strain state and thermoelectric fields induced in a piezoceramic element under an arbitrary electrical external influence.Conclusion. The constructed solution allows determining the stress-strain state and electric field in a piezoceramic cylinder, as well as analyzing the effect of the induced temperature field on the electroelastic state of the system under consideration using the hyperbolic Lord–Shulman theory of thermal conductivity. Analysis of the numerical results allows concluding that there are insignificant energy losses associated with heating the electroelastic system. The developed calculation algorithm is used in the design of non-resonant and resonant piezoelectric measuring devices.

Theoretical research and application development of self-sensing micro-flow injection device

In this study, the main content is based on theory and application of piezoelectric ceramic digital micro-injection, analyzing the first inverse piezoelectric effect and secondary positive piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric ceramics through theory and experiments, and using its principle to design self-sensing digital micro-injection structure. This paper designs a kind of digital micro-injection device which is based on the first inverse and secondary positive piezoelectric effect by according to the theoretical research and experimental verification of piezoelectric ceramic’s piezoelectric effect. Push the syringe plunger under the action of the piezoelectric ceramic’s first reverse piezoelectric effect to achieve a fluid flowing. At the same time, secondary piezoelectric effect can sense the injection volume to achieve self-sensing microinjection. Designing the overall structure of the program and validate the feasibility of the program is reasonable and practicable through feasibility experiments.

Вырожденное четырехволновое взаимодействие на пропускающих голографических решетках в кристалле Bi-=SUB=-12-=/SUB=-TiO-=SUB=-20-=/SUB=- среза (110)

The regularities of the stationary degenerate four-wave mixing on transmission holographic gratings formed in the Bi12TiO20 crystal of the (110)-cut are analyzed. The system of differential equations has been obtained; this system that can be used to find the components of the vector amplitudes of linearly polarized light waves in the case of four-wave mixing on phase and phase-amplitude holographic gratings. The theoretical model take into account the linear electrooptic, the photoelastic and the inverse piezoelectric effects, as well as natural optical activity, circular dichroism and crystal absorption. The values of the orientation angle and the crystal thickness where the reflection coefficient can reach maximum values are determined. It was experimentally found that the reflection coefficient can reach 2.4 with an optimal choice of the orientation angle in the Bi12TiO20 crystal of (110)-cut with the thickness of 7.7 mm. It is shown that the best agreement between theoretical and experimental data is achieved if the phase-amplitude structure of transmission holographic gratings formed in the Bi12TiO20 crystal is taken into account in the mathematical model of diffraction.

Modeling the Deformation of a Plate Using Piezoelectric Elements Located on its Surface

One of the directions of using piezoelectric elements in modern technology is related to their use for controlling the shape of a structure under the influence of operational loads. The issue of a change in the shape (geometry) of a structure can be caused, for example, by the need for minimization of displacements in certain regions or, vice versa, for maximization of displacements to ensure the stability of a structural shape under operational loads. Due to the presence of the inverse piezoelectric effect in piezoelectric materials, this problem can be solved by applying a predetermined electric voltage to the electroded surfaces of piezoelectric elements. Elastic structures with elastic piezoelectric elements attached to their surfaces become electroelastic. It is necessary to first assess the abilities of piezoelectric elements to have an effect on deformations caused by external actions of different types in order to use different strategies of control over their mechanical behavior. This means that piezoelectric elements must provide a controlled form change depending not only on the characteristics of the elements themselves (the size, physico-mechanical properties of the material, and position) but also on the parameters of the structure (its geometry, size, boundary conditions, and physico-mechanical characteristics) and acting loads. The influences of different factors on the deformation of an electroelastic structure under the action of an electric voltage applied to the piezoelectric elements in this work was established numerically based on mathematical modeling by solving the static problem of electroelasticity. The numerical implementation was carried out by the finite-element method in the ANSYS software package. The possibilities for using piezoelectric elements for changing the shape of a structure for different numbers of elements and different options of their layout on the surface are demonstrated based on the example of a cantilevered fixed plate.

Shape Control of Composite Plates with Distributed Piezoelectric Actuators in a Three-Dimensional Formulation

Based on the method of sampling surfaces, a hybrid finite-element model is developed for a three-dimensional analysis of laminated composite plates with piezoelectric patches. According to this method, the sampling surfaces inside the layers and piezoelectric patches parallel to the middle surface are selected, and displacements and electric potentials of these surfaces are introduced as unknown functions. The sampling surfaces are located inside the layers and patches at the nodes of Chebyshev polynomials that allows one to obtain numerical solutions asymptotically approaching the solutions of electroelasticity as the number of sampling surfaces tends to infinity. A method to determine the optimal voltages applied to the electrodes of piezoelectric patches that makes it possible to bring the plate to the desired shape by using the inverse piezoelectric effect is proposed.

Single Pulse Unclamped-Inductive-Switching Induced Failure and Analysis for 650 V p-GaN HEMT

This letter firstly reveals the single pulse unclamped-inductive-switching (UIS) withstanding physics and failure mechanism for p-GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) with Schottky type gate contact. Unlike silicon/silicon carbide (Si/SiC)-based devices, the p-GaN HEMT withstands the surge current from load inductor by storing the energy into the output capacitance of the device, rather than dissipating the energy by avalanche process. To describe the UIS process, physics-based models are proposed. Also, by the simulations and de-cap/de-layer experiments, the failure mechanism is presented as a different manner compared with Si/SiC-based devices. The high voltage during the UIS process introduces high electric field near the drain contact, which leads to the inverse-piezoelectric effect, then bringing the rise-up of the leakage current and high power dissipation. As a result, the region near drain contact is burned by thermal runaway. Moreover, it is demonstrated that higher bus voltage and larger load inductance will increase the UIS-induced failure risk, while the gate resistance, turn- off gate voltage and ambient temperature exhibit little influences upon the UIS withstanding capability of the device.

Design and experimental research on ultrasonic levitated spherical rotor gyroscope

This study proposes a spherical rotor gyroscope based on the near-field acoustic levitation (NFAL) principle, which utilizes high-frequency vibration to levitate objects at a short distance near the driving surface. The ultrasonic suspended gyroscope consists of a piezoelectrically excited stator and a spherical rotor. The stator was excited to generate ultrasonic vibration under the action of the inverse piezoelectric effect, provide non-contact support for the spherical rotor, and drive it to rotate with the traveling wave vibration. When the spherical rotor obtained sufficient angular momentum, the driving voltages were changed to induce the standing wave vibration and thus provide a stable levitation force field for the rotor. At this stage, the rotor was only subjected to the effects of gravity and levitation force and the spherical rotor rotated at a high speed to obtain gyroscopic inertia. Herein, the finite element model of the stator was established for dynamic analysis, and an acoustic–structure coupling model was established to analyze the non-contact supporting force of the gyroscope. The prototype was manufactured, and the stator was tested for vibration, and test platforms for levitation height, rotation speed, and gyroscopic inertia of the non-contact ultrasonic levitated spherical rotor gyroscope were built. The stator vibration performance was consistent with the simulation analysis result. The levitation height could be as high as tens of microns at the operating frequency. The rotation speed could reach 5600 r/min, and the gyroscopic inertia was verified. Therefore, the feasibility of NFAL for a levitated gyroscope was verified.

Applications of Piezoelectricity: Home safety device

The following piezoelectric security doormat is a safety device based on the piezoelectric effect and its converse. Pressure exerted by the person on the doormat is detected by the piezoelectric plates lined inside the mat. These piezoelectric plates are connected in a parallel orientation to make the doormat more durable because if a single piezoelectric plate becomes dysfunctional, the remaining branches will still work and keep the entire system operational. Once the pressure is detected, an electric charge is generated due to the piezoelectric effect. This electric charge is sensed by the Arduino. The coding of the Arduino is done in such a way that whenever it senses an electrical input, the piezo buzzer attached to it is turned on. This piezoelectric buzzer works on the principle of inverse piezoelectric effect where the voltage difference applied induces mechanical stress on the plates producing vibrations. Thus, the security doormat on sensing pressure difference whenever someone stands on it turns on the buzzer connected to it and therefore, alerts the residents.

High-bandwidth open-loop motion control of a piezo-positioning mechanism based on a composite electromechanical dynamic model

The piezo-positioning system with high dynamic performance is urgently needed in the field of precision manufacturing and precision instrumentation. The observed rate-dependent hysteresis presents more challenges and difficulties for accurately modeling the response behavior of the piezoelectric stack actuators over the last several decades. Our previous research shows that the rate-dependent characteristics may be caused by the dynamic characteristics of the power amplifier. In order to achieve the high-bandwidth and high-speed motion control accuracy, we propose an open-loop compensation control method of a piezo-positioning mechanism based on a composite electromechanical dynamic model. The dynamic model can describe the dynamic characteristics of the power amplifier, the inverse piezoelectric effect and the dynamics of the mechanism. Experimental results show that the proposed control method can achieve precise motion control of the piezo-positioning mechanism within 1–800 Hz bandwidth.

Effect of Critical External Influences on the Electrophysical Properties of a Ferro-Piezo-Electric Ceramic Material Based on the PZT–PMN–PZN + SiO2 System

Results are presented from studying industrially produced ferro-piezoelectric ceramic material PСR-80 based on the PbTiO3–PbZrO3–PbNb2/3Mn1/3O3–PbNb2/3Zn1/3O3 + SiO2 system. Patterns of changes in its reverse nonlinearity, inverse piezoelectric effect, and the electromechanical and dielectric hysteresis of the amplitude of a constant electric field are established.

Local wave propagation analysis in concrete-filled steel tubes with spectral element method using absorbing layers – Part II: Application in coupling system

In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) time domain spectral element method (SEM) is developed for concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) and piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) patches coupling system, where the piezoelectric and inverse piezoelectric effect of PZT actuator and sensor and their coupling effect with CFST are considered. The local wave field and the response of the embedded PZT sensor was numerically studied in a substructure of the CFST coupled with PZT patches and surrounded by absorbing layers with increasing damping (ALID) and the performance of the ALID in attenuating wave reflection at boundaries of the coupling substructure model is further investigated. Then, numerical simulation on the effect of interface debonding defect on local wave propagation within the coupling substructure model surrounded by the designed ALID was carried out. By comparing the displacement-based wave fields and the response of the embedded PZT sensor within the substructure, the effect of interface debonding defect on the wave propagation along the steel tube and in the concrete core, and the time history of the response voltage of the embedded PZT sensor is investigated in detail. Numerical results show that interface debonding defects in the substructure leads to changes in the wave propagation path, the local wave field, the time duration of wave travelling to the embedded PZT sensor from the PZT actuator mounted on the surface of the steel tube of CFST, as well as response voltage of the embedded PZT sensor. In addition, PZT sensor measurement is sensitive to the length of interface debonding defects but insensitive to their depth. SEM for the coupling substructure model with ALID instead of the model of whole cross section of CFST provides an efficient way to simulate the local elastic wave propagation for understanding the mechanism of the interface debonding defects detection approach based on wave measurement.

Test, modeling, and analysis of air-coupled ultrasonic transducer based on piezoelectret film

Piezoelectrets, a new type of electromechanical transducer material with low acoustic impedance and high piezoelectric d33 and g33 coefficients, are promising candidates for developing high-performance air-coupled ultrasonic transducers. In this work, we design polypropylene-piezoelectret-film based air-coupled transducers (ACTs) with two different structures and investigate the influence of boundary conditions of the film with experimental measurement, electromechanical equivalent circuit modeling (EECM), and finite element analysis (FEA) for both inverse and direct piezoelectric effects. The experimental data are in great agreement with the results of EECM and FEA. The resonant frequency of the ACT with a free-front-clamped-back (FFCB) film is about half of that of the device with a free-front-free-back (FFFB) film, the response peak of the FFCB device is higher than that of the FFFB device, and the −3dB bandwidth of the former is much narrower than that of the latter. The results show that the experimental measurements can be predicted by EECM and FEA, which can provide the basis for the development of high-performance air-coupled ultrasonic transducers based on piezoelectret films.

Dynamics of trunk type robot with spherical piezoelectric actuators

<p class="Abstract">Trunk type robots (TTRs) are exclusive. These robots can provide a high level of maneuverability and have a potential in medicine or high risk zones. TTRs are determined as a long serial linkage of similar segments. They are usually connected using tendons or small actuators. A spherical actuator is the most appreciable option. The motion of real spherical actuator (RSA) can be easily obtained applying an inverse piezoelectric effect. It has three independent spinning axes. These axes are perpendicular to each other despite the history of excitation. Kinematics and dynamics of RSA almost have no basics regardless of mentioned features. This situation can be explained according to common disadvantages of other SAs: sophisticated structure and complex control. The structures and abilities of TTRs are reviewed in the first section of this article. At the beginning of the fourth section the kinematics of piezoelectric TTR with two different RSAs is introduced. Its results of inverse dynamics using Euler-Lagrange equations are presented at the end of the fourth section. Similar results are derived using an analytical-potential method in the fifth section. It is quite accurate and effective option to determine inverse dynamics of the TTR employing an analytical-potential method.</p>

Tin disulfide piezoelectric nanogenerators for biomechanical energy harvesting and intelligent human-robot interface applications

Abstract Tin disulfide nanosheets (SnS2 NSs), belonging to a new family of layered metal dichalcogenides, have evoked considerable attention in multidisplinary scientific applications because of their high electron mobility, excellent chemical stability, and wide accessibility to optoelectronic devices. However, despite the prediction of SnS2 to possess excellent piezoelectricity, only very few attempts have been made to investigate the electromechanical characterisitcs of SnS2. Herein, we report the experimental investigation of the intrinsic piezoelectricity of SnS2 NSs, which were synthesized with a facile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The prominent inverse piezoelectricity of SnS2 NSs was measured via piezoresponse force microscpoy (PFM). To further evaluate the piezoelectric performance, SnS2 NSs were integrated into a piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) device to display the energy harvesting and active sensing capabilities. Most importantly, the SnS2 PENG device was utilized to explore the synchronous human-robot control of a smart sign language system, which demonstrates great potential for the future applications in human-machine interface and enabling sensing technology.

Influence of Inverse Piezoelectric Effect, Photoelasticity, and Optical Activity on the Diffraction Efficiency of Transmissing Holograms in Photorefractive Crystal Bi12SiO20

The results of a theoretical study of the dependence of the diffraction efficiency of a transmission hologram formed in a sample of a Bi12SiO20 photorefractive crystal on the orientation angle, specific rotation of the crystal, and its thickness are presented. The theoretical model takes into account linear electrooptical, inverse piezoelectric and photoelastic effects. It is shown that with a change in the sign of the specific rotation of the crystal, there can be a shift of the maximums of diffraction efficiency relative to the orientation angle.